SovietRxiv · Open Access in English
Rediscovering the Soviet scientific archive, in English
25357 full-text translations 14926 English PDFs 22539 abstracts
Showing 50 of 680 papers in Earth & Space Sciences
This note examines the possible role of magnetic fields during the gravitational collapse of massive protostars, motivated by attempts to explain quasi-stellar radio sources and radio galaxies without modifying general relativity. Using flux conservation and order-of-magnitude estimates, it argues t…
This paper examines a proposed mechanism linking solar activity, atmospheric circulation, variations in the Earth’s angular velocity, and seismic phenomena. Building on earlier statistical work, it argues that corpuscular solar streams may alter planetary atmospheric processes, thereby changing atmo…
This paper proposes an explanation for luminous particles observed by cosmonauts near spacecraft entering Earth’s shadow, identifying them as micrometeorites heated by impact with the spacecraft or as heated fragments torn from the spacecraft surface. It estimates collision rates at orbital altitude…
This paper addresses the theoretical calculation of collision efficiency for cloud droplets of comparable sizes, a case in which hydrodynamic interaction between particles cannot be neglected. It formulates equations of relative motion including inertia, Stokes hydrodynamic interaction, gravity, par…
This study investigates the piezoelectric effect in nepheline-bearing alkaline igneous rocks, motivated by the industrial importance of nepheline and by earlier work on piezoelectric effects in quartz-bearing rocks. The author derives the expected tensor behavior for a nepheline piezoelectric textur…
This paper presents numerical calculations of the thermal evolution of Mars and the Moon, using assumed radioactive element abundances, density structures, melting intervals, and temperature-dependent thermal conductivity. For Mars, the calculations indicate that melting likely began at depths of se…
This paper examines tritium concentrations in annual ice layers from the Fedchenko Glacier in the Pamir Mountains as a record of atmospheric tritium accumulation during 1951 to 1961. Ten samples were collected by annual layer at about 5000 m elevation, melted and mixed, and analyzed for tritium cont…
This paper formulates a physically rigorous treatment of turbulent heat and moisture transfer in clouds and fogs when phase transitions of atmospheric moisture are present. It extends the standard heat and water vapor transfer equations by including liquid water content, condensation, latent heat re…
This paper proposes applying pattern-recognition algorithms to problems in production geophysics, especially the integrated interpretation of borehole measurements. It argues that lithological subdivision, identification of mineral-bearing or fluid-saturated beds, estimation of physical properties, …
This paper examines whether the continuous optical emission of the compact extragalactic object 3C 273-B can be explained by magnetobremsstrahlung, or synchrotron, radiation from relativistic electrons. Using the observed optical spectrum, luminosity, variability size constraint, and minimum-energy …
This study investigates longitudinal elastic wave velocities in igneous and metamorphic rock samples under pressures up to 20,000 kg/cm², extending earlier laboratory measurements relevant to seismic interpretation of the Earth’s crust and upper mantle. The authors used a high-pressure apparatus wit…
This paper develops a theoretical model for steady currents and density distribution in a stratified sea strait of rectangular cross-section, driven by wind stress, longitudinal sea-level differences, and density gradients. Starting from simplified momentum and diffusion equations with constant turb…
This paper examines elastic wave velocities in ultrabasic rocks from the Monchegorsk pluton under hydrostatic pressures up to 4000 kg/cm², with the aim of improving interpretation of deep crustal and upper mantle seismic data. Using dynamic measurements on pyroxenites, peridotites, and related norit…
The note examines the possible role of gravitational-wave emission in the collapse of supermassive star-like objects proposed as counterparts of compact radio sources. Using order-of-magnitude estimates for rotating nonspherical configurations, close binary superstars, and anisotropic compression, t…
This paper examines magnetite cosmic spherules isolated from shallow soil samples collected in the region of the Tunguska fall during expeditions in 1958 to 1962. Using screening, vibrating-table separation, magnetic enrichment, microscopy, and diameter measurements of more than 500 spherules from s…
This paper estimates the mass and physical conditions of a “superstar” of the 3C 273 type by balancing gravity against radiation pressure in its ionized atmosphere. Using the observed luminosity and treating Compton scattering by electrons as the dominant coupling between radiation and matter over m…
