Recent Papers

[^1]: For the literature see, for example: E. V. Shpolsky, *UFN*, **5**, 149, 1925.

MATHEMATICAL THEORY OF THE STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE[^1]

X-RAY OPTICS.

Lehrbuch der Thermostatik das heisst des thermischen Gleichgewichtes materieller Systeme. Nach Vorlesungen von Dr. J. D. v. d. Waals bearbeitet von Dr. Ph. Kohnstamm. I Th. Allgeme

Book review: Lehrbuch der Thermostatik das heisst des thermischen Gleichgewichtes materieller Systeme.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CRYSTALS[^1]

The article is an excerpt from the author’s book “Physics of Crystals,” which is in press.

Foresight

ALEKSEY PETROVICH SOKOLOV (1854–1928)

A Russian translation of Haas’s book, especially with some additions, would be very useful.

Book Reviews: Arthur Erich Haas. Matter Waves and Quantum Mechanics.

ENERGY LEVELS OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES AND THE CHEMICAL BOND[^1]

A paper read at the meeting of the German Physical Society on December 10, 1927.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION OF GAS MOLECULES

PROPERTIES OF FREE HYDROGEN ATOMS[^1]

TABLE 1.

The present abstract mainly provides an account of the verification of Rutherford’s theory. For a more detailed exposition of the foundations of the theory, see Rutherford’s article published in UFN, 8, 35, 1928.

A Rapid Method for Determining Tannides in Bergenia

This paper proposes a simplified procedure for evaluating tannide content in bergenia intended for use at procurement stations where standard gravimetric methods are impractical. Drawing on 150 analyses of samples from several Siberian regions, the authors compare existing approaches, reject cold in…

On the Question of Selecting the Type of Dryer for Beet Pulp and the Basic Principles of Calculation

This paper examines the selection and calculation of dryers for beet cossettes in light of contemporary evidence that high temperature drying can avoid significant sugar inversion or caramelization when properly controlled. It applies Ramzin’s heat and moisture content diagram to compare drying proc…

Determination of the Relative Activity of Halogens in Organic Compounds of the Cyclic Series

This study compares the relative activity of halogens bound in cyclic organic compounds, especially derivatives of benzene, by reacting equimolecular quantities of the compounds with pyridine at 250 to 255 degrees Celsius in sealed tubes. The extent of reaction was estimated gravimetrically from pre…

On the Structural Causes of Optical Activity

This paper reexamines proposed structural sources of optical activity in organic compounds from the standpoint of the author’s mesostructure theory. It argues that several cases usually attributed to molecular asymmetry, including allenes, alicyclic allene analogues, spirans, unusual acids, and comp…

Index of optically active substances

This paper presents an index of optically active substances compiled as part of a broader reconsideration of stereochemistry through the author’s theory of mesostructure. Drawing mainly on Chemisches Centralblatt, with supplementary use of original articles and Chemical Abstracts, the author assembl…

Oxidation Rate of Acids of the Benzene Series by Potassium Permanganate in an Alkaline Medium

This study compares the oxidation rates of a broad series of aromatic and related acids by potassium permanganate in alkaline aqueous solution. Sodium salts of benzoic, substituted benzoic, dicarboxylic, naphthoic, side chain carboxylic, furan carboxylic, and sulfonic acids were treated with permang…

Determination of the Actual Amount of Undetermined Substances in Dried Brewery Malt Sprouts and Study of the Composition of Their Carbohydrate Fraction

This study examines the large analytical deficit conventionally reported as nitrogen-free extractive substances in dried brewers’ malt sprouts, a byproduct important for feed and yeast production. Using successive extraction with ether, alcohol, cold water, and hot water, together with carbohydrate …

Calculation of Digestion Tanks for Sewage Sludge

This paper examines the design calculation of digestion chambers for sewage sludge, beginning from the practical disadvantages of fresh sludge, including high water content, poor drying behavior, odor, and sanitary nuisances. It compares major chamber types and sets out the factors governing require…

Accounting for the Degree of Fixity of Shoes in the Calculation of Rigid Frames by the Focal Length Method

