SovietRxiv · Open Access in English
Rediscovering the Soviet scientific archive, in English
25357 full-text translations 14926 English PDFs 22539 abstracts
Showing 50 of 25357 papers
This paper examines the design of high-speed reversible direct-current electric drives using low-inertia motors and thyristor reversible pulse-width converters. It argues that separate control with a variable commutation law, asymmetrical in motoring quadrants and symmetrical in braking quadrants, c…
This paper examines quasi-steady current pulsation processes in relay-controlled compound-excited DC motors, where magnetic coupling of excitation circuits, armature dynamics, delay, and eddy currents complicate analysis. The authors derive an equivalent circuit and differential equations for a stal…
This paper derives transfer functions for DC motors under two-channel control while accounting for eddy currents in massive magnetic-circuit parts, leakage fluxes, and armature inductance. Using equivalent electromagnetic circuits for the field winding and armature, the authors formulate linearized …
The paper examines self-oscillatory quasistatic processes in a relay regenerative braking system for a separately excited traction motor. Using harmonic linearization and the root locus method, it derives transfer functions for the field, magnetic, and armature circuits, formulates the open-loop cha…
This paper examines a relay automatic control system for regulating the current of a traction electric motor while maintaining a constant switching frequency through synchronization of self-oscillations. To overcome the frequency limitation of an earlier synchronized relay system, it proposes an aut…
This paper analyzes quasi-static electromagnetic processes in a DC electric machine with pulse-width controlled excitation, focusing on pulsations of magnetizing current, useful flux, e.m.f., and armature current. Eddy-current effects in massive magnetic-circuit parts are represented by a single equ…
This study evaluates the use of capacitor photo-EMF lux-voltage saturation for determining equilibrium surface potential in thermally oxidized Si-SiO2 structures. Experimental lux-voltage characteristics over a wide range of injection levels were compared with calculated dependences based on constan…
This study examines how capacitor photo-emf in the Si-SiO2 system depends on surface potential and electric field, with attention to using the method to probe surface-state spectra without depositing a metal electrode directly on the oxide. The authors calculate photo-emf versus surface potential fo…
This paper describes the development of automated radiation inspection methods and equipment for welded joints in thick-walled boiler drums, cylinders, vessels, and large tanks. It presents the BD-2 betatron flaw detector and related systems using radiometric measurement channels, scintillation sens…
The paper describes an X-ray television introscope developed for nondestructive, in-line quality control of large aluminum and magnesium alloy cast blanks. It outlines the equipment configuration, including the X-ray source, manipulator table, radiation receiver, video monitor, and protected operato…
This paper examines thermoluminescent screens for radiographic flaw detection, focusing on microcrystalline calcium sulfate activated with manganese as a radiation-to-visible-image converter. It describes the synthesis and fabrication of CaSO4:Mn screens on polished aluminum substrates, the mechanis…
This paper examines X-ray introscope systems for nondestructive quality control of welded joints in large-diameter pipeline strings, addressing the limited scope and high cost of conventional inspection at welding bases. It compares electron-optical and electron-optical television configurations usi…
This paper examines the reliability of nondestructive quality control for welded seams in closed steel structures where access is available from only one side. It evaluates a combined radiographic and ultrasonic inspection approach for welds in 30KhGSA and 30KhGSNA steels, comparing detected defects…
This paper reviews X-ray television introscope systems developed at the Research Institute of Electronic Introscopy during 1969 to 1972 for nondestructive inspection and for recording processes hidden behind opaque barriers. It describes three main equipment configurations: a system for printed-circ…
This article evaluates the use of gas-discharge converters, or spark chambers, as image-forming detectors for introscopy with ionizing radiation. It estimates key operating parameters under streamer-discharge assumptions, including achievable spatial resolution, light output, pulse-generator require…
This paper reviews the use of xerography, or electrophotography, as a nondestructive testing method for materials, especially in X-ray defectoscopy. It explains the physical basis and practical advantages of xeroradiography over conventional silver-halide radiography, including simpler dry processin…