This paper examines cosmological implications of galaxy counts by angular diameter using the homogeneous Palomar Atlas, arguing that angular diameters provide a more reliable statistical distance criterion than photographic magnitudes. It develops formulae for the expected number of galaxies above a…
This paper reports Soviet radar observations of Jupiter conducted during the September to October 1963 opposition, when the planet was about 590 to 600 million km from Earth. The experiment transmitted approximately 700 MHz signals and analyzed the delayed echoes with Doppler compensation and multic…
This paper presents radar measurements of atmospheric turbulence in the free, clean atmosphere using clouds of released dipole reflectors tracked by centimeter-band pulsed radar. Successive measurements of reflector-density distributions were used to infer impurity diffusion rates over altitudes of …
Doroshkevich and Novikov calculate the mean electromagnetic radiation density and spectral distribution of the Metagalaxy within Friedmann cosmological models, considering different assumptions about mean matter density, equation of state, galaxy formation epoch, and luminosity evolution. They appro…
Radio observations of Jupiter were carried out at Pulkovo in October and November 1963 at a wavelength of 6.5 cm using a low-noise radiometer on the large radio telescope, yielding 41 meridian transit records. Calibration against 3C 273 gives a flux of 8.15 ± 0.8 × 10^-26 W m^-2 Hz^-1 at 4 AU, corre…
This paper examines the fine scale structure of temperature fluctuations in cumulonimbus clouds, focusing on the dissipation analogue for the temperature field and the scale below which buoyancy effects become negligible. Using aircraft temperature records from cloud crossings at several heights, th…
This paper examines how radio observations of solar eclipses can be used to determine the solar radio radius and thereby locate regions of rapid change in the lower solar atmosphere. Using published and preliminary eclipse measurements at wavelengths from 0.86 to 50 cm, with emphasis on second and t…
This paper formulates a nonstationary one-dimensional model for the development of a convective cloud, treating the cloud column and its subcloud and above-cloud regions within a unified framework. The model couples water content, vertical velocity, cloud and environmental temperature, saturation, d…
This paper formulates a theoretical model for numerical weather forecasting based on the full equations of atmospheric motion rather than a quasigeostrophic adiabatic approximation. The model describes a three-dimensional baroclinic atmosphere with momentum, heat, moisture phase transitions, precipi…
This paper examines the nature of newly discovered discrete cosmic X-ray sources, especially the possible association of one source with the Crab Nebula. While noting the importance of the hot neutron star interpretation, it develops an alternative model in which X-rays arise as magnetobremsstrahlun…
This paper compares optical and radio observations to infer the structure of the solar supercorona at distances of several to about twenty solar radii. Using optical electron density estimates and radio measurements of scattering during eclipses of discrete radio sources by the corona, it examines h…
This paper calculates the frequencies of free oscillations of the Earth’s atmosphere on a rotating spherical Earth using the CIRA 1961 standard atmosphere as a real temperature stratification. Starting from the linearized hydrodynamic equations, the analysis separates the problem into horizontal Lap…
The paper addresses how to estimate the mean flux of seismic energy released by earthquake sources in a way that is less dominated by rare large events than direct summation of observed earthquake energies. It derives an expression for seismic energy flux from the earthquake recurrence law and an em…
This paper analyzes the neutrino luminosity of a star undergoing gravitational collapse in general relativity, focusing on radiation generated near the stellar center and observed at infinity. By tracing radial null trajectories through the collapsing star and exterior Schwarzschild region, the auth…
This paper formulates numerical weather forecasting for a spherical Earth using a three-dimensional baroclinic atmospheric model in spherical coordinates, with appropriate dynamical, thermodynamic, continuity, and hydrostatic relations. It transforms the equations to local coordinates suited to a la…
This paper develops a theoretical estimate of how descending convective jets differ from ascending spontaneous jets in unstable atmospheric layers whose instability varies with height. Using simplified convection and boundary-layer equations for an axisymmetric jet, the authors reduce the problem to…
