TABLE OF ISOTOPES\*

G. T. Seaborg

Submitted 1946 | SovietRxiv: ru-194601.74289 | Translated from Russian

Abstract

The following table gives a complete list of all artificial and naturally radioactive, as well as stable, isotopes known before June 1, 1944, and some of their most important properties.

Full Text

TABLE OF ISOTOPES*

G. T. Seaborg

The following table gives a complete list of all artificial and naturally radioactive, as well as stable, isotopes known up to June 1, 1944, and some of their most important properties.

The first two columns give the atomic numbers and mass numbers of the isotopes. The degree of reliability of each radioactive isotope is indicated in the column headed “class” by letters, which are to be interpreted as follows:

$A$ — isotope certain (mass number and element certain),

$B$ — isotope probable, element certain,

$C$ — one of a small number of isotopes, element certain,

$D$ — element certain,

$E$ — element probable,

$F$ — evidence insufficient,

$G$ — probably erroneous (i.e., impurities or incorrect determination of the half-life).

The percentage abundance of stable isotopes is given in the fourth column.

The fifth column gives the types of radiation with the following abbreviations:

$\beta^-$ — negative beta particles,

$\beta^+$ — positive beta particles,

$\gamma$ — gamma rays,

$\alpha$ — alpha rays,

$e^-$ — internal-conversion electrons,

$K$ — capture of a $K$ electron,

$I.T.$ — isomeric transition (transition from the upper to the lower isomeric state).

* Glenn T. Seaborg, Reviews of Modern Physics, 16, 1, 1944.

In some cases it is reliably known that γ-rays are not emitted; this fact is explicitly indicated by the symbol “no γ.” Annihilation γ-rays are not noted.

Half-lives, together with the corresponding references, are given in the sixth column. Usually, in cases where more than one value is known for the half-life, an attempt has been made to indicate the best value (an experimental value close to the mean, or a value found with a strong preparation). In some cases, for naturally radioactive isotopes, mean values borrowed from the report of the International Committee (C 60) have been used.

In the column “radiation energy,” the energy value is accompanied by the corresponding reference and by a description of the method used to determine the energy. The energies of beta particles correspond to the observed upper limits of beta spectra; in those cases where only extrapolated Konopinski–Uhlenbeck values (K 32) are given, this is indicated by the notation (K. U.). For alpha particles, the relation between the mean range in air and the energy according to Holloway and Livingston (H 81) has been used. The methods used to determine particle energies (alpha and beta) are described in each case by means of the following symbols: abs. — absorption; Wilson ch. — Wilson chamber (with a magnetic field in the case of beta particles); spectr. — magnetic deflection (magnetic spectrograph or spectrometer, or counter in a magnetic field); calor. — calorimetric measurements; ion. ch. — measurement of pulse magnitudes in an ionization chamber; coinc. abs. — beta and gamma coincidence counters with absorbers; the alpha-particle energies that are given are the energies of the principal groups for each isotope that has more than one group.

The symbols used to describe the methods of determining γ-ray energies have the following meaning: abs. — absorption; Wilson ch. recoil — secondary electrons in a Wilson chamber with a magnetic field; Wilson ch. pairs — positron–electron pairs in a Wilson chamber with a magnetic field; coinc. abs. — secondary electrons with coincidence counters and absorbers; conv. spectr. — internal-conversion electrons with a magnetic spectrograph; spectr. — secondary electrons with a magnetic spectrograph; abs. $e^-$ — absorption of internal-conversion electrons; coinc.-gamma — gamma coincidence counters; $Be-\gamma-n$ reaction — measurement of the energy of neutrons arising in the reaction $Be-\gamma-n$; $D-\gamma-n$ reaction — measurement of neutron energies in the

reaction $D—\gamma—n$. If internal-conversion electrons are emitted, then the energies given are always those corresponding to transitions with the emission of gamma rays. For naturally radioactive isotopes, only the principal gamma rays are given.

When a semicolon is used, this means that the values standing on either side of it are independent determinations of one and the same quantity, for example, independent determinations of half-lives or radiation energies. In other cases, the semicolon separates the symbols in the column “types of radiation” from the energy values and symbols in the column “radiation energy,” when there is more than one type of decay ($\beta^-$, $\beta^+$, $\alpha$, $K$, or $I.T$) for a radioactivity.

Nuclear reactions (in the order: irradiated element, incident particles, particles obtained), by means of which radioactive isotopes are formed, and the corresponding literature references are given in the last column ($p$—proton, $n$—neutron, $\alpha$—alpha particle, $d$—deuteron, $\gamma$—gamma rays). Fission reactions of heavy elements under the action of neutrons are also included and are denoted by the symbols $U—n$, $Th—n$, and $Pa—n$. In those cases where radioactive fission products are known as second (or more remote) elements in the decay chain, their formation is not denoted by the same symbols ($U—n$, etc.); they are indicated as products of beta decay of their immediate precursors. Similarly, the radioactive members of the three natural families (with the exception of the three progenitors of these families) are indicated as decay products of their immediate precursors. Naturally radioactive isotopes that have no precursors are marked as arising from a “natural source,” with a subsequent literature reference.

No attempt has been made to collect all publications connected with a given radioactivity, since the aim was to make the table as compact as possible. As a rule, references to the original discoveries were not given when better data are available in later publications. The references cited usually provide a key to the complete literature.

The periods of $H^3$, $B^{10}$, $C^{14}$, $Cl^{36}$ were evaluated from the measured intensities of radioactivity and the corresponding yield values.

TABLE OF ISOTOPES

$Z$	Isotope $A$	Class	Percentage abundance	Type of radiation	Half-life	Radiation energy in MeV: particles	Radiation energy in MeV: $\gamma$-rays	Obtained in reaction
1	$\mathrm{H}^{1}$ $\mathrm{H}^{2}$ $\mathrm{H}^{3}$	A	99.98 (H 70) 0.02 (H 70)	$\beta^{-}$	31 years (O 4)	0.015 (O3, N6) abs. Wilson chamber		D — $d$ — $p$ (A7, A 16) Be — $d$ — $\mathrm{H}^{3}$ (O6, A 16) Li — $n$ — $\mathrm{H}^{3}$ (O4) B — $n$ — $\mathrm{H}^{3}$ (C 15) N — $n$ — $\mathrm{H}^{3}$ (C 15)
2	$\mathrm{He}^{3}$ $\mathrm{He}^{4}$ $\mathrm{He}^{6}$	A	$\sim 10^{-5}$ (A7, A30) 100 (T 20)	$\beta^{-}$	0.8 sec (B 1)	3.7 (B1, B2) Wilson chamber		Be — $n$ — $\alpha$ (B1, P1, B3) (Li — $n$ — $p$) (K1)
3	$\mathrm{Li}^{6}$ $\mathrm{Li}^{7}$ $\mathrm{Li}^{8}$	A	7.5 (H 71) 92.5 (H 71)	$\beta^{-}, \alpha$	0.88 sec (L1)	12 $(\beta^{-})$ (B4) Wilson chamber		Li — $d$ — $p$ (C1, L1, R14, D1) B — $n$ — $\alpha$ (L 24) (Li — $n$ — $\gamma$) (K1)
4	$\mathrm{Be}^{7}$	A		K, $\gamma$	43 days (R 13, A 18)		0.485 (Z1) coinc., abs.	Li — $d$ — $n$ (R1, R13, Z1) B — $p$ — $\alpha$ (R1, M1) Li — $p$ — $n$ (H30, H2)
4	$\mathrm{Be}^{9}$ $\mathrm{Be}^{10}$	A	100 (N 30)	$\beta^{-}, \gamma$	$\gg 10^{8}$ years (M22)	$\sim 0.5$ (M 22) abs.	$< 0.5$ (M 22) abs.	Be — $d$ — $p$ (M 22)
5	$\mathrm{B}^{10}$ $\mathrm{B}^{11}$ $\mathrm{B}^{12}$	A	18.4 (O 20) 81.6 (O 20)	$\beta^{-}$	0.022 sec (C 2, B 22)	12 (B 4) Wilson chamber		B—$d$—$p$ (C 2, F1, B 5)

TABLE OF ISOTOPES

Z	Isotope A	Class	Percent abundance	Type of radiation	Half-life period	Radiation energy in MeV: particles	Radiation energy in MeV: γ-rays	Obtained in reaction
6	C¹⁰	A		β⁺	8.8 sec (B 27, D 26)	3.4 (D 26) cam. Wilson		B—p—n (B 27, D 26)
6	C¹¹	A		β⁺	20.5 min (S 8, T 8)	0.95 (D 26) cam. Wilson		B—d—n (F 1, C 4, Y 1) B—p—γ (C 3, B 23) B—p—n (B 23) N—p—α (B 23) C—n—2n (P 2)
6	C¹²		98.9 (N 31)
6	C¹³		1.1 (N 31)
6	C¹⁴	A		β⁻	>10³ years (K 24)	0.145 (R 21) abs.	no γ (R 21)	C—d—p (R 17, R 21) N—n—p (R 21)
7	N¹³	A		β⁺, γ	9.93 min (W 14, T 8)	0.92, 1.20 (L 22) spectrum	0.28 (R 2) cam. Wilson, recoil	C—d—n (H 3, Y 1, C 4, F 1) C—p—γ (H 3, C 4) B—α—n (E 1, R 3) N—n—2n (P 2, H 44) N—d—H³ (B 7)
7	N¹⁴		99.62 (V 20)
7	N¹⁵		0.38 (V 20)
7	N¹⁶	A		β⁻	8 sec (C 5, N 1)	6.0 (?) (F 1) cam. Wilson		N—d—p (F 1) O—n—p (C 5) F—n—α (N 1, P 1, N 4)
8	O¹⁵	A		β⁺	126 sec (M 3, B 20)	1.7 (F 1) cam. Wilson		N—d—n (M 3, F 1) O—γ—n (B 20, H 44) O—n—2n (P 2) N—p—γ (D 2) C—α—n (K 3)
8	O¹⁶		99.76 (S 60)
8	O¹⁷		0.041 (M 50)

Z	Isotope A	Class	Percentage abundance	Type of radiation	Half-life	Energy of radiation in MeV: particles	Energy of radiation in MeV: γ-rays	Obtained in reaction
8	O¹⁸		0.20 (S 60)
8	O¹⁹	A		β−	31 sec (N 1)			F — n — p (N 1, A 1)
9	F¹⁷	A		β+	70 sec (N 2)	2.1 (K 4) Wilson chamber		O — d — n (N 2, F 1) N — α — n (R 3) O — p — γ (D 2) Ne — d — α (S 1) O — p — n (D 2) F — n — 2n (P 2) O — d — n (D 22, Y 2, W 2) F — d — H³ (B 7, K 2) F — γ — n (H 44)
9	F¹⁸	A		β+	112 min (S 1)	0.7 (Y 2) Wilson chamber
9	F¹⁹		100 (A 30)
9	F²⁰	A		β−, γ (B 50, C 47)	12 sec (C 1)	5.0 (F 1, B 50) Wilson chamber	2.2 (B 50) Wilson chamber, recoil	F — d — p (F 1, C 1) F — n — γ (N 1) Na — n — α (N 1)
10	Ne¹⁹	A		β+	20.3 sec (W 7)	2.20 (W 7) Wilson chamber		F — p — n (W 7)
10	Ne²⁰		90.00 (V 20)
10	Ne²¹		0.27 (V 20)
10	Ne²²		9.73 (V 20)
10	Ne²³	A		β−	40 sec (A 1, B 6)	4.1 (P 21) abs.		Na — n — p (A 1, N 1, P 1) Mg — n — α (A 1, B 6) Ne — d — p (P 21, W 24) Ne — p — n (C 27) Ne — d — n (P 21) Mg — d — α (L 3)
11	Na²¹	B			23 sec (C 27)
11	Na²²	A		β+, γ	3.0 years (L 3)	0.58 (L 3) Wilson chamber	1.3 (O 2) spectrum

Table of Isotopes

$Z$	Isotope $A$	Class	Percent abundance	Type of radiation	Half-life	Radiation energy in MeV: particles	Radiation energy in MeV: $\gamma$-rays	Obtained by reaction
11	$\mathrm{Na}^{22}$	A		$\beta^+,\ \gamma$	3.0 years (L 3)	0.58 (L 3) Wilson chamber	1.3 (O2) spectrum	$\mathrm{F}-\alpha-n$ (L 3, M 4) $\mathrm{Ne}-d-n$ (L 3)
11	$\mathrm{Na}^{23}$		100 (S 61)
11	$\mathrm{Na}^{24}$	A		$\beta^-,\ \gamma$	14.8 h (V 1)	1.4 (L 21, S 49) spectrum	1.4, 2.8 (E 7, 12, E 8) spectrum; 2.87 (G 16) $\mathrm{Be}-\gamma-n$ reaction, $\mathrm{D}-\gamma-n$ reaction; 2.69, 3.22, 3.61 (O 10) Wilson chamber, pairs	$\mathrm{Na}-d-p$ (L 4, V 1) $\mathrm{Na}-n-\gamma$ (A 1) $\mathrm{Mg}-n-p$ (A 1) $\mathrm{Al}-n-\alpha$ (A 1) $\mathrm{Mg}-d-\alpha$ (H 4)
11	$\mathrm{Na}^{25}$	E		$\beta^-,\ \gamma$	62 sec (H 54)	2.8 (H 54) abs. Al	0.035 (H 54) abs. Al	$\mathrm{Mg}-\gamma-p$ (H 54)
12	$\mathrm{Mg}^{23}$	A		$\beta^+$	11.6 sec (W 7)	2.82 (W 7) Wilson chamber		$\mathrm{Na}-p-n$ (W 7, D 9) $\mathrm{Mg}-\gamma-n$ (H 43, H 44)
12	$\mathrm{Mg}^{24}$		77.4 (A 31)
12	$\mathrm{Mg}^{25}$		11.5 (A 12)
12	$\mathrm{Mg}^{26}$		11.1 (A 12)
12	$\mathrm{Mg}^{27}$	A		$\beta^-,\ \gamma$	10.2 min (H 4)	1.8 (C 13) Wilson chamber	0.64, 0.84, 1.02 (I 2) spectrum	$\mathrm{Mg}-d-p$ (H 4) $\mathrm{Mg}-n-\gamma$ (A 1) $\mathrm{Al}-n-p$ (A 1)
13	$\mathrm{Al}^{26}$	A		$\beta^+$	7.0 sec (W 7, F 2)	2.99 (W 7) Wilson chamber		$\mathrm{Na}-\alpha-n$ (M 4, F 2) $\mathrm{Mg}-p-n$ (W 7, D 9) $\mathrm{Mg}-p-\gamma$ (C 29) $\mathrm{Al}-\gamma-n$ (H 43, H 44, H 58)
13	$\mathrm{Al}^{27}$		100 (A 31)

$Z$	Isotope $A$	Class	Percentage content	Type of radiation	Half-life period	Radiation energy in MeV: particles	Radiation energy in MeV: $\gamma$-rays	Obtained in reaction
13	$\mathrm{Al}^{28}$	A		$\beta^-, \gamma$ (W 17)	2.4 min (A 1, M 5, E 2)	3.3 (C 6) cloud chamber, Wilson	1.8 (I 2) spectrum	$\mathrm{Al}-d-p$ (M 5) $\mathrm{Al}-n-\gamma$ (A 1) $\mathrm{Si}-n-p$ (A 1) $\mathrm{P}-n-\alpha$ (A 1) $\mathrm{Mg}-\alpha-p$ (E 2, R 3) $\mathrm{Mg}-\alpha-n$ (B 25, H 21, F 3)
13	$\mathrm{Al}^{29}$	A		$\beta^-$	6.7 min (B 25)	2.5 (B 25) cloud chamber, Wilson and absorption
14	$\mathrm{Si}^{27}$	A		$\beta^+$	4.9 sec (K 10, C 27)	3.74 (M 21) cloud chamber, Wilson; 3.54 (B 8) cloud chamber, Wilson		$\mathrm{Al}-p-n$ (K 8, M 21, C 27, B 8) $\mathrm{Mg}-\alpha-n$ (K 10)
14	$\mathrm{Si}^{28}$		89.6 (M 51)
14	$\mathrm{Si}^{29}$		6.2 (M 51)
14	$\mathrm{Si}^{30}$		4.2 (M 51)
14	$\mathrm{Si}^{31}$	A		$\beta^-$	170 min (N 3, A 13)	1.8 (K 4) cloud chamber, Wilson	no $\gamma$ (N 3)	$\mathrm{Si}-d-p$ (N 3) $\mathrm{Si}-n-\gamma$ (A 1) $\mathrm{P}-n-p$ (A 1, P 2) $\mathrm{S}-n-\alpha$ (S 2, C 9)
15	$\mathrm{P}^{29}$	A		$\beta^+$	4.6 sec (W 11)	3.63 (W 11) cloud chamber, Wilson		$\mathrm{Si}-p-n$ (W 11)
15	$\mathrm{P}^{30}$	A		$\beta^+$	2.55 min (R 3, B 49)	3.0 (B 48, B 49) cloud chamber, Wilson; 3.5 (M 26) spectrum		$\mathrm{Al}-\alpha-n$ (R 3, C 7) $\mathrm{S}-d-\alpha$ (S 2) $\mathrm{P}-n-2n$ (P 2) $\mathrm{P}-\gamma-n$ (B 20) $\mathrm{Si}-p-n$ (B 23, B 49) $\mathrm{Si}-\mathrm{He}^{3}-p$ (A 7)
15	$\mathrm{P}^{31}$		100 (A 31)

Z	Isotope A	Class	Percent abundance	Type of radiation	Half-life	Energy of emitted particles, MeV	Energy of emitted γ-rays, MeV	Obtained in reaction
15	P³²	A		β⁻	14.30 days (C 8)	1.69 (L 5) spectrum; 1.75 (W 29) spectrum; 1.71 (S 49) spectrum	no γ (K 4)	P — d — p (N 3) P — n — γ (A 1) S — n — p (A 1) Cl — n — α (A 1) S — d — α (S 2) Si — α — p (F 3) P — p — n (W 11, V 4)
16	S³¹	A		β⁺	3.2 sec (W 11, K 10)	3.85 (W 11, E 4) Wilson chamber		Si — α — n (K 10) S — γ — n (H 43, H 44, H 58)
16	S³²		95.1 (N 32)
16	S³³		0.74 (N 32)
16	S³⁴		4.2 (N 32)
16	S³⁵	A		β⁻	87.1 days (H 53)	0.107 (L 6) spectrum 0.120 (K 13) abs. Al		Cl — n — p (A 3, L 6, L 58, K 13) S — d — p (C 25, K 13) Cl — d — α (K 13)
16	S³⁶		0.016 (N 32)
17	Cl³³	A		β⁺	2.4 sec (W 11)	4.13 (W 11) Wilson chamber		S — d — n (H 31) S — p — n (W 11)
17	Cl³⁴	A		β⁺	33 min (S 2, B 21)	2.5 (B 21) abs.		P — α — n (F 2, R 3, B 21) S — d — n (S 2) Cl — n — 2n (P 2) Cl — γ — n (B 20, H 44) S — α — p, n S — α — d (S 45)
17	Cl³⁵		75.4 (N 33)
17	Cl³⁶	A		β⁺; K; β⁻ (G 8)	>10³ years (G 8, O5)	0.64 (β⁻) (G 8) abs.		Cl — n — γ (G 8) Cl — d — p (G 8)

