SovietRxiv · Open Access in English
Rediscovering the Soviet scientific archive, in English
25456 full-text translations 14926 English PDFs 22540 abstracts
Showing 50 of 25456 papers
The paper examines how radial phase inhomogeneity of an alternating magnetic field alters the magnetic-field fall-off index required for focusing in betatron and synchrotron accelerators. It derives expressions for the instantaneous index as the sum of the conventional static component and an additi…
This paper examines methods for determining the magnetic-field decay index in accelerator magnets, a parameter required to remain within prescribed limits in betatrons and synchrotrons. It reviews graphical, analytical, and differential indirect methods, identifies their errors and practical limitat…
This paper examines compact betatron designs that omit the conventional iron yoke and poles while retaining central iron cores to reduce reactive energy requirements. The authors describe the calculation, construction, and testing of a Tomsk Polytechnic Institute betatron designed for up to 10 MeV, …
This paper addresses the preliminary design of pole dimensions for simple alternating current betatrons in the 4 to 30 MeV range, where compactness must be balanced against magnetic saturation and stable electron motion. It derives and discusses a design relation connecting orbit radius, central pol…
This paper addresses the design of betatron electromagnet pole tips needed to produce a radial magnetic-field distribution that provides stable axial and radial electron focusing while satisfying the betatron relation. It derives calculation methods based on treating the pole-tip surfaces as magneti…
This paper addresses the calculation of magnetic stray flux in betatron magnetic circuits, a factor needed for sizing yokes and columns and avoiding local saturation. It argues that the field outside the annular working gap can, to practical accuracy, be modeled as the field of a finite-height curre…
The paper addresses the need for an early approximate estimate of pole magnetic flux leakage coefficients in calculating magnetic circuits for betatrons, synchrotrons, and cyclotrons, where exact analytical or graphical determination is cumbersome and usually requires already known magnet dimensions…
The paper addresses the engineering choice of the equilibrium orbit radius in betatron electromagnets, where many radius and field combinations satisfy the basic energy relation but differ in magnetic saturation, losses, heating, and maintenance of the betatron condition. It derives practical calcul…
This paper formulates design requirements for betatron electromagnets, focusing on the magnetic-field distribution needed for stable electron acceleration, acceptable orbit distortion, and limits on static and temporal field nonuniformity. It derives practical relations for orbit radius, flux, field…
This paper analyzes how the self-magnetic field of an equilibrium electron beam modifies the field description and charge distribution in a betatron. Starting from Maxwell equations with the beam current included, it derives a nonlinear equation for a relativistic potential function and uses a quadr…
This paper derives a relativistic magnetic potential function for cylindrically symmetric betatron fields starting from the relativistic Lagrangian and the conserved angular momentum integral. By relating the azimuthal velocity to the usual nonrelativistic magnetic potential, it obtains an approxima…
This paper analyzes the stability of an equilibrium electron beam in the cylindrically symmetric magnetic field of a betatron, emphasizing the realistic case in which injected electrons have a distribution of the orbital constant C rather than a single value. It introduces an effective magnetic pote…
This paper develops a theoretical account of how electrons are captured into acceleration in a betatron, attributing capture to the formation of an equilibrium circulating electron beam within a narrow range of the electron constant of motion. Using a time-dependent magnetic potential model, the aut…
This paper examines electron capture into acceleration in a betatron as a many-electron problem rather than as the motion of isolated particles. It formulates a stationary equilibrium beam in which space-charge repulsion is balanced by magnetic focusing, represents the focusing field through an equi…
This paper develops a potential-function formulation for describing focusing forces in the magnetic field of a betatron. Starting from the electron equations of motion in cylindrical coordinates, it relates the usual field index n to a magnetic potential function, derives a nonlinear field equation …
This study examines how the heats and free energies of formation of zirconium nitrides depend on composition, challenging the common treatment of zirconium nitride as a phase of fixed stoichiometry. Zirconium nitride samples were synthesized under controlled nitrogen pressures and analyzed by precis…
