SovietRxiv · Open Access in English
Rediscovering the Soviet scientific archive, in English
25456 full-text translations 14926 English PDFs 22540 abstracts
Showing 50 of 25456 papers
This paper presents a method for calculating symmetrical three-phase circuits containing an inertial nonlinear element, under conditions such as short circuits or phase interruptions at the point of connection. Using symmetrical components, the unbalanced source of asymmetry is decomposed into seque…
This paper develops a calculation method for three-phase circuits containing local asymmetries caused by short circuits and phase interruptions, allowing for an arbitrary number of fault points. Using symmetrical components, it formulates the positive-, negative-, and zero-sequence networks as multi…
This paper addresses the calculation of alternating current circuits containing nonlinear elements under conditions where the operating mode remains approximately sinusoidal. It formulates an iterative method based on the volt ampere and phase ampere characteristics of each nonlinear element, replac…
This paper addresses the calculation of transient currents and voltages in linear electrical circuits driven by sinusoidal electromotive forces. Starting from matrix loop equations with inductive, resistive, and capacitive terms, it separates the operational current into components due to applied so…
This paper applies the chain method to the calculation of a microphone circuit with time-varying resistance. The authors formulate the circuit equation for a carbon microphone, approximate it over small time intervals, and express the resulting recurrence for current using augmented vectors and matr…
The paper develops an approximate “chain method” for calculating linear electrical circuits whose resistances, inductances, or capacitances vary with time. It represents the circuit over small time intervals by constant-parameter link equations, expresses each link through matrix and augmented matri…
This paper develops a matrix method for calculating currents and voltages in linear lumped electrical circuits containing a resistance that changes stepwise in time, including periodic switching and cases with interruptions. Instead of relying on step-by-step matching or finite-difference techniques…
The paper develops an approximate engineering method for calculating currents and induction-zone electromagnetic fields in multiconductor lines containing both nonferrous and steel conductors. It replaces a real conductor bundle by a spatially symmetric line with averaged self and mutual parameters,…
The paper examines methods for calculating controllable reactive power in electric power transmission lines, arguing that the commonly taught voltage vector diagram method is not independent but a special case of the more general power circle diagram. Using transmission line equations and graphical …
This study examines whether small boron additions can improve the structure and performance of cast high-speed steel cutting tools, whose industrial use was limited by brittleness and inconsistent durability, especially in milling tough steels. Cast cutters with varying tungsten contents were produc…
This paper argues for replacing electric air or oil tempering of ball bearing components with low pressure steam tempering at approximately 150 to 180°C. Drawing on heat transfer comparisons, plant trials conducted at 1GPZ in 1933 to 1934 and repeated in 1951 to 1952, and proposed production layouts…
This paper reports an experimental and production-oriented study of 140 mm by 5 mm slitting cutters cast from remelted high-speed steel scrap in a permanent mold by centrifugal casting. It describes the melting, mold preparation, modification with boron and titanium, heat treatment by triple temperi…
This study examines the microstructure and properties of surface layers formed by diffusion chromizing of Armco iron and grade 35 steel. Specimens were treated for 10 hours at 1000, 1100, and 1200°C in a ferrochrome, alumina, and ammonium chloride powder mixture, followed by metallographic examinati…
This paper investigates the selection and heat treatment of chromium steels for cold blanking dies used to stamp hard sheet steel, where carbon steel dies had short service life because of edge deformation and repeated regrinding. Two chromium steels, Kh and Kh12M, were evaluated through hardness, i…
The paper examines the use of cermets made from fine steel powder or steel powder waste as a material for manufacturing permanent molds for casting high-speed-steel tools. It argues that casting in metal molds improves tool performance by accelerating crystallization and producing a more favorable d…
This paper examines the theory of steel modification by small additions of surface-active elements such as boron and titanium, focusing on questions not fully explained by earlier adsorption-based accounts. It argues that modifiers can selectively change the surface energy and stability of crystalli…