$Z$	Isotope $A$	Class	Percentage abundance	Type of radiation	Half-life period	Radiation energy in MeV: particles	Radiation energy in MeV: $\gamma$-rays	Obtained in reaction
17	$\mathrm{Cl}^{37}$ $\mathrm{Cl}^{38}$	A	24.6 (N 33)	$\beta^-, \gamma$	37 min (V 1)	1.1, 2.8, 5.0 (W 16, W 17) spectrum, (W 17) coincidence abs.	1.65, 2.15 (C 28, C 12) spectrum	$\mathrm{Cl} — d — p$ (K 4, V 1) $\mathrm{Cl} — n — \gamma$ (A 1, K 18, A 15) $\mathrm{K} — n — \alpha$ (H 5)
18	$\mathrm{A}^{35}$	A		$\beta^+$	1.88 sec (E 4)	4.4 (E 4, W 11) Wilson chamber		$\mathrm{Cl} — p — n$ (W 11) $\mathrm{S} — \alpha — n$ (K 10)
18	$\mathrm{A}^{36}$ $\mathrm{A}^{37}$	A	0.307 (N 34)		34 days (W 18)			$\mathrm{Cl} — d — 2n$ (W 18) $\mathrm{Cl} — p — n$ (W 18) $\mathrm{K} — d — \alpha$ (W 18) $\mathrm{Ca} — n — \alpha$ (W 18) $\mathrm{S} — \alpha — n$ (W 18)
18	$\mathrm{A}^{38}$ $\mathrm{A}^{39}$ $\mathrm{A}^{40}$ $\mathrm{A}^{41}$	G A	0.061 (N 34) 99.632 (N 34)	$\beta^-$ $\beta^-, \gamma$	4 min (P 2) 110 min (S 3)	1.5 (K 4) Wilson chamber (K.U.)	1.37 (R 8) Wilson chamber recoil	$\mathrm{K} — n — p$ (P 2) $\mathrm{A} — d — p$ (S 3) $\mathrm{K} — n — p$ (H 5) $\mathrm{A} — n — \gamma$ (S 3) $\mathrm{Cl} — \alpha — n$ (H 5, R 3) $\mathrm{Ca} — d — \alpha$ (H 5)
19	$\mathrm{K}^{38}$	A		$\beta^+$	7.7 min (H 5, R 3)	2.3 (R 3) abs.		$\mathrm{K} — n — 2n$ (P 2) $\mathrm{K} — \gamma — n$ (H 43, H 44),
19	$\mathrm{K}^{39}$ $\mathrm{K}^{40}$ (H88, S62)	A	93.38 (C 51) 0.012 (N 34)	$\beta^-$ (T 31, C 61), $\gamma$ (K 52); K (75%) (T 30)	$1.42 \cdot 10^9$ years (B 71) $4 \cdot 10^8$ years (T 30)	0.40 (H 83), 0.725 (L 6) spectrum; 1.3 (H 87) abs.	2 (K 52) abs. Fe	natural radioactivity (T 31, C 61)

$Z$	Isotope $A$	Class	Percentage abundance	Type of radiation	Half-life	Radiation energy, MeV (particles)	Radiation energy, MeV ($\gamma$-rays)	Obtained in the reaction
19	$K^{41}$ $K^{42}$	A	6.61 (C 51)	$\beta^-$	12.4 h (H 5)	3.5 (K 4), Wilson chamber		$K — d — p$ (H 5) $K — n — \gamma$ (H 5, A 1) $Ca — n — p$ (H 5) $Sc — n — \alpha$ (H 5) $Ca — n — p$ (W 1, W 12)
19	$K^{43,44}$	C		$\beta^-$	18 min (W 1, W 12)
20	$Ca^{39}$	F		$\beta^+$	4.5 min (P 2, W 12)			$Ca — n — 2n$ (?) (P 2, W 12)
20	$Ca^{39}$	E		$\beta^+$	1.06 sec (H 44)			$Ca — \gamma — n$ (H 44)
20	$Ca^{40}$ $Ca^{41}$	B	96.96 (N 32)	K, $\gamma$, $e^-$ W 12	8.5 days (W 12)		1.1 (W 12) abs. Pb, abs. $e^-$	$Ca — d — p$ (W 12) $Ca — n — 2n$ (W 12)
20	$Ca^{42}$		0.64 (N 32)
20	$Ca^{43}$		0.15 (N 32)
20	$Ca^{44}$		2.06 (N 32)
20	$Ca^{45}$	A		$\beta^-$, $\gamma$	180 days (W 12)	0.2, 0.9 (W 12) abs.	0.7 (W 12) abs. Pb	$Ca — n — \gamma$ (W 12) $Ca — d — p$ (W 12, W 5) $Sc — n — p$ (W 12)
20	$Ca^{46}$		0.0033 (N 32)
20	$Ca^{48}$		0.19 (N 32)
20	$Ca^{49}$	A		$\beta^-$, $\gamma$	2.5 h (W 12)	2.3 (W 12) abs.	0.8 (W 12) abs. Pb	$Ca — d — p$ (W 12) $Ca — n — \gamma$ (W 12)
20	$Ca^{49}$	B		$\beta^-$	30 min (W 12)			$Ca — d — p$ (W 12) $Ca — n — \gamma$ (W 12)
21	$Sc^{41}$	A		$\beta^+$	0.87 sec (K 10)	4.94 (E 4), Wilson chamber		$Ca — d — n$ (K 10, E 4)
21	$Sc^{42}$	F		$\beta^+$	13.5 days (W 10)	1.4 (W 10) abs.		$K — \alpha — n$ (W 10)

Z	Isotope A	Class	Percentage content	Type of radiation	Half-life	Energy of emitted particles in MeV	Energy of emitted γ-rays in MeV	Obtained by reaction
21	Sc⁴³	A		β⁺, γ	4 h. (W 10)	0.4, 1.4 (W 10) abs.; 1.13 (H 1)	1.0 (W 10) abs. Pb; 1.65 (H 1)	Ca — α — p (F 4, W 10) Ca — d — n (W 3) Ca — p — n (D 2, D 9, H 1)
21	Sc⁴⁴	A		I.T., e⁻, γ (W 10)	52 h. (W 10)		0.27 (H 9, S 19) conversion spectrum; 0.28, 1.33 (H 1)	Sc — n — 2n (B 9, H 1) K — α — n (W 10, H 1) Ca — d — n (W 3, S 19, H 1) Ca — p — n (D 2, D 9) Ti — d — α (W 4)
21	Sc⁴⁴	A		β⁺, γ	4.1 h. (W 10)	1.5 (W 10) abs. (S 19) spectrum; 1.33 (H 1)	1.80 (H 1)	Sc — n — 2n (B 9, H 1) K — α — n (W 10, H 1) Ca — d — n (W 3, S 19, H 1) Ti — d — α (H 60) Ca — p — n (D 2, D 9) Sc — γ — n (B 20) Sc⁴⁴ (52 h.) I.T. (W 10)
21	Sc⁴⁵		100 (A 31)
21	Sc⁴⁶	A		β⁻, γ, K (W 5)	85 days (W 5)	0.2?, 1.5 (β⁻) (W 10) abs.	1.25 (W 10) abs. Pb	Sc — d — p (W 1, W 5) Sc — n — γ (W 1) Ti — d — α (W 1) Ca — α — p (W 10) Ti — n — p (W 4)
21	Sc⁴⁷	F		β⁻, γ	63 h. (W 10)	1.1 (W 10) abs.		Ca — α — p (W 10) Ti — n — p (W 10)

Z	Isotope A	Class	Percentage abundance	Type of radiation	Half-life	Energy of emitted particles in MeV	Energy of emitted γ-rays in MeV	Obtained in reaction
21	Sc⁴⁸	A		β⁻, γ (W 10)	44 h. (W 10, M 2)	0.64 (S 19) spectrum 0.57 (H 1)	1.35 (M 2, M 30) spectrum 1.33 (H 1) abs.	Ti—n—p (W 4, P 2, W 10, M 30) V—n—α (W 4, P 2, W 10) Ca—d—2n (S 19, M 2, H 1, M 30) Ti—d—α (H 60) Ca—p—n (H 1) Ca—d—n (W 10)
21	Sc⁴⁹	A		β⁻	57 min (W 10)	1.8 (W 10) abs.	no γ (W 10)	Ca⁴⁹ (2.5 h.), β⁻ decay (W 10) Ti—n—p (W 10)
21	Sc	F		β⁻	34 days (H 1)	0.46 (H 1)	no γ (H 1)
22	Ti⁴⁵	A		β⁺	3.08 h. (A 17)	1.2 (A 17) cam. Wilson		Ca—α—n (A 17) Sc—p—n (A 17) Sc—d—2n (A 17) Ti—n—2n (A 17) Ti—γ—n (H 45)
22	Ti⁴⁶		7.95 (N 32)
22	Ti⁴⁷		7.75 (N 32)
22	Ti⁴⁸		73.45 (N 32)
22	Ti⁴⁹		5.51 (N 32)
22	Ti⁵⁰		5.34 (N 32)
22	Ti⁵¹	A		β⁻, γ (W 4)	2.9 min (W 1)			Ti—d—p (W 4) Ti—n—γ (W 4, A 1)
22	Ti⁵¹	A		β⁻, γ	72 days (W 5)	0.36 (W 5) abs.	1.0 (W 5) coincidence abs.	Ti—d—p (W 5) Ti—n—γ (W 8)
23	V⁴⁷	B		β⁺	33 min (W 4, O 7)	1.9 (W 4, O 7) abs.		Ti—d—n (W 4, O 7) Ti—p—n (D 9, O 7)

$Z$	Isotope $A$	Class	Percentage abundance	Type of radiation	Half-life	Energy of emitted particles, MeV — particles	Energy of emitted radiation, MeV — $\gamma$-rays	Obtained in reaction
23	V$^{48}$	A		$\beta^{+}, K, \gamma$ (W5, H60)	16 days (W4)	1.0 (W4) Wilson chamber; 0.58 (H60)	1.05 (R4) Wilson chamber; recoil; 1.5 (H60) Pb absorber	Ti — $d$ — $n$ (W4) Sc — $d$ — $n$ (W6) Cr — $d$ — $\alpha$ (W4) Ti — $p$ — $n$ (D9)
23	V$^{49}$	B		$K$	600 days (W5)	no $\beta^{+}$ or $e^{-}$ (W5)	no $\gamma$ (W3)	Ti — $d$ — $n$ (W5)
23	V$^{50}$	A		$\beta^{+}$	37 h (W4)			V — $n$ — $2n$ (W4) Ti — $d$ — $n$ (W4) Ti — $\alpha$ — $p$ (W4)
23	V$^{51}$		100 (A31)
23	V$^{52}$	A		$\beta^{-}$	3.9 min (W4)	2.05 (D24) absorber		V — $n$ — $\gamma$ (W4, P2, A1) V — $d$ — $p$ (W4) Cr — $n$ — $p$ (W4, P2) Mn — $n$ — $\alpha$ (W4, P2, A1)
24	Cr$^{49}$	A		$\beta^{+}, \gamma$	41.9 min (O7)	1.45 (O7) absorber, Wilson chamber	0.18, 1.55 (O7) Pb absorber	Ti — $\alpha$ — $n$ (O7) Cr — $n$ — $2n$ (O7)
24	Cr$^{50}$		4.49 (N35)
24	Cr$^{51}$	B		$K, \gamma, e^{-}$ (W13)	26.5 days (W13)		0.5, 1 (W13) Pb absorber, $e^{-}$ absorber	Ti — $\alpha$ — $n$ (W13) Cr — $d$ — $p$ (W13, A14) Cr — $n$ — $\gamma$ (W13) Cr — $n$ — $2n$ (A14)
24	Cr$^{52}$		83.78 (N35)
24	Cr$^{53}$		9.43 (N35)
24	Cr$^{54}$		2.30 (N35)
24	Cr$^{55}$	B			1.6–2.3 h (A14, D14)			Cr — $n$ — $\gamma$ (D14, A14) Cr — $d$ — $p$ (A14) Cr — $d$ — $n$ (L7)
25	Mn$^{51}$	A		$\beta^{+}$	46 min (L7)	2.0 (L7) absorber		Cr — $p$ — $\gamma$ (D2, D4)

Z	Isotope A	Class	Percentage content	Type of radiation	Half-life	Radiation energy in MeV: particles	Radiation energy in MeV: γ-rays	Obtained in reaction
25	Mn^52	A		β+, γ	21 min (L 7)	2.2 (H 6, H 12) Wilson chamber	1.2 (H 6)	Fe — d — α (D 2, L 7) Cr — p — n (H 6, H 12)
25	Mn^52	A		β+, γ, K (H 6, H 12)	6.5 days (L 7)	0.77 (H 6, H 12) Wilson chamber	1.0 (H 6)	Fe — d — α (L 7) Cr — p — n (H 6, H 12)
25	Mn^54	A		K, γ (L 7)	310 days (L 7)		0.85 (L 7) abs. Pb; 0.835 (D 35) spectrum, coincid.	Fe — d — α (1.7) Cr — d — n (L 7) V — α — n (L 7) Cr — p — n (D 9)
25	Mn^55 Mn^56	A	100 (S 63)	β−, γ	2.59 h (L 7)	0.75, 1.05, 2.86 (E 12) spectrum, coincid.; 1.04. 2.88 (T 8) spectrum	0.7, 1.7 (B 26, B 14) Wilson chamber; recoil; 0.845, 1.81, 2.13 (E 9, E 12) spectrum; 0.800 (G 3) spectrum	Mn — n — γ (A 1) Mn — d — p (L 7) Fe — d — α (L 7) Fe — n — p (A 1) Co — n — α (A 1) Cr — α — p (R 3)
26	Fe^53	A		β+	8.9 min (R 3)			Cr — α — n (R 3) Fe — n — 2n (L 20) Fe — γ — n (H 43)
26	Fe^54 Fe^55	A	6.04 (N 35)	K, e−	∼ 4 years (V 4)			Fe — d — p (L 23) Mn — p — n (V 4 Co^55 β+-decay) (L 10)
26	Fe^56 Fe^57 Fe^58		91.57 (N 35) 2.11 (N 35) 0.28 (N 35)
26	Fe^59	A		β−, γ	47 days (L 20)	0.26, 0.46 (D 16) spectrum, coincid. abs.	1.10, 1.30 (D 16) spectrum	Fe — d — p (L 20, D 16) Co — n — p (L 20)

Z	Isotope A	Class	Percentage content	Type of radiation	Half-life	Energy of emitted particles in MeV	Energy of emitted γ-rays in MeV	Obtained in the reaction
27	Co⁵⁵	A		β⁺, γ	18.2 h (D 5)	1.50 (L 21) spectrum	0.16, 021, 08, 1.2, (C 20) Wilson chamber recoil	Fe—d—n (L 10) Fe—p—γ (L 9, L 10)
27	Co⁵⁶	A		β⁺, γ, K (E 9)	72 days (L 10)	1.2 (L 10) abs. (C 17) Wilson chamber, coincid.; 1.50 (E 9, E 12) spectrum, coincid.	1.7 (C 17) abs. Pb, coincid. 1.05 (L 10) abs. Pb, 0.845, 1.26, 1.74, 2.01, 2.55, 3.25 (E 12) spectrum, coincid.	Fe—d—2n (L 10, P 3, J 1) Ni—d—α (L 10, C 17) Fe—α—n, p (L 10)
27	Co⁵⁷			K, γ, e⁻ β⁺ (L 10)	270 days (L 10)	0.26 (β⁺) (L 10)	0.117, 0.130, 0.202, 0.215 (P 3) spectrum	Fe—d—n (L 9, B 24, P 4, L 10) Fe—p—γ (L 10)
27	Co⁵⁸	A		β⁺, γ (10%) (D 35), K, γ (90%) (D 35)	72 days (L 10)	0.4 (L 10) abs.; 0.470 (E 13, D 35) spectrum; (E 13) coincid.	0.6 (L 10) abs. Pb 0.805 (D 35) spectrum, coincid.	Fe—d—n (L 9, B 24, P 4, L 10) Mn—α—n (L 9, L 10) Ni—d—α (L 11) Fe—p—n (L 9) Ni—n—p (V 5, L 10) Fe—α—n, p (L 10) Fe—p—γ (L 10)
27	Co⁵⁹		100 (M 52)
27	Co⁶⁰	A		β⁻, γ	5.3 years (L 10)	0.300 (D 17) spectrum; coincid. abs.	1.10, 1.30 (D 17) spectrum, coincid.	Co—d—p (L 9, B 24, L 10, D 17, N 10) Co—n—γ (R 9, L 9, L 10) Ni—d—α (L 10) Co⁶⁰ (10.7 min) I. T. (L 10, D 17)

Z	Isotope A	Class	Percentage content	Type of radiation	Half-life period	Radiation energy in MeV: particles	Radiation energy in MeV: γ-rays	Obtained in the reaction
27	Co⁶⁰	A		I.T., γ, e⁻ (L 10), (D 17), β⁻, γ (D 17, N 10)	10.7 min (L 10)	1.35 (β⁻) (N 10) spectrum	0.056 (I.T.), (D17) spectrum. conv.; 1.5 (Cβ⁻) (N10) abs. Pb.	Co—n—γ (H 7, L 8, L 10, D 17) Ni—n—p (H 8, L 10) Co—d—p (N 10)
28	Ni⁵⁷	A		β⁺	36 h. (L 11)	0.67 (L 11) abs.		Fe—a—n (L11, N11, D18) Ni—n—2n (L11, N11, D18) Ni—γ—n (H 45)
28	Ni⁵⁸ Ni⁶⁰ Ni⁶¹ Ni⁶² Ni⁶³	A	67.4 (V 21) 26.7 (V 21) 1.2 (V 21) 3.8 (V 21)	β⁻, γ	2.6 h. (L 11)	1.9 (L 11) abs.	1.1 (L11) abs. Pb; 0.280, 0.65, 0.93 (G 3) spectrum	Ni—d—p (L11, N11) Ni—n—γ (H 8, N 11) Cu—n—p (H 8) Zn—n—α (H 8) Ni—n—2n (H 8, D18, N 11)
28	Ni⁶⁴		0.88 (V 21)
29	Cu⁵⁸,⁶⁰	C		β⁺	81 sec (D 4)			Ni—p—n (D 4)
29	Cu⁵⁸,⁶⁰	C		β⁺	7.9 min (D 4)			Ni—p—n (D 4)
29	Cu⁶¹	B		β⁺, K (A 4)	3.4 h. (T 1, R 3)	0.9 (R 3) abs.	no γ (G 2)	Ni—d—n (T 1) Ni—p—n (D 4) Ni—p—γ (D 4) Ni—α—p (R 3)