This paper argues that conventional nondestructive inspection of welded joints remains largely passive because information on weld quality is obtained too late to influence the welding process. It reviews the need for feedback based active control, discusses limitations of existing penetration, elec…
This paper discusses the use of holographic interferometry as a noncontact method for nondestructive testing of materials and products. It outlines the principle of coherent summation in multiple exposure holography, distinguishes real-time, double-exposure, and time-averaged methods, and considers …
This paper reports experimental industrial trials of radiographic inspection for rolled high-pressure vessels and welded seams up to 250 to 280 mm thick using a compact PMB-6 betatron with 6 MeV maximum radiation energy. It examines selection of film types, focal distance, lead and fluorescent inten…
This paper reports experimental studies of a phase-generator circuit for eddy-current flaw detection, emphasizing its sensitivity, noise immunity, and suitability for self-comparison measurements. The authors describe the synchronized two-generator circuit and examine how phase shift depends on indu…
This paper examines noise immunity in a two-channel electromagnetic eddy-current flaw detector intended for automatic inspection of turbine-blade blanks, where interference can otherwise cause false rejection of acceptable parts. The authors describe a dual self-comparison sensor arrangement with ti…
This paper investigates the formation of short-lived nonstationary current during electron injection in a betatron, a current much larger than the portion captured into acceleration. Using a calibrated magnetic-induction pickup, the authors measure how the nonstationary current, mean number of elect…
This paper investigates the mechanism by which short lived nonstationary current forms during electron injection in a betatron, with particular attention to its possible role in electron capture into acceleration. Guided by trajectory calculations that include azimuthal variations of radial focusing…
The paper examines gamma radiation transport through barriers whose transverse dimensions are comparable to the incident radiation field, a situation relevant to radiation monitoring of hot rolled products. Using a Monte Carlo statistical trials calculation on a BESM-4 computer, the authors model Co…
This paper outlines a theoretical framework for thermal nondestructive testing based on surface temperature fields produced by hidden defects or material inhomogeneities. It distinguishes an internal problem, the formation of local temperature gradients through heat conduction, from an external prob…
An approximate method is proposed for calculating the spatial distribution of energy lost by fast electrons in a dielectric under a strong homogeneous electric field, with boundary effects neglected. The approach uses a segment model in the continuous slowing down approximation, Fourier and Legendre…
This paper reviews electron defectoscopy, a nondestructive testing method based on the transmission of fast electrons through materials, and relates its applicability to electron range, scattering, and energy losses in matter. It argues that, in the 1 to 30 MeV range, practical energy losses are nea…
A calculation method is developed for the transport of fast electrons in dielectric plates subjected to weak electric fields, extending a segment model treatment of the kinetic equation while avoiding separate full calculations for each field strength. The trajectory differential flux and scattering…
This paper examines the estimation of filtration properties in unconsolidated porous media, noting large errors in conventional hydraulic-radius formulas when applied to granular structures with arbitrary size distributions. It describes an air filtration experiment through compacted ash samples of …
This paper examines the use of thermoluminescent screens and films as reusable converters for industrial radiographic flaw detection, addressing the labor and processing costs associated with conventional X-ray film. It describes the physical basis of image storage in crystalline phosphors, outlines…
The paper describes the design, construction, and operation of the B-30/2, a 30 MeV two-beam betatron developed for industrial nondestructive testing with high-energy gamma radiation. It explains the principle of obtaining two acceleration cycles during one supply-current period, using positive and …
The paper describes a semiconductor circuit for automatically forming a prescribed series of betatron radiation pulses, intended for measurements requiring dose accumulation over fractions of a second where manual control is impractical. Instead of using bulky pulse counters, the proposed device for…
A protection device is described for betatron radiation flaw detection of moving products, where a detector may be overloaded if an unattenuated beam reaches it while no product is in the irradiation field. The device uses two photosensors spaced by the radiation field width and an electronic attach…