This study models the modification of high-speed steel by examining simpler Fe, Cr, C alloys treated with small boron additions. Wedge castings were produced to compare sections cooled at different rates, and the as-cast alloys were evaluated by hardness, microstructure, grain size, and microhardnes…
This paper argues that metallurgical modification can be interpreted as a catalytic process, using Roginskii’s theory of active surfaces, impurities, and promoter effects as its conceptual basis. It relates grain refinement and changes in alloy properties during rapid cooling and modifier addition t…
The paper develops a graphical analytical method for calculating the working process of electropneumatic impact machines, whose dynamics are governed by nonlinear equations for striker motion and motor motion with variable coefficients. It proposes a stepwise mean value procedure, illustrated for an…
This paper examines the problem of formulating drilling laws for rock destruction and proposes dimensional analysis as a rational preliminary method for organizing experimental data. After reviewing the method of zero dimensions and the similarity theorem, the author applies them to penetration rate…
This paper examines how the impact efficiency of drilling hammers should be defined and calculated, especially for deep blasthole and borehole drilling where drill length strongly affects energy transfer. It reviews existing classical impact, mass ratio, and wave based formulas, arguing that many ne…
This paper examines how axial feed force affects the drilling speed and operating stability of pneumatic drilling hammers. Laboratory tests on PM-508 and PR-30k hammers in hard diabase measured drilling speed, blow frequency, drill rotation between blows, and hammer-body rebound under varying feed f…
This paper investigates how feed force and the drill rotation angle between impacts affect the rate and efficiency of percussive-rotary drilling of blast holes in hard rock. Using a special electropneumatic test installation with independently controlled impact, rotation, and feed mechanisms, the au…
This paper examines the mechanism of rock destruction in percussive-rotary drilling with drilling hammers, focusing on medium and high strength rocks where drilling limits the productivity of blasting operations. It critically reviews earlier theories of bit penetration and chipping, argues that the…
This paper investigates whether geometrically similar steel gear teeth obey mechanical similarity in static bending within the elastic deformation range. Toothed sectors made from St 6 and steel 45, with modules from 5 to 20 mm, were loaded with geometrically similar punches while tooth bending angl…
This paper examines whether geometrically similar cast iron gear teeth of different modules obey the law of mechanical similarity in static bending. Using fracture tests on cast and machined involute teeth, with supplementary tests on aluminum castings and rectangular cantilever beams, the study com…
This paper experimentally investigates friction and windage losses in a low-power pneumatic turbine stage, with particular attention to the feasibility of adding a reverse blade row for reversible mine turbine motors. Using a DTR-20 pneumatic turbine motor driven by an external electric motor, the s…
This paper examines the stability of limiting pneumatic throttle controllers used on carburetor automobile engines, focusing on their sensitivity to atmospheric pressure, ambient temperature, intake resistance, and dry friction in the controller mechanism. Using approximate analytical relations and …
This paper addresses the analysis of vibrograms for free damped oscillations of a one degree of freedom mechanical system subject to both viscous and dry friction. It derives formulas for determining mean values of the viscous damping coefficient and the reduced dry friction force using only success…
This article examines pneumatic limiting throttle governors used on carburetor truck engines to restrict excessive crankshaft speed at light load or idle. It develops the operating theory of a flap type governor by relating aerodynamic torque on the governor throttle, spring torque, engine speed, th…
This paper develops calculation methods for linkage mechanisms that connect the spring to the throttle in limit pneumatic regulators for carburetor automobile engines. It formulates the spring moment as a function of throttle angle for several camless arrangements, first showing the limitations of d…
This paper examines the distinction between rigid and elastic nonuniformity in crankshaft rotation, arguing that the rigid component is often neglected in torsional vibration calculations and torsiographic interpretation despite its possible importance in installations with small flywheel inertia or…
This paper examines the shock compression of metals as a problem involving impact loading and large plastic deformation. After reviewing earlier work on impact mechanics and dynamic plasticity, it develops formulas for a general impact coefficient and for the average resistance to deformation, then …