Z	Isotope A	Class	Percentage abundance	Type of radiation	Half-life	Energy of radiation in MeV: particles	Energy of radiation in MeV: γ-rays	Obtained in reaction
29	Cu⁶²	A		β⁺	10.5 min (H 8)	2.6 (C 13) cam. Wilson		Cu—n—2n (H 8) Cu—γ—n (B 20, H 44, H 45) Co—α—n (R 3) Ni—p—n (S 18) Ni—p—γ (S 18) Cu—d—H³ (K 22, K 14)
29	Cu⁶³		70.13 (E 20)
29	Cu⁶⁴	A		β⁻, β⁺, K (A 4)	12.8 h (V 2)	0.58 (β⁻); 0.66 (β⁺) (T 6, T 11, T 8) spectrum	no γ (T 6)	Cu—d—p (V 2) Cu—n—γ (H 8) Ni—p—n (S 18, D 4) Zn—n—p (H 8) Cu—n—2n (H 8) Cu—γ—n (H 45)
29	Cu⁶⁵		29.87 (E 20)
29	Cu⁶⁶	A		β⁻	5 min (A 1)	2.9 (S 5) cam. Wilson (K. U.); 2.58 (G 15)		Cu—n—γ (A 1) Zn—n—p (H 8) Ga—n—α (C 5) Cu—d—p (L 31) Zn—n—2n (H 8, P 2) Zn—γ—n (B 20) Cu—p—n (S 18, D 4) Ni—α—n (R 3)
30	Zn⁶³	A		β⁺	38 min (D 4, B 20)	2.3 (S 38) abs. (T 11, T 8) spectrum		Cu—d—2n (L 31, T 8)
30	Z⁶⁴		50.9 (N 34)
30	Z⁶⁵	A		β⁺, K, γ, e⁻	250 days (L 12)	0.4 (β⁺) (D 9) cam. Wilson	0.45, 0.65, 1.0 (W 15, I 3) cam. Wilson recoil; 1.14 (D 19, M 34) spectrum	Zn—d—p (L 12) Cu—d—2n (P 4) Cu—p—n (B 12) Zn—n—γ (S 6) Ga⁶⁵ K decay (L 10)

Table of isotopes

$Z$	Isotope $A$	Class	Percentage content	Type of radiation	Half-life period	Radiation energy in MeV: particles	Radiation energy in MeV: $\gamma$-rays	Obtained in reaction
30	$\mathrm{Zn}^{66}$		27.3 (N 34)
30	$\mathrm{Zn}^{67}$		3.9 (N 34)
30	$\mathrm{Zn}^{68}$		17.4 (N 34)
30	$\mathrm{Zn}^{69}$	A		I. T., $\gamma$ (K 11)	13.8 h (L 12)		0.439 (H 9, G 3) conv. spectra	Zn—$d$—$p$ (L 12, K 11, V 7) Zn—$n$—$\gamma$ (T 2, L 12) Ga—$d$—$\alpha$ (L 12) Ga—$n$—$p$ (L 12)
30	$\mathrm{Zn}^{69}$	A		$\beta^{-}$	57 min (L 12)	1.0 (L 12) abs.	no $\gamma$ (L 12)	Zn—$d$—$p$ (L 12) K 11, V 7) Zn—$n$—$\gamma$ (T 2) Ga—$d$—$\alpha$ (L 12) Ga—$n$—$p$ (L 12) $\mathrm{Zn}^{69}$ (13.8 h), I. T. (K 11)
30	$\mathrm{Zn}^{70}$		0.5 (N 34)
31	$\mathrm{Ga}^{64}$	B		$\beta^{+}$	48 min (B 13)			Zn—$p$—$n$ (B 13)
31	$\mathrm{Ga}^{66}$	A		K, $e^{-}$	15 min (A 4, L 10)		0.054, 0.117 (D 9) conv. spectra	Zn—$d$—$n$ (A 4, L 10) Zn—$p$—$\gamma$ (D 9) Cu—$\alpha$—$n$ (M 7, R 3)
31	$\mathrm{Ga}^{66}$	A		$\beta^{+}$	9.4 h (B 13, R 3)	3.1 (M 7) abs.		Zn—$p$—$n$ (B 13)
31	$\mathrm{Ga}^{67}$	A		K, $\gamma$, $e^{-}$	83 h (A 4)		0.9025, 0.180, 0.297 (H 9), conv. spectra; 0.292 (G 3), spectra; 0.094, 0.174, 0.187, 0.031, (C 21) spectra	Zn—$\alpha$—$p$ (M 8) Zn—$p$—$n$ (B 13, V 7) Zn—$d$—$n$ (A 4, G 6, V 7)

Z	Isotope A	Class	Percent abundance	Type of radiation	Half-life	Radiation energy in MeV, particles	Radiation energy in MeV, γ-rays	Obtained by reaction
31	Ga⁶⁸	A		β⁺	68 min (R 3)	1.9 (R 3, M 7) abs.		Cu — α — n (K 3, M 7) Ga — n — 2n (P 2) Ga — γ — n (B 20) Zn — p — n (D 2, B 13) Zn — p — γ (?) (D 2) Zn — d — n (G 6, V 7) Ge — d — α (S 29)
31	Ga⁶⁹		61.2 (S 61)
31	Ga⁷⁰	A		β⁻, γ	20 min (B 20, A 1)	1.68 (S 25) cam. Wilson (K. U.)		Ga — n — γ (A 1) Ga — n — 2n (P 2) Ga — γ — n (B 20) Zn — p — n (D 2, V 7) Zn — α — p (M 8) Ge — d — α (S 29) Ge — n — p (S 29)
31	Ga⁷¹		38.8 (S 61)
31	Ga⁷²	A		β⁻, γ	14.1 h. (S 6)	1.71 (S 25), cam. Wilson (K. U.)	1.17, 2.65 (M 30) spectrum	Ga — d — p (L 20) Ga — n — γ (S 6) Ge — n — p (S 29) Ge — d — α (S 29)
31	Ga⁷⁴	D		β⁻	9 days (S 29)	0.8 (S 29)
32	Ge⁶⁹	E			~195 d. (M 8)			Zn — α — n (M 8)
32	Ge⁷⁰		21.2 (A 31)
32	Ge⁷¹	A		β⁺	40 h. (S 30)	1.2 (S 30) abs.		Zn — α — n (M 8) Ge — n — γ (S 6, S 29) Ge — d — p (S 6, S 30; S 29) Ga — d — 2n (S 30) Ge — n — 2n (S 25, S 29) Se — n — α (S 29)

$Z$	Isotope $A$	Class	Percentage abundance	Type of radiation	Half-life	Radiation energy in MeV — particles	Radiation energy in MeV — $\gamma$-rays	Obtained in reaction
32	$Ge^{71}$	A		$K, e^{-}$ (?) S 30	11 days (S 30)		0.6 (S 30) abs. $e^{-}$	$Ga — d — 2n$ (S 30) $Ge — d — p$ (S 30)
32	$Ge^{72}$		27.3 (A 31)
32	$Ge^{73}$		7.9 (A 31)
32	$Ge^{74}$		37.1 (A 31)
32	$Ge^{75}$	A		$\beta^{-}, \gamma$ (S 30)	89 min (S 30)	1.1 (S 25, S 29) Wilson chamber (K. U.); 1.2 (S 30) abs.		$Ge — n — \gamma$ (S 6, S 29) $Ge — d — p$ (S 6, S 29, S 30) $Ge — n — 2n$ (S 29, S 30) $As — n — p$ (S 29, S 30) $Se — n — \alpha$ (S 29, S 30)
32	$Ge^{76}$		6.5 (A 31)
32	$Ge^{77}$	A		$\beta^{-}$ (S 29)	12 h. (S 30)	1.9 (S 25, S 29) Wilson chamber (K. U.)		$Ge — n — \gamma$ (S 6, S 29) $Ge — d — p$ (S 29, S 30) $Se — n — \alpha$ (S 30)
33	$As^{72}$	E		$\beta^{+}$	[[unclear: 26?]] h. (V 4)			$Ge — p — n$ (V 4)
33	$As^{72,73}$	D		$K, e^{-}$ (E 10)	90 days (S 26)		0.052 (E 10) conversion spectrum	$Ge — d — n$ (S 26, E 10)
33	$As^{73}$	D		$\beta^{+}$	50 h. (S 29)	0.6 (S 29)		$Ge — d — n$ (S 29)
33	$As^{74}$	A		$\beta^{-}, \beta^{+}, \gamma$ (S 26)	16 days (S 26)	1.3 $(\beta^{-})$, 0.9 $(\beta^{+})$ (S 26) Wilson chamber (K. U.)	0.582 (D 15) spectrum	$As — n — 2n$ (S 26, C 11) $Ge — d — n$ (S 26, S 29, 14) $Se — d — \alpha$ (F 8) $Ge — p — n$ (D 9)

$Z$	Isotope $A$	Class	Percent abundance	Type of radiation	Half-life	Energy of radiation in MeV — particles	Energy of radiation in MeV — $\gamma$-rays	Obtained in reaction
33	As$^{75}$ As$^{76}$	A	100 (N 30)	$\beta^-$, $\gamma$, $\beta^+$ K, $\gamma$ (?) (S 23)	26.8 h. (W 9, W 19)	1.1, 1.7, 2.7 ($\beta^-$) (S 23) W 9, W 19, Wilson chamber 0.7, 2.6 $\beta^+$ (S 23) Wilson chamber, coinc. (M 35)	3.2, 2.2, 1.5 (S 23) Wilson chamber. pairs; 1.94, 0.83 (M 6) spectrum; coinc. (M 35)	As—$d$—$\gamma$ (C 11, T 3) As—$n$—$\gamma$ (C 11) Br—$n$—$\alpha$ (C 11) Ge—$p$—$n$ (V 4) Se—$n$—$p$ (S 26) Se—$d$—$\alpha$ (F 8)
33	As$^{78}$	A		$\beta^-$, $\gamma$	65 min (S 9)	1.4 (S 26) Wilson chamber (K. U.)	0.27 (S 26) abs. Pb	Br—$n$—$\alpha$ (S 9, C 11, S 26) Se—$n$—$p$ (S 26)
34	Se$^{74}$ Se$^{75}$	B	0.9 (A 31)	K, $\gamma$, $e^-$	48 days (D 9); 160 days (K 30)		0.50 (D 9) spectrum conv. some $< 0.3$ (K 30) spectrum, conv.	As—$p$—$n$ (D 9) As—$d$—$2n$ (K 30)
34	Se$^{76}$ Se$^{77}$ Se$^{78}$ Se$^{79,81}$	C	9.5 (A 31) 8.3 (A 31) 24.0 (A 31)	I.T. $e^-$ (L 30)	57 min (S 9, L 30)		0.099 (H 9) spectrum conv.	Se—$d$—$p$ (S 9, L 30) Se—$n$—$\gamma$ (S 9, H 10) Br—$n$—$p$ (S 9, L 30) Se—$\gamma$—$n$ (B 20)
34	Se$^{79,81}$	C		$\beta^-$	19 min (L 30)	1.5 (L 30) abs.		Se—$d$—$p$ (S 9, L 30) Se—$n$—$\gamma$ (S 9, H 10) Se—$\gamma$—$n$ (B 20) Br—$n$—$p$ (L 30) Se$^{79,81}$ (57 min) I.T. (L 30)

Z	Isotope A	Class	Percentage content	Type of radiation	Half-life	Particle energy in MeV	γ-ray energy in MeV	Obtained in reaction
34	Se^80 Se^81 Se^82	A	48.0 (A 31) 9.3 (A 31)	β−	33 min (L 30)			Se—d—p (L 30) Se—n—γ (L 30)
34	Se	D			several hr. (B 15)			Th—n (B 15)
34	Se	D			several days (B 15)			Th—n (B 15)
35	Br^78	A		β+, e−, γ	6.4 min (S 9)	2.3 (β+) (S 9) abs.	0.046 (I 10? V 7) spectrum; conv.	Se—d—n (S 9) As—a—n (S 9) Br—γ—n (B 20, C 5) Br—n—2n (H 10) Se—p—n (B 13, V 7)
35	Br^79		50.6 (B 60)
35	Br^80	A		I.T., e−, γ (S 1, V 3, V 7, G 22)	4.4 hr. (B 13)		0.049, 0.037 or 0.025 (V 7) conv. spectrum; 0.037 (G 22) abs. Al	Br—n—γ (S 9, S 10, A 2) Br—d—p (S 9) Se—p—n (B 13, V 7) Br—γ—n (B 20) Br—n—2n P 2) Th—n(?) (P 12, P 16)
35	Br^80	A		β−, γ	18 min (S 9, S 10)	2.0 (A 2) spectrum	< 0.5 (B 13, S 9) abs.	Br—n—γ (S 9) Br—d—p (S 9) Se—p—n (B 13) Br—γ—n (B 20) Br—n—2n (P 2) Br^80 (4.4 hr.) I.T. (S 10, S 31, D 20)
35	Br^81		49.4 (B 66)

Z	Isotope, A	Class	Percentage abundance	Type of radiation	Half-life period	Radiation energy, MeV: particles	Radiation energy, MeV: γ-rays	Obtained in reactions
35	Br^82	A		β^−, γ	34 h (S 9)	0.465 (R 6, D 21); (D 23); coinc.	0.547, 0.787, 1.35 (R 6, D 15); spectrum; (D 23); coinc.	Br—n—γ (K 5, S 9) Br—d—p (S 9) Se—p—n (B 13, R 7) Se—d—2n (S 9) Rb—n—α (S 9, P 2)
35	Br^83	A		β^−	140 min (L 30)	1.05 (L 30) abs.	no γ (S 9)	Se—d—n (S 9) Se^83 β^− decay (S 9, L 30) Th—n (B 15, L 30) U—n (L 30, M 9, S 35)
35	Br^84	A		β^−	30 min (S 35)	4.5 (B 30) abs.		U—n (D 6, H 22, H 57, M 9, S 35, B 29) Th—n (P 12) Rb—n—α (B 29) U—n (S 35, B 29, S 43)
35	Br^85	A			3.0 min (S 35, B 29)			U—n (S 35, B 29, S 43)
35	Br^87	B			50 sec (S 35)			U—n (S 35, B 29, S 43)
35	Br > 82	F			22 h (B 15)			Th—n (B 15)
36	Kr^78		0.35 (N 30)					Kr—d—p (C 45, S 9, C 22)
36	Kr^79,81	C		β^+ (B 41)	34 h (B 41)	0.4 (C 41) cloud chamber, Wilson		Rb—p—n (B 41, C 41) Se—α—n (C 45, C 22) Br—p—n (B 41, C 41)
36	Kr^79,81	C		I.T. (?), e^−, γ, no β^+ (C 41)	13 sec (C 41)		0.187 (C 41) conversion spectrum	Br—p—n (B 41, C 41)
36	Kr^79,81	C		I.T. (?), e^−, γ, no β^+ (C 41)	55 sec (C 41)		0.127 (C 41) conversion spectrum	Br—p—n (B 41, C 41) Se—α—n (?) (K 3)

$Z$	Isotope $A$	Class	Percentage abundance	Type of radiation	Half-life	Radiation energy in MeV: particles	Radiation energy in MeV: $\gamma$-rays	Obtained in reaction
36	$\mathrm{Kr}^{80}$		2.01 (N 30)
36	$\mathrm{Kr}^{82}$		11.55 (N 30)
36	$\mathrm{Kr}^{83}$		11.53 (N 30)
36	$\mathrm{Kr}^{83*}$	A		I.T., $e^{-}$ (L 30)	113 min (L 30)		0.029, 0.046 (H 9), conversion spectrum	$\mathrm{Br}^{83}$ $\beta^{-}$-decay (L 30); $\mathrm{Se}$—$\alpha$—$n$ (C 4?, C 22); $\mathrm{Kr}$—$d$—$p$ (C 45, C 22)
36	$\mathrm{Kr}^{84}$		57.11 (N 30)
36	$\mathrm{Kr}^{85}$			$\beta^{-}$	4.0 h (C 22)	0.85 (B 30) abs.		$\mathrm{Kr}$—$d$—$p$ (S 9, C 45, C 22); $\mathrm{Br}^{85}$ $\beta^{-}$-decay (B 29, S 43); $\mathrm{Sr}$—$n$—$\alpha$ (B 29); $\mathrm{Rb}$—$n$—$p$ (B 29)
36	$\mathrm{Kr}^{86}$		17.47 (N 30)
36	$\mathrm{Kr}^{87}$	B		$\beta^{-}$	74 min (S 9)	4 (B 30) abs.		$\mathrm{Kr}$—$d$—$p$ (S 9); $\mathrm{Br}^{87}$ $\beta^{-}$-decay (B 29, S 43)
36	.
36	$\mathrm{Kr}^{88}$	A		$\beta^{-}$	3 h (L 27, H 28)	2.5 (W 19) chamber; Wilson (K. U.)		$\mathrm{Th}$—$n$ (H 29, A 5, L 27); $\mathrm{U}$—$n$ (H 28, H 11, G 9, G 21, H 46)
36	$\mathrm{Kr}^{89}$	B		$\beta^{-}$	2.5 min (H 56)			$\mathrm{U}$—$n$ (G 9, G 21, S 41, H 46, H 47)
36	$\mathrm{Kr}^{>90}$	D		$\beta^{-}$	$<0.5$ min (H 28)			$\mathrm{U}$—$n$ (H 28, H 46, H 47, H 56)
37	$\mathrm{Rb}^{82}$	B			20 min (H 51)			$\mathrm{Th}$—$n$ (H 29); $\mathrm{Br}$—$\alpha$—$n$ (H 51)
37	$\mathrm{Rb}^{84}$	B			6.5 h (H 51)			$\mathrm{Br}$—$\alpha$—$n$ (H 51); $\mathrm{Kr}$—$d$—$n$ (H 51)

Z	Isotope A	Class	Percentage abundance	Type of radiation	Half-life	Energy of particle radiation in MeV	Energy of γ-rays in MeV	Obtained in reaction
37	Rb^85	F	72.8 (N 34)					Kr — d — n (H 51)
37	Rb	F			42 min (H 51)			Kr — d — n (H 51)
37	Rb	A		β−	20 h (H 51) 19.5 days (H 13)	1.56 (H 13) abs.; 1.60 (H 32), spectrum		Rb — n — γ (S 9, S 20) Sr — d — α (H 13)
37	Rb^86	A
37	Rb^87 (H 39, H 84)	A	27.2 (N 34)	β− (T 31, C 61) γ (U 3)	6.3×10^10 years (S 74)	0.132 (L 6) spectrum; 0.25 (K 53), 0.13 (O 30) spectrum	0.034, 0.053, 0.089, 0.102, 0.129 (O 3), conversion spectrum	natural radioact. (T 31, C 61)
37	Rb^88	A		β−	17.5 min (W 19)	5.1 (W 19) Wilson chamber		Rb — n — γ (S 9, P 2, S 20) Rb^88 β− decay (G 7) Kr^88 β− decay (H 28, L 27, H 11, G 27, W 19, H 46) Kr^89 β− decay (G 9, G 21, S 41, H 46, H 47)
37	Rb^89	B		β−, γ (G 21)	15 min (G 9, G 21)	3.8 (G 21) abs.
37	Rb^>90	D		β−	80 sec (H 28)			Kr^>90 / < 0.5 min β− decay (H 28, H 43, H 47, H 56)
38	Sr^84 Sr^85	A	0.56 (N 36)	K, γ (D 13)	65 days (D 13)		0.8 (D 13, D 25); abs. Pb	Rb — p — n (D 13, D 25)
38	Sr^85	A		I, T, e−, γ (D 25)	70 min (D 25)		0.17 (D 25) conversion spectrum	Rb — p — n (D 13, D 25)
38	Sr^86 Sr^87		9.86 (N 36) 7.02 (N 36)