This study compares two forms of modification in cast high speed steel: accelerated cooling during casting and small boron additions. A series of heats with varied cooling rates and boron contents was examined by isolating carbide precipitates through anodic dissolution and determining their amount …
This paper presents two mechanical constructions of elliptic compasses intended for accurate drawing of elliptical curves in engineering graphics, especially in axonometric drawings used in machine, aircraft, automobile, and shipbuilding contexts. The first design generates an ellipse by parallel pr…
This paper examines the accuracy and practical range of elliptic compasses used for drawing ellipses, focusing on three patented designs by Robert Keilert, P. P. Nikolaenko, and Cornelius Otto. Through geometric analysis, similarity arguments, and parametric equations for ellipses and their parallel…
This paper examines elastic-plastic deformation without imposing the usual preliminary assumptions about volumetric deformation, such as incompressibility or linearly elastic volume change. For simple loading of an isotropic material, it derives stress-strain relations analogous in form to elastic e…
The paper examines how to formulate a criterion for the limiting elastic state of isotropic materials under complex stress, distinguishing this problem from plasticity conditions based on already developed plastic deformation. It argues from linear elasticity that any adequate equivalence condition …
This paper analyzes the bending of a rectangular plate supported along two opposite edges by elastic I-beams, allowing the plate to be attached at an arbitrary height relative to the beam axis and including the effect of heating. The author formulates the coupled plate and beam problem using the bih…
This paper develops a graphical arc diagram method for calculating compressed-bent rods subjected to several concentrated longitudinal forces and mixed transverse loading. Starting from the differential equation of longitudinal-transverse bending, it reformulates the relation between bending moment …
This paper examines the temperature decrease of metal particles in the spray cone during electric arc spray metallization, a problem complicated by very small particle sizes, short flight times, and inconsistent experimental measurements. The authors formulate a theoretical cooling calculation for s…
This paper examines how mixing in the weld pool affects the uniformity of chemical composition in deposited metal during automatic surfacing, especially when high-speed steels are alloyed with ferroalloys. It compares alloying through flux, paste, and ferroalloy bars, analyzes the influence of line-…
This study examines how small boron additions affect the quantity and composition of carbides in cast high-speed steel tools produced in rotating metallic molds and subjected to triple tempering. Using anodic dissolution phase analysis with a cooled potassium chloride and citric acid electrolyte, th…
This paper derives approximate relations between the electrical properties of ionic crystals and crystal lattice parameters. Using kinetic arguments for electron energy in a strong electric field and the phonon propagation velocity expressed through the quasi-elastic coupling coefficient, the author…
This paper examines the effect of small boron additions on the hardenability of ShKh-15 ball-bearing steel, a high-carbon chromium steel. Experimental heats were divided into boron-free and boron-modified portions, forged, annealed, and tested by end quenching after controlled high-temperature heati…
This study examines how small additions of boron affect the carbide phase in chromium cast iron with approximately 7 to 8 percent chromium and about 1.8 to 2.0 percent carbon. Melts with varying boron contents were cast under different cooling conditions, and microstructural observations, microhardn…
This study examines how the inclination angle of a tool’s main cutting edge affects chip deformation, chip shrinkage, and cutting temperature, challenging the view that this angle mainly determines chip-flow direction. Experiments were conducted on steels and red copper using carbide and high-speed …
This article examines fixture and cutter holder design for machining related shaft variants on multi-cutter machines in variable-flow production. It argues that productivity gains can be achieved not only by reducing cutting time, but also by standardizing fixtures and minimizing machine readjustmen…
This article presents design variants and basic calculation procedures for ball mandrels used in hole burnishing. It classifies the tools into rigid nonadjustable, rigid adjustable, and elastic adjustable types, describing their construction, manufacturing considerations, inspection methods, and sui…