This paper examines eccentric compression of rectangular members after the elastic limit is exceeded. Starting from the standard elastic stress formula, it classifies stress distributions by eccentricity, locates the neutral axis, and derives the load condition at which yielding begins. It then deve…
This paper presents a reformulation of Euler’s critical load formula for longitudinal bending of columns under different end restraints. Starting from the differential equation of the bent axis, it interprets the buckled shape as a sinusoidal curve and expresses the critical force as \(P = EI\varphi…
The paper addresses the determination of the neutral layer radius of curvature in plane curved beams with arbitrary cross sections, a quantity needed in approximate formulas for normal stress. Starting from the standard integral expression for this radius, it proposes a graphical construction for ev…
This paper revisits the bending of a thin circular plate whose outer edge is clamped and whose rigid central circular washer is subjected to an applied moment. It solves the biharmonic plate equation in polar coordinates, emphasizing the sign of the normal derivative at the washer boundary as a sour…
This paper analyzes stress concentration in infinite thin isotropic plates containing rigid curvilinear washers under bending moment loads. Using complex analytic representations of the biharmonic plate equation, conformal mappings of the form mapping circular domains to elliptical, triangular, squa…
This article reconsiders Leonardo da Vinci’s scientific legacy, especially the disputed question of whether he should be regarded as a mathematician. Proceeding from Engels’s materialist interpretation of mathematics, it criticizes assessments by Olschki and Gukovsky that treat Leonardo’s mathematic…
This paper proposes using a kinematic chain as a movable geometric model for analyzing families of mathematical functions, rather than treating mechanisms only as objects of structural or dynamic study. Taking a crank and slider with a connecting rod, the author derives explicit and implicit relatio…
This article investigates work hardening produced on internal cylindrical surfaces by rolling holes with a ball mandrel, focusing on surface hardness and the depth of hardened-layer penetration. Using ring specimens, Rockwell hardness measurements, and an oblique-cut method for assessing hardness ve…
This paper examines ball mandrel burnishing of holes as a finishing operation, focusing on dimensional change, surface finish, work hardening, and wear resistance. Experiments on carbon structural steels of varying Brinell hardness measure hole diameter before and after burnishing, relate diameter i…
This paper investigates steel cutting with artificial preheating of the workpiece in the cutting zone, addressing both the practical reduction of cutting effort and the theoretical role of temperature in metal cutting. Experiments on a lathe used induction heating, force measurement, and temperature…
This paper examines the physical and mechanical processes underlying high speed cutting of steel, with particular attention to the roles of temperature, friction, chip formation, and tool material properties. Critiquing earlier explanations that emphasized mechanical wear and tool red hardness, the …
This paper examines why chamfered carbide tools show improved behavior in high-speed turning despite the common view that built-up edges disappear at high cutting speeds. Using direct optical observations, chip shrinkage measurements, and cutting-force data for chamfered and grooved tools, the autho…
This paper develops a force equation for machining brittle metals, using gray cast iron as the principal case, where chip separation is treated as brittle shear rather than plastic deformation. On the basis of cutting and compression experiments over varied speeds, feeds, depths, rake angles, and ha…
This paper tests Rozenberg’s analytical equation for the main cutting force under high-speed turning conditions, where elevated temperatures in the chip shear zone might alter the mechanical properties used in the calculation. Cutting experiments on several steels were compared with curves derived f…
This paper develops a theoretical equation for metal cutting forces as an alternative to purely empirical formulas, treating cutting of ductile metals as a plastic deformation process. The authors relate chip deformation to equivalent compression deformation through equality of relative shear and us…
This paper examines whether strain rate and temperature affect shear stress during cutting of a brittle metal, using gray cast iron as the main example. The authors argue from deformation theory that, because brittle metals undergo little plastic strain hardening and therefore little recovery, strai…
This paper examines how strain rate directly affects stress during cutting of ductile metals, distinguishing this effect from changes caused by friction, chip deformation, temperature, and built-up edge formation. Drawing on prior theories of hardening and recovery and on cutting experiments at low …