Z	Isotope A	Class	Percent abundance	Type of radiation	Half-life	Energy of radiation in MeV: particles	Energy of radiation in MeV: γ-rays	Obtained in reaction
38	Sr^87*	A		I.T., e^−, γ (D 11)	2.7 h (D 11)		0.37 (D 11) conv. spectrum 0.336 (H 9) conv. spectrum	Sr—n—n (D13, R15, D 25, R 20) Rb—p—n (D 11) Sr—d—n (D 11) Sr—n—γ (D11, R15) Y^87 (80 h) K decay (D 11, D 25) Sr—p—n (?) (D 25) Zr—n—α (S 46)
38	Sr^88	A	82.56 (N 36)
38	Sr^83	A		β−	55 d. (S 24)	1.50 (S 24) cam. Wilson. 1.32 (H32) spectrum	no γ (S 24)	Sr—d—p (S11, S24) Sr—n—γ (S11, S24) Y—n—p (S 12) Rb^83 β− decay (G 9, H 28, G 21, H 46, H 47)
38	Sr^90	B			~5 years (H 47)			Zr—n—α (?) (S 46) U—n (H 47)
38	Sr^>90	D		β−	2.7 h. (G 13)			Rb^>90 (80 sec) β− decay G13, H47, H56) U—f (L 2) U—n (produced Kr) (H 56, L 26, H 28, H 47)
38	Sr^>90	D		β−	7 min L 26			U—n (produced Kr) (H 56, H 47, G 13, S 48) Zr—n—α (S 48)
38	Sr^91	B		β−	10 h. (H 47)			U—n (decay product Kr) (H56, H47)
38	Sr^>90	D			~2 min (H 47)

Z	Isotope A	Class	Percent abundance	Type of radiation	Half-life	Energy of radiation in MeV: particles	Energy of radiation in MeV: γ-rays	Obtained by reaction
39	$Y^{87}$	B		I.T., $e^{-}$, $\gamma$ (D 25)	14 h. (S 24, D 13)		0.5 (D 25) abs.	Sr—$d$—$n$ (S 24, D 13, D 25)
39	$Y^{87}$	A		K (D 13)	80 h. (D 25)		no $\gamma$ (?) (D 25)	Sr—$p$—$n$ (D 13, D 25) Sr—$p$—$n$ (D 13, D 25) Sr—$d$—$n$ (D 13, S 24, D 25)
39	$Y^{88}$	A		$\beta^{+}$	2.0 h. (S 24)	1.2 (S 11) Cam. Wilson (K. U.)		Sr—$d$—$n$ (S 11, S 24) Y—$n$—$2n$ (S 11)
39	$Y^{88}$	B		K, $\gamma$ (D 25)	87 days (H 33)		0.95, 1.92 (R 12) Cam. Wilson 0.908, 1.89 (D 28) coincidence spectrum; 1.87 (S 32) Be—$\gamma$—$n$; 1.9, 2.8 (G 10) D—$\gamma$—$n$	Sr—$p$—$n$ (D 13, D 25) Sr—$p$—$n$ (D 13, D 25) Sr—$d$—$2n$ (P 11, H 33) Y—$n$—$2n$ (H 33)
39	$Y^{89}$		100 (D 40)
39	$Y^{90}$	A		$\beta^{-}$	60 h. (S 11)	2.6 (S 11) Cam. Wilson (K. U.)		Y—$d$—$p$ (S 11) Y—$n$—$\gamma$ (S 11, S 12) Cb—$n$—$\alpha$ (S 42, S 13) Zr—$n$—$p$ (S 46, S 48) Zr—$d$—$\alpha$ (S 46) $Sr^{90}$ $\beta^{-}$ decay (H 47)
39	$Y^{>90}$	C		$\beta^{-}$, $\gamma$ (H 56)	3.5 h. (H 56)	3.6 (B 30) abs.		$Sr^{>90}$ (2.7 h., $\beta^{-}$ decay (G 13, H 47, H 56) Zr—$n$—$n'$ (S 46, S 48)
39	$Y^{91}$	B		$\beta^{-}$, $\gamma$ (B 30)	57 days (H 42, G 13)	1.6 (B 30) abs.		$Sr^{91}$ $\beta^{-}$ decay (H 47, G 13) Zr—$n$—$p$ (S 48)

Z	Isotope A	Class	Percentage content	Type of radiation	Half-life period	Radiation energy in MeV: particles	Radiation energy in MeV: γ-rays	Obtained in reaction
39	Y^91	B			50 min (G 13),			Sr^91 β^− decay (H 47, G 13)
39	Y^>90	D	—		11.5 h. (H 47)			Zr—n—p (S 48) Sr^>90 (7 min β^− decay (H 47, H 56)
39	Y^>90	D		β^−, γ (H 56)	20 min (H 47)			Sr^>90 (2 min) β^− decay (H 47, H 56) Zr—n—p (S 48)
40	Zr^89	A		β^+ (S 12, D 13)	78 h. (D 25)	1.0 (β^+) (S 12) cam. Wilson (K. U.), (D 25) abs.	no γ (D 25)	Zr—n—2n (S 12, S 46) Y—p—n (D 13, D 25) Mo—n—α (S 46)
40	Zr^89	A		e^−, γ L. T. or K (D 13, D 25)	4.5 min (D 25)			Y—p—n (D 13, D 25)
40	Zr^90		48 (A 31)
40	Zr^91		11.5 (A 31)
40	Zr^92		22 (A 31)
40	Zr^93	D		β^−, γ	63 d. (S 46)	0.25 (S 46) abs.; 0.57, 0.29 (M 33)	0.93 (M 33)	Zr—n—γ (S 46) Zr—d—p (S 46) Mo—n—α (P) (S 46) U—n (H 55, G 18)
40	Zr^94		17 (A 31)
40	Zr^95	D		β^−	17.0 h. (G 18)	1 (G 18) abs.		U—n (G 18, H 39)
40	Zr^96		1.5 (A 31)					Zr—n—γ (S 46) Mo—n—α (S 46)

Z	Isotope A	Class	Percentage content	Type of radiation	Half-life	Radiation energy in MeV: particles	Radiation energy in MeV: γ-rays	Obtained in reaction
40	Zr⁹⁷	E		β⁻	6 min (S 46)	∼ 1.9 (S 46) abs.		Zr — n — γ (S 46)
40	Zr	E		β⁻	13 min (S 46)	.		Zr — n — γ (S 46)
40	Zr	F		β⁻	90 min (S 1′)	∼ 1.5 (S 46) abs.		Zr — d — ? (S 1′, S 46)
40	Zr	E		β⁻	70 hr. (S 46)	1.17 (S 46) cam. Wilson (K. U.)		Zr — n — ? (S 46)
41	Cb	E			4 min			Zr — n — n (?) (D 9)
41	Cb	E			12 min	.		Zr — p — n (?) (D 9)
41	Cb	E			33 min			Zr — p — n (?) (D 9)
41	Cb	E			21 hr.			Zr — p — n (?) (D 9)
41	Cb	E			96 hr			Zr — p — n (?) (D 9)
41	Cb⁹²	A		β⁻, γ	11 d. (S 42, S 13)	1.38 (S 42) cam. Wilson (K. U.); 0.59 (M 33)	1.0 (M 33)	Cb — γ — 2n (S 42, S 13) Mo — n — p (S 46) Zr — p — n (M 33)
41	Cb⁹³		100 (S 63)
41	Cb⁹³*	D		I. T., e⁻	∼ 55 d. (S 46)		∼ 0.15 (S 46, M 33) abs. e⁻; 0.94 (M 33)	Zr⁹³ β⁻ decay (S 46, H 55)
41	Cb⁹⁴	A		β⁻, γ (S 42)	6.6 min (S 42)	1.4 (S 42) abs.	0.4 (S 42) abs. Pb	Cb — n — γ (S 42, S 13, P 2)
41	Cb⁹⁵	D		β⁻	75 min (G 18)	1 (G 18) abs.		Zr⁹⁵ β⁻ decay (G 18, S 45, H 39) Mo — n — p (S 46)
42	Mo⁹²		14.9 (V 22)
42	Mo⁹³	P			7 hr. (D 9)			Cb — n — n (?) (D 9)
42	Mo⁹¹, ⁹³	C		β⁺	17 min (B 20, S 12)	2.65 (S 46) cam. Wilson (K. U.)		Mo — n — 2n (H 10, S 12, S 46) Mo — γ — n (B 20)

Z	Isotope A	Class	Percentage abundance	Type of radiation	Half-life	Radiation energy in MeV: particles	Radiation energy in MeV: γ-rays	Obtained in reaction
42	Mo^94 Mo^95 Mo^96 Mo^97 Mo^98 Mo^99	B	9.4 (V 22) 16.1 (V 22) 16.0 (V 22) 9.65 (V 22) 24.1 (V 22)	β−, γ	67 h. (S 14)	1.5 (S 14) abs.	0.4 (S 14) abs.	Mo—d—p (S 14) Mo—n—γ (S 14, S 12) U—n (H 33, H 41) Th—n (H 24) Mo—n—2n (S 46)
42	Mo^100 Mo^101	B	9.25 (V 22)	β−, γ	14.6 min (M 25)	1.8 (S 40) cam. lines (K. U); 1.0, 2.2 (M 38)	0.3, 0.9 (M 38)	Mo—n—γ (S 40, S 22, S 46, M 55) U—n (H 41, B 28)
42	Mo^>101 Mo	D E		β−	12 min (H 41) ~ ~ 60 days (H 55)			U—n (H 41) U—n (H 55)
43	Ma^96	B		β+ (?)	2.7 h. (D 4)			Cb—α—n (K 3) Mo—p—n (D 4) Mo—d—n (S 14)
43	Ma^99	B		I. T., e−, γ (S 14)	6.6 h. (S 14)		0.135 (S 14) with conv. ~0.18 (S 14) abs.	Mo^99 β− decay (S 14, H 41)
43	Ma^101	B		β−, γ	14.0 min (M 25)	1.1 (S 40) cam. lines (K. U); 1.3 (M 38)	0.30 (M 38)	Mo^101 β− decay (S 40, S 22, S 47, H 41, M 55)
43	Ma^>101	D		β−	< 1 min (H 41)			Mo^>101 (12 min) β− decay (H 41)

Z	Isotope A	Class	Percentage content	Type of radiation	Half-life	Energy of radiation in MeV: particles	Energy of radiation in MeV: γ-rays	Obtained in reaction
43	Ma	D		K, e⁻	90 days (C 12)		0.097 (H 9) spectrum; conversion	Mo — d — n (C 12, C 24)
43	Ma	D		K (?) e⁻, γ (E 5)	110 h (E 3)	0.6 (E 3)	0.05, 0.5 (E 5)	Mo — p — n (E 3, E 5)
43	Ma	D		K, γ	62 days (C 12)			Mo — d — n (C 12, C 24)
43	Ma	E		β⁻, γ (E 3, E 5)	55 min (E 5)	2.5 (E 5) abs.		Mo — p — n (E 3, D 4, E 5)
43	Ma	F		β⁻	365 h (D 4)			Mo — p — n (D 4)
43	Ma	F		β⁻	18 sec (D 9)			Mo — p — n (D 3, D 9)
43	[[unclear: Ma?]]	L		K	~2 days (S 14)			Mo — d — n (S 14)
43	[[unclear: Ma?]]	F			20 min (D 7)			Ru — n — 2n (?) (D 7, P 2)
43	Ru⁹⁶		5.68 (E 20)
43	Ru⁹⁸		2.22 (E 20)
43	Ru⁹⁹		12.31 (E 20)
43	Ru¹⁰⁰		12.70 (E 20)
43	Ru¹⁰¹		15.9 (E 20)
43	Ru¹⁰²		31.34 (E 20)
43	Ru¹⁰⁴		18.25 (E 20)	β⁻	4 h (D 7, L 13, N 12)	1.5 (B 31) abs.		Ru — n — γ (D 7); Ru — d — n (L 13); U — n (S 33, N 12, N 13); Th — n (S 33)
43	Ru	G			11 days (L 13)			Ru — d — ? (L 13)
43	Ru	F			90 min (K 3)			Mo — α — n (K 3)
43	Ru	D			45 days (N 15)			U — n (N 12, N 15); Ru — d — p (L 13)
43	Ru	D		β⁻	4 min (B 31)	4 (B 31) abs.		U — n (B 31)

TABLE OF ISOTOPES

Z	Isotope A	Class	Percentage abundance	Type of radiation	Half-life	Energy of radiation in MeV: particles	Obtained in reaction
45	Rh$^{102}$	A		β−, β+, γ (M 23)	210 days (M 23)	1.1 (β−) (M 23), abs.	Rh — n — 2n (M 23)
45	Rh$^{103}$		100 (C 53)
45	Rh$^{104}$	A		I.T., e− (P 5)	4.2 min (P 5)	0.055—0.080 (P 5), abs.; e−; L(68)(09) spectr. conv.	Rh — n — γ (P 5, A 1, P 2)
45	Rh$^{104}$	A		β−	44 sec (P 5, A 1)	.3 (C 13), cam. Wilson	Ru — p — n (D 9) Rh — n — γ (P 5, A 1) Rh$^{104}$ (4.2 min) I.I. (P 5)
45	Rh	E			3 h. (D 9)		Ru — p — n (L 13)
45	Rh	E			10.7 h. (D 9)		Ru — p — n (?) (D 9)
45	Rh	E			< day (D 9)		Ru — p — n (?) (D 9)
45	Rh$^{105}$	B		β−	34 h. (N 12, N 13)	0.5 (N 13), abs.	Ru$^{105}$ β-decay (N 12, D 7, L 13)
45	Rh	D		β−	24 min (B 31)	1.2 (B 31), abs.	Ru (4 min) β-decay (B 31)
46	Pd$^{102}$		0.8 (S 63)
46	Pd$^{104}$		9.3 (S 63)
46	Pd$^{105}$		22.6 (S 63)
46	Pd$^{106}$		27.2 (S 63)
46	Pd$^{107,109}$	C		β−	13 h. (K 6)	1.03 (F 6), cam. Wilson	Pd — d — p (K 6) Pd — n — γ (A 1, K 6) Ag — n — p (F 5)
46	Pd$^{108}$		26.8 (S 63)
46	Pd$^{110}$		13.5 (S 63)
46	Pd$^{111}$	A		β−	26 min (S 33)	3.5 (B 31), abs.	Pd — d — p (K 6, A 1) Pd — n — γ (K 6, A 1) U — n (S 33, N 14) Th — n (S 33)

$Z$	Isotope $A$	Class	Percentage content	Type of radiation	Half-life period	Radiation energy in MeV: particles	Radiation energy in MeV: $\gamma$-rays	Obtained in reaction
46	$\mathrm{Pd}^{112}$	A			17 h (S 33, N 14)			U—$n$ (S 33, N 14) Th—$n$ (S 33)
47	$\mathrm{Ag}^{102}$	E			73 min (E 6)			Pd—$p$—$n$ (E 6)
47	$\mathrm{Ag}^{104}$	E			16.3 min (E 6)			Pd—$p$—$n$ (E 6)
47	$\mathrm{Ag}^{105}$	E		K, $\gamma$	45 days (E 6)		0.29, 0.42, 0.50, 0.62 (E 6) spectrum: 0.282, 0.343, 0.430, 0.650, $>1.0$ (D 19) spectrum	Pd—$p$—$n$ (E 6)
47	$\mathrm{Ag}^{106}$			$\beta^{+}$	24.5 min (P 6, D 2)	2.04 (P 5) abs.	no $\gamma$ (P 5)	Ag—$n$—$2n$ (P 6) Pd—$d$—$n$ (P 6) Cd—$n$—$p$ (P 6) Rh—$\alpha$—$n$ (P 6, K 3) Ag—$\gamma$—$n$ (B 29) Pd—$p$—$\gamma$ (D 2) Pd—$p$—$n$ (D 2, E 6) Ag—$d$—$p, 2n$ (K 15, K 31)
47	$\mathrm{Ag}^{106}$	A		K, $e^{-}$, $\gamma$ (H 50, P 6, F 5, A 4)	8.2 days (P 6, K 6)	1.2 ($e^{-}$) (F 5) abs.	1.06, 0.69 (E 6) spectrum: 1.63, 1.06, 0.72 (?) (D 19) spectrum	Ag—$n$—$2n$ (P 6, K 6) Pd—$d$—$n$ (P 6, K 6) Rh—$\alpha$—$n$ (P 6) Cd—$n$—$p$ (P 6) Ag—$d$—$p, 2n$ (?) (K 23)
47	$\mathrm{Ag}^{107}$		51.9 (P 44)					Pd—$p$—$n$ (D 2, E 6)

TABLE OF ISOTOPES

$Z$	Isotope $A$	Class	Percentage abundance	Type of radiation	Half-life	Radiation energy in MeV: particles	Radiation energy in MeV: $\gamma$-rays	Obtained in reaction
47	$\mathrm{Ag}^{107,109}$	C		I.T., $e^{-}$	40 sec (A 12)		0.93 (V 7, A 12, H ?), conversion spectrum	$\mathrm{Cd}^{108,109}$ (6–7 h), K-decay (A 12, H 34) $\mathrm{Cd}^{107,109}$ (15? d.), K-decay (H 34) $\mathrm{Ag}\ — n-n$ (A 12) $\mathrm{Pd}^{??}$, $0?\,\beta^{-}$-decay (S 33) $\mathrm{Ag}\ — x$-rays (F 9) $\mathrm{Ag}\ — n-\gamma$ (A 1) $\mathrm{Ag}\ — \gamma-n$ (B 20) $\mathrm{Pd}\ — p-n$ (D 2, E 6) $\mathrm{Cd}\ — n-p$ (P 6) $\mathrm{Ag}\ — d-p$ (K 12, K 15)
47	$\mathrm{Ag}^{108}$	A		$\beta^{-}$	2.3 min (A 1, B 20)	2.8 (N 4) Wilson chamber
47	$\mathrm{Ag}^{109}$		48.1 (P 44)
47	$\mathrm{Ag}^{110}$	A		$\beta^{-}, \gamma$ (P 6)	22 sec (A 1, P 6)	2.8 (G 4) Wilson chamber (K. U.)		$\mathrm{Ag}\ — n-\gamma$ (A !) $\mathrm{Cd}\ — n-p$ (P 6)
47	$\mathrm{Ag}^{108,110}$	C		K, $\gamma$, $e^{-}$ (K 15, H 59)	225 d. (L 14, R 10)		0.650, 0.925, 1.51 (D 19) spectrum; 0.6 (K 15) abs. Al.	$\mathrm{Ag}\ — n-\gamma$ (R 10, L 14, S 8, M 12) $\mathrm{Ag}\ — d-p$ (K 12, K 15, H 59) $\mathrm{Pd}\ — d-n$ (K 6, P 6)
47	$\mathrm{Ag}^{111}$	A		$\beta^{-}$	7.5 days (K 6, P 6)	$\sim 0.8$ (B 33) abs.	no $\gamma$ (K 6, P 6)	$\mathrm{Pd}\ — \alpha-p$ (P 6) $\mathrm{Cd}\ — n-p$ (P 6) $\mathrm{Pd}^{111}\ \beta^{-}$-decay (K 6, S 33, N 14)
47	$\mathrm{Ag}^{112}$	A		$\beta^{-}, \gamma$	3.2 h (P 6)	2.2 (P 6) Wilson chamber		$\mathrm{Cd}\ — n-p$ (P 6) $\mathrm{In}\ — n-\alpha$ (P 9) $\mathrm{Pd}^{112}\ \beta^{-}$-decay (S 33, N 14) $\mathrm{U}\ — n$ (N 9)