This paper describes a phasemeter intended to improve measurement of magnetic-field phase inhomogeneity in betatrons, a task that is labor-intensive when performed with oscilloscopic visual methods. The authors present and test a circuit that converts the time interval between pulses from reference …
This paper describes a semiconductor circuit for estimating the maximum energy in a betatron bremsstrahlung spectrum. It addresses limitations of earlier indirect energy meters, including restricted measurable energy ranges and errors associated with switching devices and variations in bias winding …
The paper proposes a computational method for selecting optimal fractionated aggregate compositions for concrete by modeling random aggregate structures on a digital computer and evaluating voidage as the response parameter. A factorial experiment with three aggregate fractions compares physical gra…
This article surveys the development of radiation methods and equipment for nondestructive testing of materials and industrial products, emphasizing the growing need for continuous, automatic, and comprehensive quality control in large-scale and high-reliability engineering. It reviews international…
This paper reviews and applies a hard-pion current-algebra approach to low-energy pion-nucleon scattering using effective interaction Lagrangians for pion, rho, sigma, nucleon, and Delta(1236) degrees of freedom. The formulation combines CVC, PCAC, current commutation relations, single-particle satu…
This paper reports an experimental study of charged pion photoproduction on carbon through the partial transition C12 plus gamma to pi minus plus N12. The authors motivate this reaction as a comparatively clean test of theoretical treatments of pion photoproduction on complex nuclei, since N12 has a…
The paper describes the use of a multichannel chronotron as a time-amplitude converter for measuring relatively narrow time-of-flight spectra in nuclear physics experiments. It explains a circuit in which start and stop pulses are shaped, gated, delayed, and applied to anticoincidence channels so th…
This paper investigates the use of a narrow-gap spark chamber viewed through a transparent electrode for recording electron photon showers with reduced track-overlap losses. Using a 1 GeV electron beam at the Sirius synchrotron, the authors measured shower particle distributions after lead converter…
A strong-focusing magnetic analyzer for charged particles up to 700 MeV/c is described, intended for measurements of energy and angular distributions in meson and proton photoproduction experiments at a synchrotron. The design adapts a standard SP-57 electromagnet by using two profiled pole-piece se…
A method is described for measuring and selecting the time characteristics of scintillation counters, Cherenkov counters, and associated electronic circuits under conditions requiring high particle registration efficiency and low background sensitivity. The procedure combines photomultiplier operati…
This paper describes a set of high-speed electronic circuits intended for nuclear spectroscopy, focusing on counting devices and coincidence logic with improved time resolution. It analyzes counters based on parallel chains of tunnel diodes and a storage-type recounting device with reset-threshold c…
A program-control device is described for automating the operation of the PP-9-1 scaling instrument during photographic recording of spark-chamber data. The circuit uses three monostable multivibrators, pulse shapers, and a key circuit to sequence stopping after a pulse train, timed illumination of …
The paper determines the neutron detection efficiency of a 100 by 200 mm plastic scintillator using both a theoretical calculation and an experimental estimate. The calculation applies a channel by channel treatment of neutron interactions with hydrogen and carbon nuclei, including threshold effects…
This paper examines the use of Compton scattering of laser radiation as a diagnostic method for relativistic electron beams, especially where conventional beam measurements are ineffective. The authors outline the relevant kinematic properties, including the forward concentration and frequency shift…
Differential cross sections for single photoproduction of positive pions on hydrogen were measured at a laboratory pion angle of 90 degrees using a 630 MeV bremsstrahlung photon beam and a polyethylene target. Hydrogen yields were obtained by subtracting carbon target measurements from polyethylene …
This paper reports measurements of the asymmetry in the reaction gamma plus proton to pi plus plus neutron using linearly polarized photons, with emphasis on large pion emission angles where previous data were scarce. A coherent bremsstrahlung beam from an oriented diamond crystal at the Sirius elec…
This paper analyzes experimental data on positive pion photoproduction on nucleons at a photon energy of 230 MeV in order to extract quantities related to multipole amplitudes, which individual observables alone do not adequately test. Using measured asymmetries and unpolarized differential cross se…