This paper addresses the effect of elastic restraint at column base shoes on the analysis of rigid frames, a factor often neglected when supports are treated as either hinged or fully fixed. Using the focal ratio method and the four moment method, it derives an expression for the rotation of a footi…

A New Method for Calculating Bent-Up Bars in Beams Under Moving Loads

This paper develops a method for calculating bent-up reinforcement in reinforced-concrete beams subjected to moving loads, especially where variable beam depth makes conventional shear-stress diagrams and approximate rules indeterminate or cumbersome. It derives a general relation expressing the sum…

Gas Extraction from Sewage Sludge

This article surveys methods for recovering combustible gas from sewage sludge, distinguishing dry distillation, gasification, and anaerobic digestion, and argues that digestion is the practically established approach because gas is produced as a by-product of sludge stabilization. It describes the …

K. P. Schmidt's graphical method as applied to the calculation of a steam locomotive boiler

This article demonstrates K. P. Schmidt’s graphical method for the heat calculation of a steam locomotive boiler, using numerical data from Syromyatnikov’s approximate boiler calculation. It shows how to construct graphical relations for heating surface and gas temperature in smoke tubes, fire tubes…

A New Graphical Method for Calculating Heat Transfer in a Steam Locomotive Boiler

This paper addresses the calculation of heat transfer in steam locomotive boilers, especially the difficulty of determining gas temperature after a known heating surface when the governing equations cannot be solved conveniently and the heat transfer coefficient varies with temperature. It reviews e…

Device for Determining Transverse Deformations under Tension and Compression

This paper describes a mechanical and optical device designed to measure transverse deformations of specimens under tension and compression with accuracy beyond that of existing Poisson ratio instruments. It presents the instrument’s ring, spring, rod, and mirror arrangement, derives conditions for …

On the Choice of the Most Advantageous Condition for Metal Cutting

This paper addresses the selection of economically advantageous cutting conditions for lathe operations, where productivity depends on the coordinated use of machine power, tool durability, feed, depth of cut, and cutting speed. It formulates the problem through empirical power relationships for too…

On the Choice and Design of Fans

This study presents a procedure for calculating the principal dimensions of a centrifugal fan when the required suction pressure and volume flow are specified but no standard characteristic curve is available. It develops the fan head and power relations from velocity triangles and turbomachine theo…

Graphical Method for Determining the Inclination Angle of the Connecting Rod in a Crank-and-Connecting-Rod Mechanism and Application of This Method to Flywheel Calculation

This paper presents a graphical method for determining the inclination angle of the connecting rod in a slider crank mechanism without constructing large compass arcs equal to the rod length. Starting from the relation between crank angle, rod angle, and the crank to rod ratio, it develops an auxili…

Materials on the Geology of the Tanalyk-Baymak Copper Ore District in the Urals

This study reports the results of a 1926 geological survey of roughly 2,000 square kilometers in the Tanalyk-Baimak copper ore district of the Southern Urals, an area previously treated only fragmentarily in the geological literature. Using field routes, reconnaissance mapping, petrographic observat…

Shooting of Rocks

This article surveys the phenomenon of rock popping, or sudden spalling and ejection of rock slabs in underground workings, drawing on observations from mines, quarries, and major Alpine tunnels. It compiles practical cases involving coal, quartzite, granite, gneiss, schist, and other rocks, emphasi…

Conditions and Extent of Possible Use of Brewers' Malt Sprouts in Yeast Production

This study examines brewing malt sprouts as a nitrogenous auxiliary material for pressed yeast production, focusing on conditions that transfer sprout nitrogen into wort and on the subsequent assimilation of that nitrogen by yeast. Using Tomsk brewery malt sprouts, the authors analyze composition, c…

Deterioration of Sugar During Rail Transportation

This article examines why sack-packed sugar often becomes damp and spoils during long-distance rail transport in ordinary covered freight cars. It analyzes the construction and thermal behavior of standard cars, using meteorological data and observations from a ventilated test car to argue that temp…