Z	Isotope A	Class	Percentage abundance	Type of radiation	Half-life	Radiation energy in MeV: particles	Radiation energy in MeV: γ-rays	Obtained in reactions
48	Cd¹⁰⁶ Cd¹⁰⁷, ¹⁰⁹	C	1.4 (N 34)	K, γ (D 4, V 7, W 11, A 12)	6.7 h (D 4, R 5)		0.53 (V 7) abs. Pb	Ag — p — n (D 4, R 5, V 7, W 11) Ag — d — 2n (K 12, A 12, H 34, K 15)
48	Cd¹⁰⁷, ¹⁰⁹	C		K	158 d. (H 34)			Ag — d — 2n (H 34, K 15)
48	Cd¹⁰⁸ Cd¹⁰⁹ Cd¹¹⁰ Cd¹¹¹ Cd¹¹² Cd¹¹³ Cd¹¹⁴	E	1.0 (N 34) 12.8 (N 34) 13.0 (N 34) 24.2 (N 34) 12.3 (N 34) 28.0 (N 34)	β⁺	33 min. (P 2)			Cd — n — 2n (P 2)
48	Cd¹¹⁵	A		β⁻, γ	2.5 days (G 5)	1.11 (C 14) spectrum	0.55 (L 57) cham. Wilson recoil; 0.65 (M 34) spectrum	Cd — d — p (C 14) Cd — n — γ (G 5, M 10) Cd — n — 2n (G 5) U — n (N 9, N 14) Cd — d — p (C 14)
48	Cd	E		β⁻, γ (C 14)	40 d. (C 14)	0.95 (C 14) cham. Wilson
48	Cd¹¹⁶ Cd¹¹⁷	A	7.3 (N 34)	β⁻	3.75 h. (C 14)			Cd — d — p (C 14) Cd — n — γ (M 10, G 5) U — n (N 9, N 14)
48	Cd*	D		I.T., e⁻	48.7 min (W 30)		0.195 (W 30) abs. e⁻	Cd — n — n (D 8) U — n (N 9, N 14) Cd — x-rays (F 9, W 30) Cd — e⁻ — e⁻ (W 30)

$Z$	Isotope $A$	Class	Percent abundance	Type of radiation	Half-life	Radiation energy in MeV: particles	Radiation energy in MeV: $\gamma$-rays	Obtained in reaction
49	$\mathrm{In}^{110}$	D		$\beta+$	65 min (B 17)	1.6 (B 17) spectrum		Cd — $p$ — $n$ (B 17) Ag — $\alpha$ — $n$ (K 9)
49	$\mathrm{In}^{111}$	D		$\beta^+,\gamma,e^-$	20 min (B 17)	1.7 ($\beta+$) (L 57) Wilson chamber	0.16 (B 17) spectrum, conv.	Cd — $d$ — $2n$ (L 57) Cd — $d$ — $n$ (L 57) Cd — $p$ — $n$ (B 17)
49	$\mathrm{In}^{112}$	D		K, $\gamma,e^-$ (L 57)	2.7 days (B 17, C 14)		0.17, 0.25 (B 17, C 14) spectrum, conv.	Cd — $p$ — $n$ (B 17) In — $n$ — $2n$ (C 14) Cd — $d$ — $n$ (L 57) Ag — $\alpha$ — $n$ (L 57)
49	$\mathrm{In}^{112}$	D		I. T., $\gamma,e^-$	16.5 min (S 34)		0.120 (S 34) abs. $e^-$	Ag — $\alpha$ — $n$ (S 34) In — $n$ — $2n$ (S 34)
49	$\mathrm{In}^{112}$	D		$\beta+,\beta^-(?),\gamma,e^-$ (S 34)	17.5 min (S 34)	1.3 ($\beta+$) (S 34) abs.; 0.47 ($\beta^-?$) (S 34) abs.	0.095 (S 34) abs. $e^-$	Ag — $\alpha$ — $n$ (S 34) In — $n$ — $2n$ (S 34) $\mathrm{In}^{112}$ (16.5 min) I. T. (S 34)
49	$\mathrm{In}^{113}$ $\mathrm{In}^{113*}$	A	4.5 (S 61)	I. T., $\gamma,e^-$ (B 17)	105 min (B 17)		0.39 (B 17, L 57) spectrum, conv.	Cd — $p$ — $n$ (B 17) $\mathrm{Sn}^{113}$ K decay (B 17, S 22) Cd — $d$ — $n$ (L 57)
49	$\mathrm{In}^{114}$	A		I. T., $e^-$ (L 57, L 48)	48 days (B 17)		0.19 (B 17, L 57) spectrum, conv.	In — $n$ — $\gamma$ (L 15, M 12) Cd — $p$ — $n$ (B 17) In — $d$ — $p$ (L 57) Cd — $d$ — $n$ (L 57) In — $n$ — $2n$ (L 57) $\mathrm{In}^{114}$ (48 days) I. T. (L 48, L 57)
49	$\mathrm{In}^{114}$	A		$\beta^-$	72 sec (L 15, B 17)	1.98 (L 32) Wilson chamber		In — $n$ — $2n$ (L 15, P 2) In — $\gamma$ — $n$ (B 11, C 5) Cd — $p$ — $n$ (B 17)

Z	Isotope A	Class	Percent abundance	Type of radiation	Half-life	Radiation energy in MeV: particles	Radiation energy in MeV: γ-rays	Obtained in reaction
49	In¹¹⁵ In¹¹⁵*	A	95.5 (S 61)	I. T., e⁻, γ (L 57)	4.1 h (G 7, B 18)		0.34 (057) conversion spectrum	In — n — n (G 5) In — p — p (B 18) In — α — α (L 16) In — x-rays (P 7, C 10) Cd¹¹⁵ β⁻ decay (G5) Cd — d — n (L 57) U — n (N 14)
49	In¹¹⁶	A		β⁻	13 sec (A 1, C 14)	2.8 (C 14) Wilson chamber	no γ (M 11)	In — n — γ (A 1, L 15) In — d — p (L 15) Cd — p — n (D 9)
49	In¹¹⁶	A		β⁻, γ	54 min (A 1, L 15)	0.85 (C 14, C 44) spectrum; Wilson chamber	1.8, 1.4, 1.0, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2 (C 44) Wilson chamber recoil 2.32, 1.31, 1.12, 0.428 (D 19) spectrum	In — n — γ (A1, M 11) Cd — p — n (B 17) In — d — p (L 15)
49	In¹¹⁷	A		β⁻, γ, e⁻	117 min (L 32)	1.73 (β⁻) (C 14) spectrum		Cd¹¹⁷ β⁻ decay (G5) Cd — d — n (C 14, L57) U — n (N 14)
50	Sn¹¹² Sn¹¹³	A	1.1 (A 32)	K, e⁻, γ	70—105 days (L 17, B 17)		0.085 (B 17) conversion spectrum	In — p — n (B 17) Sn — d — p (L 17) Cd — α — n (L 17)

Table of Isotopes

$Z$	Isotope $A$	Class	Percentage content	Type of radiation	Half-life	Obtained in reaction
50	$\mathrm{Sn}^{114}$		0.8 (A 32)
	$\mathrm{Sn}^{115}$		0.4 (A 32)
	$\mathrm{Sn}^{116}$		15.5 (A 32)
	$\mathrm{Sn}^{117}$		9.1 (A 32)
	$\mathrm{Sn}^{118}$		22.5 (A 32)
	$\mathrm{Sn}^{<119}$	E		$\beta^{-}$	25 min (L 17)	$\mathrm{Cd}-\alpha-n$ (L 17)
	$\mathrm{Sn}^{<119}$	E		$\beta^{-}$	3 h. (L 17)	$\mathrm{Cd}-\alpha-n$ (L 17)
	$\mathrm{Sn}^{<119}$	E		$\beta^{-}$	13 days (L 17)	$\mathrm{Cd}-\alpha-n$ (L 17)
	$\mathrm{Sn}^{119}$		9.8 (A 32)
	$\mathrm{Sn}^{120}$		28.5 (A 32)
	$\mathrm{Sn}^{122}$		5.5 (A 32)
	$\mathrm{Sn}^{124}$		6.8 (A 32)
	$\mathrm{Sn}^{125}$	B		$\beta^{-}$	9 min (L 17)	$\mathrm{Sn}-d-p$ (L 17) $\mathrm{Sn}-n-\gamma$ (L 17)
	$\mathrm{Sn}^{<126}$	D		$\beta^{-}$	40 min (L 17)	$\mathrm{Sn}-d-p$ (L 17) $\mathrm{Sn}-n-\gamma$ (L 17) $\mathrm{Sn}-n-2n$ (P 2)
	$\mathrm{Sn}^{<126}$	D		$\beta^{-}$	26 h. (L 17)	$\mathrm{Sn}-d-p$ (L 17) $\mathrm{Sn}-n-\gamma$ (L 17)
	$\mathrm{Sn}^{<126}$	D		$\beta^{-}$	10 days (L 17)	$\mathrm{Sn}-d-p$ (L 17) $\mathrm{Sn}-n-\gamma$ (L 17)
	$\mathrm{Sn}^{<125}$	D			$\sim 400$ days (L 17)	$\mathrm{Sn}-d-p$ (L 17)
	$\mathrm{Sn}^{>125}$	D		$\beta^{-}$	$\sim 20$ min (H 55)	$\mathrm{U}-n$ (H 55)
	$\mathrm{Sn}^{>125}$	D		$\beta^{-}$	$\sim 80$ h. (H 55)	$\mathrm{U}-n$ (H 55, N 15)
		D			$\sim 60$ h. (N 15)
	$\mathrm{Sn}^{>125}$	D		$\beta^{-}$	$\sim 70$ min (N 15, H 55)	$\mathrm{U}-n$ (N 15, H 55)
	$\mathrm{Sn}^{>125}$	D		$\beta^{-}$	$\sim 11$ days (H 55)	$\mathrm{U}-n$ (H 55)

$Z$	Isotope $A$	Class	Percent abundance	Type of radiation	Half-life	Radiation energy in MeV: particles	Radiation energy in MeV: $\gamma$-rays	Obtained in the reaction
50	Sn$>125$	F		$\beta^-$	$\sim 4$—5 h. (H55)			U — $n$ (H55)
51	Sb	E		$\beta^-$	3.5 min (D9)			Sn — $p$ — $n$ (D9)
	Sb$^{116,118}$	E		$\beta^+$	3.6 min (R16)			In — $\alpha$ — $n$ (L16, R16)
	Sb$^{120}$	A		$\beta^+$	17 min (H10, L18)	1.53 (A10) Wilson chamber.		Sb — $n$—2$n$ (P2, H10) Sb — $\gamma$ — $n$ (B20) Sn — $d$ — $n$ (L18) Sn — $p$ — $n$ (D9) Sb — $d$ — H$^3$ (K14)
	Sb$^{121}$ Sb$^{122}$	A	56 (A31)	$\beta^-$, $\gamma$	2.8 days (L28)	0.81, 1.64 (A10, M35) Wilson chamber; absorption.	0.96 (M35) coincidence absorption; 0.80 (M34) spectrum	Sb — $d$ — $p$ (L18) Sb — $n$ — $\gamma$ (A1, L18) Sn — $d$ — 2$n$ (L18)
	Sb$^{123}$ Sb$^{124}$	A	44 (A31)	$\beta^-$, $\gamma$	60 days (L18)	1.53 (M35) absorption; 0.74, 2.45 (H35, H49) spectrum	1.82 (M35) coincidence absorption; 1.75 (K16) Be — $\gamma$ — $n$ — reaction	Sb — $d$ — $p$ (L18) Sb — $n$ — $\gamma$ (L18) J — $n$ — $\gamma$ (L18)
	Sb$<126$	D		$\beta^-$	3 h. (L18)			Sn — $d$ — $n$ (L18)
	Sb$<126$	D			$\sim 45$ days (L18)			Sn — $d$ — $n$ (L18)
	Sb$<126$	D			$\sim 2$ years (L18)			Sn — $d$ — $n$ (L18)
	Sb$>125$	D		$\beta^-$	60 min (N15)			Sn$>125$ (70 min.) $\beta^-$-decay (N15)
	Sb$^{127}$	A		$\beta^-$	80 h. (A6)			U — $n$ (A6)
	Sb$^{129}$	A		$\beta^-$	42 h. (A6)	[[unclear: handwritten “4,2” in the cell]]		U — $n$ (A6)
	Sb$>131$	D		$\beta^-$	$<10$ min (A6)			U — $n$ (A6)
	Sb$>131$	D		$\beta^-$	5 min (A6)			U — $n$ (A6)

$Z$	Isotope $A$	Class	Percentage content	Type of radiation	Half-life	Radiation energy in MeV, $\gamma$-rays	Obtained in reaction
51	Sb$^{133}$	A		$\beta^-$	$< 10$ min (A 6, W 21)		U — $n$ (A 6, S 21, W 21) Th — $n$ (S 21, W 21)
52	Te$^{120}$ Te$^{121}$	A	$< 1$ (A 31)	K, $e^-$ (S 15, O8)	125 d. (S 15)	coinc. (Y 3)	Sb — $d$ — $2n$ (S 15) Sn — $\alpha$ — $n$ (S 15) Sb — $p$ — $n$ (S 15)
52	Te$^{122}$ Te$^{122,124}$	E	2.9 (A 31)	I. T., $e^-$ (?)	30 d. (K 17)	0.0820, 0.0883, 0.136, 0.1573, 0.2108, 0.615 (K 17) conv. spectrum	Sb — $d$ — $n$ (?) (K 17)
52	Te$^{123}$ Te$^{124}$ Te$^{125}$ Te$^{126}$		1.6 (A 31) 4.5 (A 31) 6.0 (A 31) 19.0 (A 31)
52	Te$^{127}$	A		I. T., $e^-$ (S 15)	90 d. (S 15)	0.086 (H 9) conv. spectrum	Te — $d$ — $p$ (S 15) I — $n$ — $p$ (S 15) Te — $d$ — $p$ (S 15, T 4) I — $n$ — $p$ (S 15) Te — $n$ — $2n$ (T 4) Te$^{127}$ (90 d.) I. T. (S 15) Sb$^{127}$ $\beta^-$ decay (A 6)
52	Te$^{127}$	A		$\beta^-$	9.3 h. (S 15)
52	Te$^{128}$ Te$^{129}$	A	32.8 (A 31)	I. T., $e^-$ (S 15)	32 days (S 15)	0.102 (H 9) conv. spectrum	Te — $d$ — $p$ (S 15, T 4) Te — $n$ — $2n$ (T 4) U — $n$ (H 55)

$Z$	Isotope $A$	Class	Percent abundance	Type of radiation	Half-life period	Radiation energy in MeV: particles	Radiation energy in MeV: $\gamma$-rays	Obtained in reaction
52	$\mathrm{Te}^{129}$	A		$\beta^-$	72 min (S 15, A 6)			Te—$d$—$p$ (S 15, T 4) Te—$\gamma$—$n$ (B 20) Te—$n$—$2n$ (H 10, T 4) $\mathrm{Te}^{129}$ (32 days) I. T. (S 15) $\mathrm{Sb}^{129}$ $\beta^-$ decay (A 6)
52	$\mathrm{Te}^{130}$		33.1 (A 31)
52	$\mathrm{Te}^{131}$	A		I. T., $e^-$ (S 15)	30 h (S 15, A 6)		0.177 (H 9) conversion spectrum	Te—$d$—$p$ (S 15) U—$n$ (A 6, H 22)
52	$\mathrm{Te}^{131}$	A		$\beta^-$	25 min (S 15)			Te—$d$—$p$ (S 15) Te—$n$—$\gamma$ (S 15) U—$n$ (A 6) $\mathrm{Te}^{131}$ (30 h) I. T. (S 15) $\mathrm{Sb}^{>131}$ (<10 min) $\beta^-$ decay (A 6, H 22)
52	$\mathrm{Te}^{>131}$	D		$\beta^-$	43 min (A 6)			Th—$n$ (P 12)
52	$\mathrm{Te}^{>131}$	D′	·	$\beta^-$	77 h (A 6)	$\sim 0.3$ (B 30) abs.		$\mathrm{Sb}^{>131}$ (5 min) $\beta^-$ decay (A 6, H 22) Th—$n$ (H 24)
52	$\mathrm{Te}^{133}$	A		$\beta^-$	60 min (A 6, H 21)			$\mathrm{Sb}^{133}$ $\beta^-$ decay (A 6, H 22, S 21, W 21)
52	$\mathrm{Te}^{135}$	A		$\beta^-$	< 1 min—15 min (W 21, S 21)			U—$n$ (S 21, W 21)
52	Te	D		$\beta^-$	$\sim 1$ min (H 55)			Th—$n$ (S 21, W 21) U—$n$ (H 55)
53	$\mathrm{J}^{124}$	A		$\beta^+$	4.0 days (L 19, D 9)			Sb—$\alpha$—$n$ (L 19) Te—$p$—$n$ (D 9)
53	$\mathrm{J}^{126}$	A		$\beta^-$, $\gamma$	13.0 days (L 19, T 4)	1.1 (L 19) abs.	0.5 (L 19) abs. Pb	Sb—$\alpha$—$n$ (L 19) J—$n$—$2n$ (T 4, L 19) Te—$d$—$n$ (L 19) Te—$p$—$n$ (D 9)