This paper examines how small compositional gradients can modify the adiabatic temperature gradient in the Earth’s mantle, particularly in relation to the low-velocity layer at depths of about 50 to 200 km. Using a thermodynamic stability argument for the adiabatic exchange of neighboring mantle ele…
This paper reports preliminary experiments on optical ranging of the Moon using a ruby optical quantum generator and a 2.6 m telescope as a combined transmitting and receiving system. The authors describe the apparatus, including beam matching, filtering, photomultiplier detection, timed oscilloscop…
This paper examines the relationship between the high-temperature specific electrical conductivity of potassium-bearing minerals and rocks and their geological age. More than 200 samples, including micas, feldspars, and rocks, were heated while their electrical resistance was measured, and conductiv…
This paper estimates the geothermal field around Avachinsky volcano in Kamchatka, using geophysical evidence for an intermediate spherical magmatic chamber beneath the volcano. The calculation models the chamber as a constant temperature sphere embedded in a medium with a regional geothermal gradien…
This paper examines whether variations in infrared heat flux from the lunar surface reflect temperature differences alone or also changes in emissivity, with attention to mare and continental regions. Using two-channel radiometric observations at 3.6 microns and 8 to 13 microns during the lunar ecli…
This paper reports early direct measurements of deep turbulent exchange in the Atlantic Ocean using an autonomous deep-water turbulimeter developed to record fluctuations of current velocity and temperature without a cable connection to the ship. Observations made during the 11th cruise of the resea…
This paper reports preliminary Elektron-2 satellite observations comparing magnetic-field measurements, charged-particle trap currents, and ground-based geomagnetic activity indices at distances of about 6 to 11.6 Earth radii within the magnetosphere. The authors analyze intervals of quiet, disturbe…
This paper examines how the maximum possible earthquake energy in a seismic region may be estimated indirectly from seismic activity, since direct observations of the strongest events are too rare for reliable mapping. It proposes a correlation method that relates the observed maximum energy class t…
The paper examines how multiple scattering in the optically thick, turbid atmosphere and cloud layer of Venus affects optical observations and the interpretation of spectroscopic and photometric data. Using approximate radiative transfer relations for different absorption regimes, it argues that abs…
This paper develops a linear hydrodynamic treatment of orographic cloudiness produced by airflow over surface irregularities, with attention to differences between stable and unstable atmospheric stratification. Starting from a simplified equation for the vertical momentum perturbation and prescribe…
This paper examines measurements of electrostatic field strength at the surface of a stabilized geophysical rocket launched by the USSR Academy of Sciences on 15 November 1961. Using a modified electrostatic fluxmeter with diametrically opposed sensors, mesh generator plates, interference suppressio…
This paper addresses the diagnostic determination of initial atmospheric pressure and wind fields when temperature distributions are known, a problem that otherwise remains undetermined up to an arbitrary horizontal function under quasistatic balance. Working within a quasigeostrophic framework, it …
This paper presents a digital-computer method for determining earthquake epicenters, origin times, and focal depths from P and PKP1 arrival times when no reliable initial approximation is available and some observations may contain large errors. The procedure minimizes residuals iteratively, rejects…
This note reinterprets the crystal structure of hodgkinsonite, previously solved by direct methods, and argues against the proposed analogy with norbergite. Using a polyhedral model and a transformed crystal-chemical cell, the authors describe hodgkinsonite as a two-layer hexagonal closest packing o…
The paper addresses the discrepancy in some galaxies, especially M82, between strong Balmer absorption lines suggesting an early-type stellar population and colors indicating a later-type population. It develops a radiative transfer argument in which Balmer absorption may arise in interstellar hydro…
This paper reports Soviet radar observations of Venus conducted in 1962 with an upgraded installation whose sensitivity and Doppler compensation were improved relative to 1961. The authors analyze spectra of reflected signals, reflection coefficients, broadband components, and frequency modulated re…
Ion-trap measurements from the Kosmos-2 satellite are used to examine the altitude distribution and composition of positive ions in the outer ionosphere during April 1962. Collector currents from plane traps provided ion concentration profiles, while current-voltage characteristics from a spherical …