Study of Drying Conditions for Sugar Beet Pulp for Its Processing in the Sugar Industry

This study examines drying as a means to reduce the transport, storage, and seasonality problems caused by the high water content of sugar beets. Using beet cossettes dried in a current of heated air at temperatures from 45 to 85°C, the authors measured dehydration behavior and then tested sugar ext…

Alcoholic beverages, alcohol, and the alcoholic fermentation industry

Determination of the Sum of Shear Forces in a Section of a Reinforced Concrete Bar with Variable Depth Through Bending Moments

This paper addresses the calculation of cumulative shear forces along the neutral layer of reinforced concrete bars whose depth varies along the span. Starting from the relation between bending moment, shear force, and the lever arm of internal forces, it derives the differential expression for shea…

Chart for Accelerating the Calculation of Moments at the Supports of a Loaded Bar under Symmetric Loading Using the Method of Foci

This article presents a graphical aid for simplifying the calculation of support moments in beams or frame members with constant moment of inertia under symmetric loading, using the method of foci expressed through focal ratios. It derives fixity focal coefficients from the focal ratios and rewrites…

Determination of the Volume of Liquid in a Cylindrical Boiler

This paper addresses the practical problem of finding the volume of liquid in a partially filled horizontal cylindrical boiler with curved end plates, a calculation needed in industrial and railway applications. It derives geometric relations between fill depth, cylinder radius, boiler length, and e…

Apparatuses for Heating Water and Their Calculation

This article examines apparatuses for heating water for domestic, railway, textile, and chemical uses, with emphasis on determining the heating surface required for efficient operation. It classifies water-heating devices by periodic or continuous operation and by flow arrangement, then develops cal…

Calculation of Metal Reservoirs According to Stieglitz

This paper presents a method, attributed to Stiglitz, for determining economical dimensions and sheet thicknesses for cylindrical metal storage tanks used for liquids such as water, kerosene, gasoline, and petroleum products. It derives relations for minimizing material volume at a given capacity, f…

On the Arrangement of Cranks in a Five-Cylinder Engine

This article analyzes possible crank arrangements for five-cylinder engines, focusing on how crankpin order, cylinder spacing, and piston mass distribution affect balance and smoothness of operation. Using equations for first- and second-order free inertia forces and moments, it derives several symm…

The Usolye Rock Salt Deposit in Irkutsk Governorate

This study examines the Usolye rock salt deposit near Irkutsk, a long exploited source of brines for salt production and resort use whose geology had remained poorly documented despite extensive drilling. Drawing on geological survey observations, earlier exploration records, borehole sections, stra…

Regenerative Process of a Refrigeration Machine

This paper analyzes a regenerative multistage vapor-compression refrigeration cycle intended to reduce losses associated with throttling in the regulating valve and cooling of superheated vapor. It develops a thermodynamic model in which successive elementary refrigeration machines exchange heat thr…

Recrystallization of hot-deformed iron

This paper examines why recrystallization and grain growth occur in deformed iron, emphasizing the roles of intercrystalline layers, direct crystallite contact, and elastic deformation of crystal lattices. The authors test soft iron wire by heating it at 750 degrees Celsius under elastic stress and …

Detection of Plastic Deformations in Iron

This paper examines practical metallographic methods for detecting residual plastic deformation in iron, especially where service history or localized cold-worked regions are unknown. After reviewing the physical basis of Lüders lines, slip, grain rotation, and strain hardening, the authors compare …

Theory of the Mesostructure of Organic Compounds

Transformation of Matter into Radiant Energy

THE QUANTUM POSTULATE AND THE NEW DEVELOPMENT OF ATOMISM[^1]

In connection with the discussion concerning the physical interpretation of the quantum methods developed in recent years, I would very much like to set forth the following general remarks on the principles underlying the description of atomic phenomena. These remarks, I hope, will contribute to som…

ARE ELECTRONS WAVES?

A paper read at a meeting of the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia on March 21, 1928.

Experimental Foundations of the Theory of Relativity

Book Review: S.I. Vavilov. Experimental Foundations of the Theory of Relativity.