Table of Isotopes

$Z$	Isotope $A$	Class	Percentage content	Type of radiation	Half-life period	Radiation energy in MeV — particles	Radiation energy in MeV — $\gamma$-rays	Obtained in reaction
53	$J^{127}$ $J^{128}$	A	100 (N 30)	$\beta^-$, $\gamma$	24.99 min (H 36)	1.85 (B 14) Wilson chamber, or 1.05, 2.10 (B 14) Wilson chamber, (K, U).	0.4 (L 19) absorption Pb	$J — n — \gamma$ (A 1, T 4) $Te — d — 2n$ (L 19) $Te — p — n$ (D 9)
53	$J^{130}$	A		$\beta^-$, $\gamma$	12.6 h (L 19)	0.61, 1.03 (R 23) coincidence spectrum	0.417, 0.537, 0.667, 0.744 (R 23) spectrum, conversion spectrum, coincidence spectrum	$Te — d — 2n$ (L 19) $Te — p — n$ (D 9) $Cs — n — d$ (W 21) $Th — n$ (?) (P 15)
53	$J^{131}$	A		$\beta^-$, $\gamma$	8.0 days (L 19)	0.687 (T 7) Wilson chamber; 0.595 (D 29, D 30, D 31) coincidence spectrum	0.4 (L 19) absorption Pb; 0.367, 0.080 (D 30, D 31) spectrum, conversion spectrum, coincidence	$Te — d — n$ (L 19, R 19) $Te^{131}$ $\beta^-$-decay (S 15, A 6, H 22) $U — \alpha$ (F 10)
53	$J>131$	D		$\beta^-$, $\gamma$	2.4 h (A 6)	$\sim 1.35$ (B 30) absorption	0.85 (B 30) absorption	$Te>131$ (77 h) $\beta^-$-decay (A 6, H 22, P 12) $U — \alpha$ (F 10)
53	$J>131$	D		$\beta^-$	54 min (A 6)			$Te>131$ (43 min) $\beta^-$-decay (H 22, A 6, P 12, P 15) $Th — n$ (D 6) $U — \alpha$ (F 10)
53	$J^{133}$	A		$\beta^-$	22 h (A 6, W 21)	1.1 (P 13) Wilson chamber		$Te^{133}$ $\beta^-$-decay (H 22, A 6, S 21, W 21) $U — \alpha$ (F 10)

$Z$	Isotope $A$	Class	Percentage content	Type of radiation	Half-life	Radiation energy in MeV: particles	Radiation energy in MeV: $\gamma$-rays	Obtained in the reaction
53	$J^{135}$	A		$\beta^-$	6.6 h (S 21, D 27, W 21)			$Te^{135}$ $\beta^-$-decay (S 21, W 21)
53	$J^{137}$	E			30 sec (S 35)			$U - n$ (S 35, S 43)
53	$J$	E			1.8 min (S 35)			$U - n$ (S 35)
54	$Xe^{124}$		0.094 (N 30)
54	$Xe^{126}$		0.088 (N 30)
54	$Xe^{127}$	B		I.T. (?); $e^-, \gamma$ (C 41)	75 sec (C 41)		0.175, 0.125 (C 41); conversion spectrum	$J - p - n$ (B 41, C 41)
54	$Xe^{127}$	B		$e^-, \gamma$ (C 41)	34 days (C 41)		0.9 (C 41) abs. $e^-$	$I - p - n$ (C 41)
54	$Xe^{128}$		1.90 (N 30)
54	$Xe^{129}$		26.23 (N 30)
54	$Xe^{130}$		4.07 (N 30)
54	$Xe^{131}$		21.17 (N 30)
54	$Xe^{132}$		26.96 (N 30)
54	$Xe^{133}$	A		I.T., $e^-$ (S 27); $\beta^-$ (S 47) (?)	7.0 days (R 22); 5.4 days (C 22)	0.2—0.3 (B 30, S 47) abs.	0.083 (H 25); conversion spectrum	$J^{133}$ $\beta^-$-decay (S 21, D 27, W 21) $Xe - d - p$ (C 22) $Te - \alpha - n$ (C 22) $Xe - n - \gamma$ (R 22) $Cs - n - p$ (W 21) $Ba - n - \alpha$ (W 21, S 47)
54	$Xe^{134}$		10.54 (N 30)
54	$Xe^{135}$	A		$\beta^-, \gamma$ (B 30)	9.4 [[unclear: time unit]] (S 21, W 21)	0.95 (B 30) abs. Al; 0.9 (S 47) abs. Al		$J^{135}$ $\beta^-$-decay (S 21, D 27, W 21) $Xe - d - p$ (C 22) $Ba - n - \alpha$ (W 21, S 47)
54	$Xe^{135}$	A		$\beta^-, \gamma$ (B 30)	15.6 min (R 22)	0.7 (B 30) abs. Al; 0.6 (S 47) abs. Al		$J^{135}$ $\beta^-$-decay (G 11) $Xe - n - \gamma$ (R 22)

Z	Isotope A	Class	Percent abundance	Type of radiation	Half-life	Radiation energy in MeV, particles	Obtained in the reaction
54	Xe^136		8.95 (N 30)				Xe — d — p (C 22)
54	Xe^137	D		β^-	68 min (C 22)		J^137 β^- decay (S 43) Xe — n — γ (R 22)
54	Xe^137	D			3.4 min (R 22)	4 (B 30) abs. Al	U — n (H 28, H 22, G 9, G 21, S 47)
54	Xe^138	D		β^-	17 min (G 21)		U — n (H 28, H 22, H 11)
54	Xe^139	A		β^-	< 0.5 min (H 28)		Th — n (H 29, A 5) U — n (H 28)
54	Xe^140	D		β^-	< 0.5 min (H 28)		Th — n (H 29)
55	Cs^133		100 (N 30)
55	Cs^134	A		β^- (K 26)	3 h. (K 26)	1 (K 26) abs.	Cs — n — γ (A 1, M 16, K 26) Cs — d — p (K 26)
55	Cs^134	A		β^- γ (K 26)	1.7 years (K 26)	0.9 (K 26) abs.	Cs — n — γ (A 8, S 20, K 26) Cs — d — p (K 26)
55	Cs^135	D		β^-	33 min (H 28)	2.6 (G 21) abs.	Xe^138 β^- decay (H 28, H 22, G 9, G 21) Pa — n (G 7) Ba — n — p (S 47)
55	Cs^139	A		β^-	7 min (H 28)		Xe^139 β^- decay (H 28, H 22, H 11)
55	Cs^140	D		β^-	40 sec (H 28)		Xe^140 β^- decay (H 28)
56	Ba^130		0.101 (N 36)
56	Ba^132		0.097 (N 36)

Z	Isotope A	Class	Percentage content	Type of radiation	Half-life	Radiation energy in MeV: particles	Radiation energy in MeV: γ-rays	Obtained in reaction
56	Ba¹³³	A		I.T., e⁻, γ (C 30)	38.8 h (W 28) -		0.30 (D 9) conversion spectrum, 0.276 (C 30) conversion spectrum	Ba—n—2n (K 26, W 22) Cs—p—n (D 9, W 28) Cs—d—2n (C 30, W 28)
56	Ba¹³⁴		2.42 (N 36)					Ba—d—p (W 22)
56	Ba¹³⁵		6.59 (N 36)
56	Ba¹³⁶		7.81 (N 36)
56	Ba¹³⁷		11.32 (N 36)
56	Ba¹³⁸		71.66 (N 36)
56	Ba¹³⁹	A		β⁻, γ	86 min (P 8, H 28)	1 (K 26) abs.; 2.3 (B 30) abs.	0.6 (K 26) abs. Pb, Cu	Ba—d—p (P 28, K 26) Ba—n—γ (A 1, P 2) La—n—p (P 28) Cs¹³⁹ β⁻ decay (H 29, H 22, H 11) U—γ (L 2) Ce—n—a (W 22) Ba—n—? (A 1, P 2, K 26)
56	Ba	D			3 min (A 1, P 2)
56	Ba¹⁴⁰	A		β⁻	~300 h (H 28, G 21)	1.2 (B 30) abs.		Cs¹⁴⁰ β⁻ decay (?) (G 21)
56	Ba>¹⁴⁰	D		β⁻	6 min (H 48)			U—n (H 48) Th—n (H 15, H 14) U—γ (L 2)
56	Ba>¹⁴⁰	D		β⁻	18 min (H 48)			U—n (H 48) Th—n (H 15, H 14) U—γ (L 2)
56	Ba>¹⁴⁰	E		β⁻	< 1 min (H 14)			U—n (H 14)

$Z$	Isotope $A$	Class	Percent abundance	Type of radiation	Half-life period	Radiation energy in MeV: particles	Radiation energy in MeV: $\gamma$-rays	Obtained in reaction
57	$\mathrm{La}^{137}$	B		$K,\ \gamma$ (W 23, M 24)	17.5 h (W 23)		0.88 (W 23) abs. Pb	$\mathrm{Ba}—d—n$ (W 23, M 24)
57	$\mathrm{La}^{138}$	F			2.2 h (P 2)			$\mathrm{Ba}—p—n$ (W 23, W 22) $\mathrm{La}—n—2n$ (?) (P 2)
57	$\mathrm{La}^{139}$		100 (A 31)
57	$\mathrm{La}^{140}$	A		$\beta^{-},\ \gamma$	40.0 h (W 23)	1.41 (W 23) abs. Al, spectrum	2.00 (W 23, M 24) abs. Pb; 2.04 (M 27) spectrum	$\mathrm{La}—d—p$ (P 8, W 23, M 24) $\mathrm{La}—n—\gamma$ (P 9, M 3, W 23, M 24, G 14) $\mathrm{Ce}—n—p$ (W 23) $\mathrm{Ba}—d—\gamma$ (?) (W 23) $\mathrm{Ba}^{140}\ \beta$-decay (H 48, H 28, H 22, G 21)
57	$\mathrm{La}^{>140}$	D		$\beta^{-}$	74 min (H 48)			$\mathrm{Ba}^{>140}$ (6 min) $\beta^{-}$-decay (H 48)
57	$\mathrm{La}^{>140}$	D		$\beta^{-}$	3.5 h (H 48)			$\mathrm{Ba}^{>140}$ (18 min) $\beta^{-}$-decay (H 48)
57	$\mathrm{La}^{>140}$	E		$\beta^{-}$	\< 30 min (H 14, H 15)			$\mathrm{Th}—$[[unclear: reaction symbol]] (C 16) $\mathrm{Ba}^{>140}$ (\< 1 min) $\beta^{-}$-decay (H 14, H 15)
57	$\mathrm{La}^{>140}$	F		$\beta^{-}$	15 min (H 55)			$\mathrm{U}—n$ (H 55)
57	$\mathrm{La}^{>140}$	F		$\beta^{-}$	13 days (H 55)			$\mathrm{U}—n$ (H 55)?
58	$\mathrm{Ce}^{136}$		\< 1 (D 41)
58	$\mathrm{Ce}^{138}$		\< 1 (D 41)
58	$\mathrm{Ce}^{139}$	F		$\beta^{+}$	2.1 min (P 9)			$\mathrm{Ce}—n—2n$ (?) (P 9)
58	$\mathrm{Ce}^{140}$		89 (A 31)
58	$\mathrm{Ce}^{140*}$	B		I. T., $\gamma$ (P 14)	140 days (P 14)		0.21 (P 14)	$\mathrm{La}—d—n$ (P 14) $\mathrm{Ba}—\alpha—n$ (P 14)

Z	Isotope A	Class	Percent abundance	Type of radiation	Half-life period	Radiation energy in MeV: particles	Radiation energy in MeV: γ-rays	Obtained in reaction
58	Ce¹⁴¹	A		β⁻; γ	30 days (P 14)	0.65 (P 14)	0.2 (P 14)	Ce — d — p (P 14) Ce — n — γ (P 14) Ce — n — 2n (P 14) Ba — α — n (P 14) Pr — n — p (P 14)
58	Ce¹⁴¹, ¹⁴³ Ce¹⁴² Ce¹⁴³	C C B	11 (A 31)	β⁻	15 days (K 11) 36 h. (P 14)	0.12 (R 11) spectrum.		Ce — n — γ (R 11) Ce — d — p (P 14) Ce — n — γ (P 14)
58	Ce	D		β⁻	310 days (B 30, H 55)			U — n decay product of Xe (B 30, H 55)
58	Ce	D		β⁻	≦ 20 days (H 55)			U — n decay product of Xe (H 55)
58	Ce	D		β⁻	∼ 15 min (G 19)			U — n (H 55, G 19)
58	Ce	D		β⁻	∼ 4–5 h. (H 55)			U — n (H 55)
58	Ce	D		β⁻	∼ 40 h. (H 55)			U — n (H 55)
59	Pr¹⁴⁰	A		β⁺	3.5 min (P 9)	2.40 (D 32) cam. Wils.		Pr — n — 2n (P 9, A 1, W 25, D 32)
59	Pr¹⁴¹ Pr¹⁴²	A	100 (A 31)	β⁻, γ	19.3 h. (D 32)	2.14 (D 32) spectrum.	1.9 (D 32) abs. Pb	Pr — n — γ (P 9, P 2, M 13, A 1, W 25, D 32) Nd — n — p (P 9, P 2) Pr — d — p (D 32) Ce — p — n (D 32) La — α — n (D 32)
59	Pr¹⁴³	B		β⁻	13.5 days (P 14)	0.95 (P 14)		Ce¹⁴³ β⁻ decay (P 14) U — n (H 55)?
59	Pr	B		β⁻	25 min (G 19)			Ce (∼15 min) β⁻ decay (G 19),

Table of Isotopes

Z	Isotope A	Class	Percent abundance	Type of radiation	Half-life	Radiation energy in MeV: particles	Radiation energy in MeV: γ-rays	Obtained in reaction
59	Pr	D		β−	17 min (H 55)	3.1 (B 30, H 55) abs.		Ce (310 days) β− decay (H 55)
60	Nd¹⁴¹	E		β+	2.5 h (K 19)	0.78 (K 19)		Nd—d—H³ (?) (P 9, K 19) Nd—n—2n (P 9, K 19, L 25) Pr—p—n (K 19) Nd—γ—n (L 25, K 19)
60	Nd¹⁴²		25.95 (M 53)
60	Nd¹⁴³		12.0 (M 53)
60	Nd¹⁴⁴		23.0 (M 53)
60	Nd¹⁴⁵		9.2 (M 53)
60	Nd¹⁴⁶		16.5 (M 53)
60	Nd¹⁴⁷,¹⁴⁹	E		β−	47 h (W 25, L 25)	0.95 (W 25) abs.		Nd—d—p (P 9, L 25) Nd—n—γ (P 9, L 25, W 25) Nd—n—2n (?) (P 9)
60	Nd¹⁴⁸		6.8 (M 53)
60	Nd¹⁵⁰		5.95 (M 53)
60	Nd¹⁵¹	E		β−	21 min (P 9)			Nd—n—γ (P 9, M 18)
61	61	F		β−	12.5 h (P 9)			Nd—d—n (P 9)
61	61	E		K or I.T., γ (W 25)	~200 days (W 25)		0.67 (W 25) abs.	Pr—α—n (W 25, K 21) Nd—d—n (K 20, K 21)
61	61	E		β−, γ	5.3 days (K 20)	2 (K 20)		Nd—p—n (K 20) Nd—d—n (K 20, K 21, L 25) Nd—α—p (K 21, L 25)

$Z$	Isotope $A$	Class	Percentage content	Type of radiation	Half-life	Radiation energy in MeV: particles	Obtained in reaction
61	61	E		$\beta^-, \gamma$	2.7 h. (K 20)	2. (K 20)	Nd—$p$—$n$ (K 20, L 25) Nd—$d$—$n$ (K 20, L 25) Nd—$\alpha$—$p$ (L 25)
61	61	E		$\beta^-, \gamma$	16 days (K 20)	1.7 (K 20)	Nd—$d$—$n$ (K 20)
62	Sm$^{144}$	A	3 (A 33)
62	Sm$^{147}$	A	17 (A 33)
62	Sm$^{148}$ W 40	A	14 (A 33)	$\alpha$ (H 85, L 74)	$1.4 \times 10^{11}$ years (H 86);	2.0 (H 86) Wilson chamber	natural radioact. (H 85, L 74)
62	Sm$^{149}$	A	15 (A 33)		$1.7 \times 10^{11}$ years (W 40)
62	Sm$^{150}$	A	5 (A 33)
62	Sm$^{152}$	A	26 (A 33)
62	Sm$^{154}$	A	20 (A 33)
62	Sm	D		$\beta^-$	21 min (P 9)	1.8 (K 19)	Sm—$n$—$\gamma$ (P 9, A 1, M 13, H 17, L 25) Sm—$n$—2$n$ (?) (P 9, K 19) Sm—$\gamma$—$n$ (L 25) Sm—$d$—$p$ (L 25, K 19) Nd—$\alpha$—$n$ (K 19)

Z	Isotope A	Class	Percent abundance	Type of radiation	Half-life	Energy of radiation in MeV — particles	Energy of radiation in MeV — γ-rays	Obtained in reaction
62	Sm	D		I. T. (W 25)	46 h. (P 9)		∼ 0.6 (M 31) abs. e⁻	Sm—n—γ (P 9, H 20, R 11, H 17, W 25, L 25) Sm—n—2n (?) (P 9, K 19) Sm—d—p (L 25, K 19) Sm—γ—n (L 25) Nd—α—n (K 19)
62	Sm	E			60 days (K 19)			Sm—d—p (K 19, L 25) Sm—n—γ (K 19) Nd—α—n (K 19)
63	Eu¹⁵⁰	E		β⁺	27 h. (P 9)			Eu—n—2n (?) (P 9, R 11)
63	Eu¹⁵¹		49.1 (L 60)
63	Eu¹⁵²	B		β⁻, γ, e⁻ (T 6); K (?) (R 2)	9.2 h. (P 9)	1.88 (β⁻) (T 6) spectrum	0.123, 0.163, 0.725 (T 6) conv. spectrum	Eu—n—γ (P 9, M 13, H 17, H 20, F 11) Eu—n—2n (?) (P 9) Eu—d—p (F 7, F 11)
63	Eu¹⁵³		50.9 (L 60)
63	Eu¹⁵⁴	B		β⁻, γ (R 11, F 7)	5–8 years (F 11)	0.9 (R 11) spectrum		Eu—n—γ (S 20, R 11, F 7, F 11) Sm—d—2n (?) (K 20) Eu—d—p (F 11) Sm—d—n (K 20)
63	Eu	E			40 days (K 20)
64	Gd¹⁵²		0.2 (W 41)
64	Gd¹⁵⁴		2.86 (W 41)
64	Gd¹⁵⁵		15.61 (W 41)
64	Gd¹⁵⁶		20.59 (W 41)
64	Gd¹⁵⁷		16.42 (W 41)
64	Gd¹⁵⁸		23.45 (W 41)