This article investigates the radial forces that arise during burnishing of internal cylindrical surfaces with a ball mandrel, a question identified as necessary for mandrel strength design and not previously treated in the literature. A hydraulic dynamometer was designed, calibrated, and used in la…
This study examines the surface finish attainable when turning gray cast iron, a problem for which earlier data were fragmentary and inconsistent with shop results. More than 400 turning experiments on modified gray cast iron were carried out with carbide tools, varying cutting speed, feed, depth of…
This paper examines dimensional wear of cutting tools during finish turning of gray cast iron and its effect on machining accuracy and allowable tool life. Using a high-precision optimeter method capable of recording radial wear to about 1 micrometer, the study compares VK8 and VK3 hard-alloy cutter…
This paper analyzes flank-face wear of carbide cutters during turning of gray cast iron, focusing on why wear intensity varies across the usual running-in, normal, and accelerated blunting stages. It derives a relative volumetric wear intensity, expressed as one half the tangent of the clearance ang…
This paper examines how the principal cutting edge angle affects the main cutting force component in metal cutting, addressing conflicting earlier claims of either a monotonic decrease or a minimum in the force curve. Drawing on experiments conducted at the Tomsk Polytechnic Institute and on a force…
This paper analyzes how the measuring force required by a recorder affects the calibration characteristic and sensitivity of an elastic dynamometer. It models the dynamometer characteristic as the combined response of the elastic element and the recording device, showing that a non-negligible record…
This paper addresses the measurement of cutting forces in metal machining, where high dynamometer rigidity and reliable recording of very small elastic displacements are required. It describes an elastic strain gauge made from packets of twisted flat hardened steel springs, examines how spring lengt…
This paper analyzes how the total work of high speed steel cutting is distributed among chip deformation in the shear zone, friction on the rake face, and friction on the flank face of the tool. It reviews conflicting earlier estimates, then develops analytical expressions for specific cutting work …
This study examines the microstructure and microhardness of the cutting zone in steel machining with chamfered tools, focusing on the geometry and behavior of the built-up edge. Using instantaneous interruption of cutting, metallographic sections of chip roots, repeated sectioning along the cutting …
This paper presents a kinematic analysis of continuous chip formation in the cutting of ductile metals, treating the process as plastic shear deformation governed by the shear-plane angle, tool rake angle, and chip shrinkage. Using the Time-Zvorykin scheme with stated simplifying assumptions, it dec…
This paper examines chip formation and deformation in force cutting of metals with tools having two or more cutting edges, especially at feeds comparable to or greater than the depth of cut. Using plasticine models, stopped-cutting chip roots, metallographic sections, and cutting tests on steel, it …
This paper examines the factors governing plastic deformation of the metal layer removed during cutting, using chip shrinkage as the principal indicator of deformation. It argues, against interpretations that assign independent effects to feed, depth of cut, cutting speed, temperature, or material p…
This article evaluates whether pneumatic turbine engines are suitable for mining machinery and other drives operating under variable loads, challenging the view that their advantages apply only at constant load. It compares specific air consumption and efficiency characteristics of two experimental …
The article addresses the limited treatment of load-dependent performance in pneumatic motors used for mining machines, where operating loads often vary widely and nominal indicators are insufficient for economic assessment. It defines load characteristics using a dimensionless load factor, explains…
This paper reports stand tests of an experimental radial pneumatic reversible turbine intended for mine turbine engines, using two opposing blade rows and nozzle systems to reverse shaft rotation by switching compressed air supply. The authors describe the two velocity stage design, test installatio…
The paper examines resistance forces in the control system of a high-speed diesel engine, focusing on friction in plunger-type fuel pumps reduced to an equivalent resistance at the fuel rack. It first derives the conventional viscous-friction model, then extends it by including a velocity-independen…
This paper analyzes frictional resistance in centrifugal governors with ball weights, with attention to governors used in high-speed diesel engines. It derives expressions for the normal pressure of the balls on the movable plate and for the friction force reduced to sleeve motion, distinguishing th…