Z	Isotope A	Class	Percentage content	Type of radiation	Half-life	Radiation energy in MeV: particles	Radiation energy in MeV: γ-rays	Obtained in reaction
64	Gd$^{159,161}$	E			8 h (A 1, H 17)			Gd—$n$—$\gamma$ (A 1, H 20, H 17)
64	Gd$^{160}$		20.87 (W 41)
64	Gd	F		$\beta^-$, $\gamma$ (F 11)	155–170 days (F 11)			Eu—$d$—$n$ (F 11)
65	Tb$^{159}$	A	100 (A 33)	$\beta^-$	3.9 h (H 16, M 13)			Tb—$n$—$\gamma$ (H 17, P 9, M 13, H 20)
65	Tb$^{160}$	A		$\beta^-$, $\gamma$ (B 33)	72 days (B 33)	0.70 (B 33) abs. Al		Tb—$n$—$\gamma$ (B 33)
66	Dy$^{158}$		0.1 (D 42)
66	Dy$^{160}$		1.5 (D 42)
66	Dy$^{161}$		22 (A 31)
66	Dy$^{162}$		24 (A 31)
66	Dy$^{163}$		24 (A 31)
66	Dy$^{164}$		28. (A 31)
66	Dy$^{165}$	A		$\beta^-$, $\gamma$	2.5 h (H 17, P 9, M 13)	1.20 (C 31) abs., coincid.; 1.18 (D 33) spectrum; 1.40 (E 11) Wilson chamber	1.1 (C 31) abs., coincid.	Dy—$n$—$\gamma$ (H 17, H 20, P 9, M 13, M 31)
66	Dy (?)	F		$\beta^+$	2.2 min (P 9)			Dy—$n$—? (P 9)
67	Ho$^{164}$	F		$\beta^-$	47 min (P 9)			Ho—$n$—$2n$ (?) (P 9)
67	Ho$^{165}$		100 (A 33)
67	Ho$^{166}$	B		$\beta^-$	35 h (H 17)	1.6 (H 20) abs.; 1.9 (M 31) abs.		Ho—$n$—$\gamma$ (H 17, H 20, P 9, M 31)
68	Er$^{162}$		0.1 (W 42)
68	Er$^{164}$		1.5 (W 42)

$Z$	Isotope $A$	Class	Percentage abundance	Type of radiation	Half-life	Radiation energy in MeV: particles	Radiation energy in MeV: $\gamma$-rays	Obtained in the reaction
68	$\mathrm{Er}^{165}$	F		$\beta^+$	1.1 min (P 9)			$\mathrm{Er}-n-2n$ (?) (P 9)
68	$\mathrm{Er}^{166}$	F	32.9 (W 42)
68	$\mathrm{Er}^{167}$	F	24.4 (W 42)
68	$\mathrm{Er}^{168}$	F	26.9 (W 42)
68	$\mathrm{Er}^{169,171}$	C		$\beta^-$	7 min (M 13)			$\mathrm{Er}-n-\gamma$ (M 13, M 18)
68	$\mathrm{Er}^{169,171}$	C			12 h. (H 17, P 9)			$\mathrm{Er}-n-\gamma$ (H 17, H 20, P 9, R 24)
68	$\mathrm{Er}^{170}$		14.2 (W 42)
69	$\mathrm{Tm}^{169}$	A	100 (A 33)
69	$\mathrm{Tm}^{170}$	A			105 d. (H 20)			$\mathrm{Tm}-n-\gamma$ (H 20, N 7)
70	$\mathrm{Yb}^{168}$		0.06 (W 43)
70	$\mathrm{Yb}^{170}$		4.21 (W 43)
70	$\mathrm{Yb}^{171}$		14.26 (W 43)
70	$\mathrm{Yb}^{172}$		21.49 (W 43)
70	$\mathrm{Yb}^{173}$		17.02 (W 43)
70	$\mathrm{Yb}^{174}$		29.58 (W 43)
70	$\mathrm{Yb}^{175,177}$	C			3.5 h. (H 17, M 13)			$\mathrm{Yb}-n-\gamma$ (H 20, H 17, M 13, P 9)
70	$\mathrm{Yb}^{176}$		13.38 (W 43)
70	$\mathrm{Yb}$ (?)	G			41 h. (P 9)			$\mathrm{Yb}-n-\gamma$ (?) (P 9)
71	$\mathrm{Lu}^{175}$	A	97.5 (M 54)	$\beta^-$ (H 80, L 70); $\gamma$ (F 16)	$7.3\times10^{10}$ years (L 70)	0.215 (L 70) abs. Al, spectrum; 0.40 (F 16)	0.260 (F 16)	natural radioact. (H 80)
71	$\mathrm{Lu}^{176}$	A	2.5 (M 54)
71	(H 80, M 54)	C		$\beta^-$
71	$\mathrm{Lu}^{176,177}$	C		$\beta^-$	3.4 years (F 16)	1.150 (F 16) abs.		$\mathrm{Lu}-n-\gamma$ (H 20, H 17, M 13, M 18, F 16)
71	$\mathrm{Lu}^{176,177}$	C		$\beta^-$	6.6 d. (F 16)	0.440 (F 16) abs.		$\mathrm{Lu}-n-\gamma$ (H 17, H 20, F 6, F 16)

Z	Isotope A	Class	Percent abundance	Type of radiation	Half-life	Radiation energy, MeV: particles	Radiation energy, MeV: γ-rays	Obtained in reaction
72	Hf¹⁷⁴ Hf¹⁷⁶ Hf¹⁷⁷ Hf¹⁷⁸ Hf¹⁷⁹ Hf¹⁸⁰ Hf¹⁸¹	A	0.18 (M 55) 5.30 (M 55) 18.47 (M 55) 27.13 (M 55) 13.35 (M 55) 35.14 (M 55)	β⁻	55 days (H 19)			Hf—n—γ (H 19)
73	Ta¹⁸⁰	A			14—21 min (B 11, O1)			Ta—γ—n (B 11) (Ta—n—2n) (?) (O1) Ta—n—2n (O1, P 2)
73	Ta¹⁸⁰	A		K, e⁻, γ (O1); β⁻(?)	8.2 h (O1)	< C5 (e⁻) (?) (O1) abs.
73	Ta¹⁸¹		100 (D 40)
73	Ta¹⁸²	A		β⁻, γ	97 days (O1)	1.0 (H 37) abs.; 0.98, 0.32, 0.050 (Z 2)	1.6 (Z 2)	Ta—n—γ (O1, F 6 H 37) Ta—d—p (O1, Z 2)
74	W¹⁸⁰		∼.02 (D 43)
74	W¹⁸²		22.6 (A 31)
74	W¹⁸³		17.3 (A 31)
74	W¹⁸⁴		30.1 (A 31)
74	W¹⁸⁵	B		β⁻, γ (M 36)	77 days (M 36)	0.55—0.65 (F 12) abs. Al; 0.64—0.72 (F 12) cam. Wilson		W—n—γ (M 36, F 12) W—n—2n (M 36, F 12) W—d—p (F 12) Re—d—α (F 12)
74	W¹⁸⁶		29.8 (A 31)

Z	Isotope A	Class	Percentage content	Type of radiation	Half-life	Radiation energy in MeV: particles	Radiation energy in MeV: γ-rays	Obtained in reaction
74	W¹⁸⁷	B		β⁻, γ (M 36)	24.1 h (F 12)	1.4 (F 12) abs. Al, cam. Wilson, (C 31), abs., coincid.	0.87 (F 12) abs. Pb; 0.99 (C 31) coincid. abs., coincid.; 0.94 (M 30) spectrum; 0.135, 0.101, 0.086 (V 6), spectrum conv.	W—n—γ (M 14, A 1, M 36, F 12) W—d—p (F 12)
75	Re	E		β⁺ (C 42)	30—55 min (C 32, D 9)			W—p—n (D 9, C 32)
75	Re	E			13 min (C 42)			W—p—n (C 42)
75	Re¹⁸⁴	B		K(?), γ	52 days (F 12)		0.85 (F 12)	W—p—n (D 9, C 42, F 12, C 32) W—d—n (F 12) Re—n—2n (F 12)
75	Re¹⁸⁵		38.2 (A 31)
75	Re¹⁸⁶	B		β⁻	90 h (S 16)	1.05 (Y 4) cam. Wilson	no γ (C 42)	Re—n—γ (S 16, K 7, Y 4, F 12) Re—n—2n (S 16, Y 4, F 12) W—p—n (D 9, C 32) Re—d—p (F 12) W—d—2n (F 12)
75	Re¹⁸⁷		61.8 (A 31)
75	Re¹⁸⁸	B		β⁻, γ	18 h (P 2)	2.5 (S 16) cam. Wilson (K. U.)	0.8 (M 34) spectrum	Re—n—γ (P 2, K 7, S 16, Y 4, F 12) Re—d—p (F 12)
76	Os¹⁸⁴		0.018 (N 37)
76	Os¹⁸⁶		1.59 (N 37)
76	Os¹⁸⁷		1.61 (N 37)

Z	Isotope A	Class	Percentage content	Type of radiation	Half-life	Radiation energy in MeV: particles	Radiation energy in MeV: γ-rays	Obtained in reaction
76	Os¹⁸⁸		13.3 (N 37)
76	Os¹⁸⁹		16.1 (N 37)
76	Os¹⁹⁰		26.4 (N 37)
76	Os¹⁹¹	B		β⁻, γ (S 36)	32 h (S 36)	1.5 (S 36) abs. Al		Os—n—γ (K 7, S 36 Z 3) Os—n—2n (?) (S 36)
76	Os¹⁹²		41.0 (N 37)
76	Os¹⁹³	B		β⁻, γ (S 36)	17 days (S 36)	0.35 (S 36) abs. Al		Os—n—γ (S 36, Z 3)
77	Ir¹⁹¹		38.5 (S 63)
77	Ir¹⁹², ¹⁹⁴	C		β⁻	1.5 min (M 15)	2.2 (A 2) spectrum	1.35 (M 34) spectrum	Ir—n—γ (M 15)
77	Ir¹⁹², ¹⁹⁴	C		β⁻, γ (M 34, W 29)	19 h (M 15, A 1)	2.18 (W 29) spectrum; 2.11 (W 29) abs. Al		Ir—n—γ (M 15, A 1, P 2, J 4) Au—d—α, p (?) (C 18)
77	Ir¹⁹², ¹⁹⁴	C		β⁻, γ	60 days (M 15, F 6)		0.63 (M 34) spectrum; 0.307, 0.467, 0.603 (D 34) spectrum	Ir—n—γ (M 15, F 6, J 4)
77	Ir¹⁹³		61.5 (S 63)
78	Pt¹⁹²		0.8 (S 63)
78	Pt¹⁹⁴		30.2 (S 63)
78	Pt¹⁹⁵		35.3 (S 63)
78	Pt¹⁹⁶		26.6 (S 63)
78	Pt¹⁹⁶*	D		I.T., e⁻ (?) (S 37)	80 min (S 37)			Hg—n—α (S 37) Pt—d—p (S 37)
78	Pt¹⁹⁷	B		β⁻	18 h (M 15)	0.65 (S 37) abs.; 0.72 (K 27) abs.		Pt—n—γ (M 15, S 37) Pt—d—p (C 19, S 37, K 27) Pt—n—2n (S 37) Hg—n—α (S 37)

Table of Isotopes

$Z$	Isotope $A$	Class	Percentage content	Type of radiation	Half-life period	Radiation energy in MeV: particles	Radiation energy in MeV: $\gamma$-rays	Obtained in reaction
78	$\mathrm{Pt}^{197}$	B		$\beta^-, \gamma$ (K 27)	3.3 days (M 15)			$\mathrm{Pt}-n-\gamma$ (M 15, P 2) $\mathrm{Pt}-d-p$ (K 27)
78	$\mathrm{Pt}^{198}$		7.2 (S 63)
78	$\mathrm{Pt}^{199}$	A		$\beta^-$	31 min (M 15)	1.8 (S 37, K 27) abs.		$\mathrm{Pt}-n-\gamma$ (M 15, A 1, M 14, S 37) $\mathrm{Pt}-d-p$ (C 19, K 27, S 37) $\mathrm{Hg}-n-\alpha$ (S 37)
79	$\mathrm{Au}^{196}$	B		$\beta^-$	13 h (M 15)			$\mathrm{Au}-n-2n$ (M 15)
79	$\mathrm{Au}^{196}$	B		$\beta^-, \gamma, e$ (K 27)	4–5 days (M 15); 5.6 days (L 29, K 27)	0.36 (C 43)	0.41 (C 43)	$\mathrm{Au}-n-2n$ (M 15) $\mathrm{Pt}-d-n$ (K 27)
79	$\mathrm{Au}^{197}$		100 (D 44)
79	$\mathrm{Au}^{198}$	A		$\beta^-, \gamma$	2.7 days (M 15, A 1)	0.8 (M 15, R 2) abs. and Wilson chamber; 0.78 (C 31) abs., coinc.	0.28, 0.44, 2.5 (R 2, S 17) chamber, Wilson, recoil, coinc.	$\mathrm{Au}-n-\gamma$ (M 15, A 1, P 2, D 33) $\mathrm{Au}-d-p$ (C 18, K 28) $\mathrm{Hg}-n-p$ (S 37)
79	$\mathrm{Au}^{199}$	A		$\beta^-, \gamma$ (K 27)	3.3 days (M 15)	1.01 (K 27) abs.	0.45 (K 27) abs.	$\mathrm{Pt}^{199}\ \beta^-$ decay (M 15, K 27) $\mathrm{Hg}-n-p$ (S 37) $\mathrm{Pt}-d-n$ (K 27)
79	$\mathrm{Au}^{200,202}$	D		$\beta^-$	48 min (S 37, M 32)	2.5 (S 37) abs.		$\mathrm{Hg}-n-p$ (S 37, M 32) $\mathrm{Tl}-n-\alpha$ (M 32)
80	$\mathrm{Hg}^{196}$		0.15 (N 33)

Z	Isotope A	Class	Percent content	Type of radiation	Half-life	Radiation energy in MeV: particles	Radiation energy in MeV: γ-rays	Obtained in reaction
80	Hg^197	A		K, γ, e^− (F 13)	23 h (F 13)		∼ 0.20 (F 13) abs. e^−; 0.161, 0.133 (H 38) conv. spectrum 0.125, 0.157 (V 8)	Au — d — 2n (F 13, W 26, K 28) Hg — n — 2n (F 13, W 26) Hg — n — γ (F 13, W 26, M 15, A 9) Pt — α — n (S 37) Hg — d — p (K 29)
80	Hg^197	A		K, γ, e^− (F 13)	64 h (F 13)		∼ 0.0 (F 13) abs. e^−; 0.075 (H 33), conv. spectrum	Au — d — 2n (F 13, W 26) Hg — n — 2n (F 13, W 26) Hg — n — γ (F 13, W 26)
80	Hg^193 Hg^199 Hg^199,201 204	D	10.1 (N 30) 17.0 (N 30)	I. T., e^−, γ (F 13)	43 min (H 10, M 15)		∼ 0.53 (F 13) abs. e^−	Hg — n — 2n (M 15, H 10, P 2) Hg — n — n (?) (F 13, W 26) Hg — d — p (K 29) Pt — α — n (?) (S 37)
80	Hg^200 Hg^201 Hg^202 Hg^203,205	C	23.3 (N 30) 13.2 (N 30) 29.6 (N 30)	β^−, γ (F 13)	51.5 d (F 13)	0.46 (F 13) abs. Al	0.30 (F 13) abs. Pb	Hg — n — γ (F 13, W 26, S 37) Hg — d — p (K 29) Tl — n — p (M 32)
80	Hg^204		6.7 (N 30)

Z	Isotope A	Class	Percentage content	Type of radiation	Half-life period	Radiation energy in MeV, particles	Radiation energy in MeV, γ-rays	Obtained in reaction
80	Hg²⁰⁵	A		β⁻	5.5 min (K 29, M 32)	1.62 (K 29) abs. Al		Hg—d—p (K 29) Hg—n—γ (F 13, W 26) Tl—n—p (M 32) Pb—n—α (M 32)
81	Tl	D		K (?), e⁻, γ (K 29)	10.5 h. (K 29)		1.0 (K 29) abs. Pb	Hg—d—2n (K 29)
81	Tl	D		K (?), e⁻ (K 29)	44 h. (K 29)			Hg—d—2n (K 29)
81	Tl²⁰⁰	F			4 min (K 3)			Au—α—n (?) (K 3)
81	Tl²⁰⁰	F			3.8 h. (K 3)			Au—α—n (?) (K 3)
81	Tl²⁰²	B		K (?), γ, e⁻ (K 29, M 32)	11.8 d. (F 14), 13 d. (M 32)		0.40 (M 32)	Hg—α—2n (K 29) Tl—n—2n (F 14, M 32)
81	Tl²⁰³		29.1 (N 36)
81	Tl²⁰⁴	B		β⁻	4.23 min (F 17)	1.6 (F 17) abs.; 1.77 (K 29) abs. Al	no γ (F 17)	Tl—n—γ (P 10, P 2, H 10) Tl—d—p (F 17, K 29) Tl—n—2n (F 17, P 2, H 10)
81	Tl²⁰⁵		70.9 (N 36)
81	Tl²⁰⁵	B		β⁻	3.5 years (F 14)	0.87 (F 14) cam. Wilson	no γ (F 14)	Tl—n—γ (F 17, F 14) Tl—d—p (F 17, F 14)
81	Ac C″²⁰⁷	A		β⁻, γ (C 60)	4.76 min (C 60, S 70)	1.47 (S 71) abs. Al		Ac C²¹¹ α decay Pb—n—n (B 16)
81	ThC″²⁰⁸	A		β⁻, γ (C 60)	3.1 min (C 60)	1.82 (S 72) abs.	2.62 (R 40)	Th C²¹² α decay
81	Ra C″²¹⁰	A		β⁻	1.32 min (C 60)	1.80 (L 71) cam. Wilson		Ra C²¹⁴ α decay
82	Pb²⁰³	B		β⁺	10.25 min (K 29)	1.65 (K 29) abs. Al		Tl—d—2n (K 29)

Z	Isotope A	Class	Percent abundance	Type of radiation	Half-life	Radiation energy in MeV: particles	Radiation energy in MeV: γ-rays	Obtained in reaction
82	Pb^203	B		I.T. (?) or K (?) e^−, γ (F 14, K 29, L 33, M 32)	52 h (F 17, F 14)		~0.45 (F 17, F 14, K 29) abs. e^− (F 14, M 32, L 33) abs. Pb, (L 33) spectrum, (M 32) conv. spectrum, 0.27 (L 33, M 32) conv. spectrum, abs. Pb	Tl — d — 2n (F 14, K 29, F 17) Pb — n — 2n (M 32)
82	Pb^204 Pb^204*,205	C	1.5 (N 38)	I.T. (?), γ, e^− (F 14, M 32)	68 min (M 32); 65 min (F 14)		1.1 (F 14) abs. e^−, abs. Pb; 0.90 (M 32)	Pb — n — γ or Pb—n—n (D 10, M 32) Tl — d — n (F 14)
82	Pb^206		23.6 (N 38)
82	Pb^207		22.6 (N 38)
82	Pb^208		52.3 (N 38)
82	Pb^209	A		β^−	3.0 h (T 5)	0.70 (K 29, F 14) abs.; 0.750 (M 32)		Pb — d — p (T 5, K 29, F 14, F 15) Pb — n — γ (M 32) Bi — n — p (M 32)
82	RaD^210	A		β^−, γ (R 40)	22 years (C 60)	0.0255 (L 72) spectrum	0.047 (R 40)	RaC″^210 β^− decay RaC′^214 α decay
82	AcB^211	A		β^−, γ (S 71)	36.1 min (S 70)	0.5, 1.40 (S 71) abs. Al	0.8 (S 71) abs.	AcA^215 α decay
82	ThB^212	A		β^−, γ (R 40)	10.6 h (C 60)	0.36 (S 72) spectrum		ThA^216 α decay
82	RaB^214	A		β^−, γ (R 40)	26.8 min (C 60)	0.65 (S 72) spectrum		RaA^218 α decay

$Z$	Isotope $A$	Class	Percentage content	Type of radiation	Half-life	Energy of radiation in MeV: particles	Energy of radiation in MeV: $\gamma$-rays	Obtained in reaction
82	Pb*	D		i.t., $e^{-}$	1.6 min (W 27)		$\sim 0.3$ (W 27) abs. $e^{-}$	Pb—$x$-rays (W 27)
83	Bi$^{207}$	A		K (?), $e^{-}$ $\gamma$ (L 23)	6.4 days (K 29)		0.74 (K 29) abs. $e^{-}$; 0.93 (F 14) abs. $e^{-}$, 1.1 (F 14) abs. Pb	Pb—$d$—$n$ (F 15, F 14, K 29)
	Bi$^{209}$		100 (N 36)
	Ra E$^{210}$	A		$\beta^{-}$	5.0 days (C 60)	1.17 (F 30, N 40, L 76) spectrum		Ra D$^{210}$ $\beta^{-}$ decay Bi—$d$—$p$ (L 13, C 26, H 27) Bi—$n$—$\gamma$ (M 29)
	Ac C$^{211}$	A		$\alpha$ (99.68%) (C 60) $\gamma$ (R 40); $\beta^{-}$ (0.32%) (C 60) $\gamma$ (C 60)	2.16 min (C 60)	6.619 ($\alpha$) (H 81) spectrum		Ac B$^{211}$ $\beta^{-}$ decay
	Th C$^{212}$	A		$\alpha$ (33.7%) (K 50) $\gamma$ (R 40); $\beta^{-}$ (66.3%) (K 50), $\gamma$ (C 60)	60.5 min (C 60)	6.054 ($\alpha$) (B 70, H 81) spectrum; 2.20 ($\beta^{-}$) (S 72) spectrum		Th B$^{212}$ $\beta^{-}$ decay
	Ra C$^{214}$	A		$\alpha$ (0.04%) (C 60); $\beta^{-}$ (99.96%) (C 60), $\gamma$ (R 40)	19.7 min (C 60)	5.502 ($\alpha$) (L 73) spectrum; 3.15 ($\beta^{-}$) (S 72) abs. Al, spectrum	1.8 (R 40)	Ra B$^{214}$ $\beta^{-}$ decay

Z	Isotope A	Class	Type of radiation	Half-life period	Radiation energy in MeV, particles	Obtained in the reaction
84	Po²¹⁰	A	α, γ (R 40)	140 days (C 60)	5.298 (H 81) spectrum	Ra E²¹⁰ β-decay (L 13, C 26, H 27) B₁ — d — n (V 4, C 26, H 27)
84	Ac C′²¹¹	A	α	5×10⁻³ sec (C 60)	7.434 (L 73) spectrum	Ac C²¹¹ β-decay 85²¹¹ K decay (C 46, C 23)
84	Th C′²¹²	A	α	3×10⁻⁷ sec (D 50)	8.776 (B 70, H 81) spectrum	Th C²¹² β-decay
84	Ra C′²¹⁴	A	α	1.5×10⁻⁴ sec (D 50, R 41, W 50)	7.680 (B 70, H 81) spectrum	Ra C²¹⁴ β-decay
84	Ac A²¹⁵	A	α	1.83×10⁻³ sec (W 50)	7.365 (L 73) spectrum	An²¹⁹ α decay
84	Th A²¹⁶	A	α (~100%); β⁻ (0.014‰) (K 33)	1.58×10⁻¹ sec (W 50)	5.774 (α) (B 70, H 81) spectrum	Th²²⁰ α decay
84	Ra A²¹⁸	A	α (99.96%); β⁻ (0.04%) (K 51)	3.05 min (C 60)	5.998 (α) (B 70, H 81) spectrum	Rn²²² α decay
85	85²¹¹	A	α (60%) (C 46); K (40%) (C 46)	7.5 h (C 46, C 23)	5.94 (α) (C 46) abs.	Bi — α — 2n (C 46, C 23)
85	85²¹⁶	F	α (K 33)	short (<54 sec) (K 33)	7.64 (K 33) ioniz. chamber	Th A²¹⁶ β-decay (K 33)
85	85²¹⁸	F	α (K 51)	several sec (?) (K 51)	6.63 (K 51) ioniz. chamber	Ra A²¹⁸ β-decay (K 51)

$Z$	Isotope $A$	Class	Percent abundance	Type of radiation	Half-life	Energy of radiation in MeV: particles	Energy of radiation in MeV: $\gamma$-rays	Obtained in reaction
86	$\mathrm{Au}^{219}$	A		$\alpha$	3.92 sec (C 60)	5.824 (H 81, L 73) spectrum		$\mathrm{AcX}^{223}$ $\alpha$ decay
86	$\mathrm{Th}^{220}$	A		$\alpha$	54.5 sec (C 60)	5.282 (B 70, H 81) spectrum		$\mathrm{ThX}^{224}$ $\alpha$ decay
86	$\mathrm{Rn}^{222}$	A		$\alpha$	3.825 days (C 60)	5.486 (B 70, H 81) spectrum		$\mathrm{Ra}^{226}$ $\alpha$ decay
87	$87^{223}$ (AcK)	E		$\beta^{-}, \gamma$ (P 41, P 43)	21 min (P 40, P 43)	1.20 (P 42, P 41), chamber, Wilson	$>3$ (P 41) chamber, Wilson, pairs	$\mathrm{Ac}^{227}$ $\alpha$ decay (P 40)
88	$\mathrm{AcX}^{223}$	A		$\alpha,\gamma$ (R 40)	11.2 days (C 60)	6.717 (L 73) spectrum		$\mathrm{RdAc}^{227}$ $\alpha$ decay
88	$\mathrm{ThX}^{224}$	A		$\alpha$	3.64 days (L 71)	5.631 (B 70) spectrum		$\mathrm{RdTh}^{228}$ $\alpha$ decay
88	$\mathrm{Ra}^{225}$	A		$\alpha,\gamma$ (C 60)	1590 years (C 60)	1.791 (L 73) spectrum	0.19 (R 40)	$\mathrm{Io}^{230}$ $\alpha$ decay
88	$\mathrm{MsTh}_{1}^{228}$	A		$\beta^{-}$	6.7 years (C 60)	0.053 (L 72) absorption, Al		$\mathrm{Th}^{232}$ $\alpha$ decay
89	$\mathrm{Ac}^{227}$	A		$\alpha$ (1%); $\beta^{-}$ (99%) (P 40)	13.5 years (C 60)	5.0 ($\alpha$) (P 40) absorption, air; 0.220 $\beta^{-}$ (H 82) spectrum	no $\gamma$ (P 43)	$\mathrm{Pa}^{231}$ $\alpha$ decay
89	$\mathrm{MsTh}_{2}^{228}$	A		$\beta^{-}, \gamma$ (C 60); $\alpha$ (G 40)	6.13 h (C 60)	1.55 $\beta^{-}$ (L 6) spectrum; 4.5 ($\alpha$) (G 40) absorption, air		$\mathrm{MsTh}_{1}^{228}$ $\beta^{-}$ decay
90	$\mathrm{RdAc}^{227}$	A		$\alpha,\gamma$ (C 60)	18.9 days (C 60)	5.049 (L 73) spectrum		$\mathrm{Ac}^{227}$ $\beta^{-}$ decay
90	$\mathrm{RdTh}^{228}$	A		$\alpha,\gamma$ (C 60)	1.9 years (C 60)	5.418 (L 73) spectrum		$\mathrm{MsTh}_{2}^{228}$ $\beta^{-}$ decay
90	$\mathrm{Io}^{230}$	A		$\alpha,\gamma$ (W 53)	$8.3 \times 10^{4}$ years (C 60)	4.66 (G 41) absorption, air; 4.81 (W 51) calor.		$\mathrm{U}_{1}^{234}$ $\alpha$ decay
90	$\mathrm{UY}^{231}$	A		$\beta^{-}$	24.6 h (C 60); 24.0 h (G 43)	$\sim 0.2$ (E 30) absorption		$\mathrm{AcU}^{235}$ $\alpha$ decay; Th — $n$ — $2n$ (N 5)
90	$\mathrm{Th}^{232}$	A	100 (D 45)	$\alpha$	$1.39 \times 10^{10}$ years (K 50)	4.20 (S 73) ioniz. chamber		natural radioact. (C 62, S 76)

Z	Isotope A	Class	Percentage content	Type of radiation	Half-life	Radiation energy in MeV: particles	Radiation energy in MeV: γ-rays	Obtained in reaction
90	Th²³³	A		β−	23 min (G 12)			Th—n—γ (M 17)
90	UX₁²³⁴	A		β−, γ (M 60, F 40)	24.5 days (C 60); 24.1 days (S 70)	0.130, 0.300 (M 61) chamber, Wilson; 0.11, 0.20 (F 40) abs. Al; 0.13 (S 72) abs. Al, spectrum	0.092 (M 60) (1%) (F 40)	U²³⁸ α decay
91	Pa²³¹	A		α, γ (C 60)	3.2×10⁴ years (G 42)	5.049 (R 42) spectrum		UY²³¹ β− decay
91	Pa²³³	A		β−, γ, e− (H 40)	27.4 days (G 12)	0.4 (S 38) abs. Al; 0.23 (H 40) spectrum	e− lines at 0.063, 0.077, 0.192, 0.293 (H 40) spectrum	Th²³³ β− decay (S 38, G 12, H 39)
91	UZ²³⁴	A		β−, γ (F 40)	6.7 h (C 60)	0.56, 1.55 (F 40) abs. Al	0.70 (F 40) abs. Pb, W	UX₂²³⁴ I. T. (F 40)
91	UX₂²³⁴	A		β−, γ (M 61); I. T. (0.15%) (?) (F 40)	1.14 min (C 60)	2.32 (S 72) abs. Al; 1.52 (5%) 2.32 (95%) (M 61) spectrum	0.802 (5%)(M 61) spectrum conv.; 0.782, 0.842, (B 32) spectrum conv.	UX₁²³⁴ β− decay
92	UII²³⁴	A	0.006 (N 39)	α	2.69×10⁵ years (N 41)	4.71 (R 43) chamber, Wilson; 4.78 (S 75) abs. air; 4.76 (S 77) ioniz. chamber		Pa²³⁴ β− decay
92	AcU²³⁵	A	0.71 (N 39)	α	7.07×10⁸ years (N 41)	4.52 (W 52) chamber, Wilson		natural radioactivity (D 51)
92	U²³⁷	A		β−, γ (M 37)	∼7 days (M 37, N 8)	0.26 (M 37) abs.		U—n—2n (M 37, N 8)

$Z$	Isotope $A$	Class	Percentage content	Type of radiation	Half-life period	Emission energy, MeV: particles	Emission energy, MeV: $\gamma$-rays	Obtained in the reaction
92	$U_{1}^{238}$	A	99.2 (N 39)	$\alpha$	$4.51\times 10^{9}$ years (N 41)	1.15 (R 43) Wilson chamber; 4.23 (S 75) air absorption; 4.21 (S 77) ionization chamber		natural radioactivity (B 72)
92	$U^{239}$	A		$\beta^{-}$	23 min (I 1, S 4)			$U—n—\gamma$ (H 18, H 14, I 1, M 19, S 44)
93	$93^{239}$	A		$\beta^{-},\ \gamma$	23 days (M 28, M 19)	0.47 (M 28) absorption	0.22, 0.27 (H 25) conversion spectrum; spectrum	$U^{239}\ \beta^{-}$ decay (M 28, S 39, S 44)

LITERATURE

(A1) Amaldi, D’Agostino, Fermi, Pontecorvo, Rasetti and Segrè, Proc. Roy. Soc. London, A149, 522 (1935).

(A2) Alichanian, Alichanov and Dzelepow, Physik. Zeits. Sowjetunion, 10, 78 (1936).

(A3) Andersen, Zeits. f. physik. Chemie, B 32, 237 (1936).

(A4) Alvarez, Phys. Rev., 54, 486 (1938).

(A5) Atel, Jr., Bakker and Heyn, Nature, 143, 679 (1939).

(A6) Abelson, Phys. Rev., 56, 1 (1939).

(A7) Alvarez and Cornog, Phys. Rev., 56, 613 (1939) and personal communication.

(A8) Alexeeva, Comptes rendus, U. R. S. S., 18, 553 (1938).

(A9) Anderson, Nature, 137, 457 (1936).

(A10) Amaki and Sugimoto, Sci. Papers Inst. Phys. Chem. Research (Tokyo), No. 853, p. 1650 (1938).

(A11) Alvarez, personal communication.

(A12) Alvarez, Helmholz and Nelson, Phys. Rev., 57, 660 (1940).

(A13) Allen and Hurst, Proc. Phys. Soc., London, 52, 501 (1940).

(A14) Amaki, Imori and Sugimoto, Phys. Rev., 57, 751 (1940).

(A15) Akabori et al., Proc. Phys. Math. Soc. Japan, 23, 599 (1941).

(A16) Alvarez and Cornog, Phys. Rev., 58, 197 (1940).

(A17) Allen, Pool, Kurbatov and Quill, Phys. Rev., 60, 425 (1941).

(A18) Allen, Phys. Rev., 61, 692 (1942).

(A30) Alvarez and Cornog, Phys. Rev., 56, 379 (1939).

(A31) Aston, Mass Spectra and Isotopes (E. Arnold and Company, London, 1942).

(A32) Aston, Nature, 137, 613 (1936).

(A33) Aston, Proc. Roy. Soc. London, A146, 46 (1934).

(B1) Bjerge and Broström, Kgl. Danske Vid. Sels. Math.-Fys. Medd., 16, No. 8 (1938).

(B2) Bjerge and Broström, Nature, 138, 400 (1936).

(B3) Bjerge, Nature, 138, 400 (1936).

(B4) Bayley and Crane, Phys. Rev., 52, 604 (1937).

(B5) Bethe, Hoyle and Peierls, Nature, 143, 200 (1939).

(B6) Bjerge, Nature, 132, 757 (1937).

(B7) Borst, Phys. Rev., 61, 106 (1942).

(B8) Barkas, Creutz, Delasso, Sutton and White, Phys. Rev., 58, 383 (1940).

(B9) Burcham, Goldhaber and Hill, Nature, 141, 510 (1938).

(B10) Brown and Mitchell, Phys. Rev., 50, 593 (1936).

(B11) Bothe and Gentner, Naturwiss., 25, 191 (1936).

(B12) Barnes and Valley, Phys. Rev., 53, 946 (1938).

(B13) Buck, Phys. Rev., 54, 1025 (1938).

(B14) Bacon, Grisewood and van der Merwe, Phys. Rev., 59, 531 (1941).

(B15) Bretscher and Cook, Nature, 143, 560 (1939).

(B16) Bretscher and Cook, Nature, 146, 430 (1940).

(B17) Barnes, Phys. Rev., 56, 414 (1939).

(B18) Barnes and Aradine, Phys. Rev., 55, 50 (1939).

(B19) Bacon, Grisewood and van der Merwe, Phys. Rev., 54, 313 (1938).

(B20) Bothe and Gentner, Zeits. f. Physik, 112, 45 (1939).

(B21) Brandt, Zeits. f. Physik, 108, 726 (1938).

(B22) Becker and Gartine, Phys. Rev., 56, 854 (1939).

(B23) Barkas, Phys. Rev., 56, 287 (1939).

(B24) Barresi and Cacciapuoti, Ricerca Scient., 10, 464 (1939).

Table of Isotopes

(B25) Bethe and Henderson, Phys. Rev., 56, 1060 (1939).
(B26) Bacon, Grisewood and van der Merwe, Phys. Rev., 56, 1168 (1939).
(B27) Barcas, Creutz, Delasso, Fox and White, Phys. Rev., 57, 562 (1940).
(B28) Bothe and Flammersfeld, Naturwiss., 29, 194 (1941).
(B29) Born and Seelmann-Eggebert, Naturwiss., 31, 86 (1943).
(B30) Born and Seelmann-Eggebert, Naturwiss., 31, 201 (1943).
(B31) Born and Seelmann-Eggebert, Naturwiss., 31, 420 (1943).
(B32) Bradt, Heine and Scherrer, Helv. Phys. Acta, 16, 455 (1943).
(B33) Bothe, Naturwiss., 31, 551 (1943).
(B41) Barkas, Creutz, Delasso and Sutton, Phys. Rev., 57, 1087 (1940).
(B48) Barkas, Creutz, Delasso, Sutton and White, Phys. Rev., 58, 194 (1940).
(B49) Barkas, Creutz, Delasso, Sutton and White, Phys. Rev., 58, 383 (1940).
(B50) Bower and Burchem, Proc. Roy. Soc., London, A173, 379 (1940).
(B60) Blewett, Phys. Rev., 49, 900 (1936).
(B70) Briggs, Proc. Roy. Soc., London, A157, 183 (1936).
(B71) Bramley and Brewer, Phys. Rev., 53, 502 (1938).
(B72) Becquerel, Comptes rendus, 122, 420, 501, 559, 609, 762, 1086 (1896).

(C1) Crane, Delasso, Fowler and Lauritsen, Phys. Rev., 47, 971 (1935).
(C2) Crane, Delasso, Fowler and Lauritsen, Phys. Rev., 47, 887 (1935).
(C3) Crane and Lauritsen, Phys. Rev., 45, 497 (1934).
(C4) Cockcroft, Gilbert and Walton, Proc. Roy. Soc., London, A148, 225 (1935).
(C5) Chang, Goldhaber and Sagane, Nature, 139, 962 (1937).
(C6) Cork, Richardson and Kurie, Phys. Rev., 49, 203 (1936).
(C7) Curie and Joliot, Comptes rendus, 198, 254 (1934).
(C8) Cacciapuoti, Nuovo cimento, 15, 213 (1938).
(C9) Chochłow and Sołtan, Comptes rendus, 207, 423 (1938).
(C10) Collins, Waldman and Stubblefield, Phys. Rev., 55, 507 (1939).
(C11) Curtis and Cork, Phys. Rev., 53, 681 (1938).
(C12) Cacciapuoti, Phys. Rev., 55, 110 (1939).
(C13) Crittenden, Jr. Phys. Rev., 56, 709 (1939).
(C14) Cork and Lawson, Phys. Rev., 56, 291 (1939).
(C15) Cornog and Libby, Phys. Rev., 59, 1046 (1941).
(C16) Curie and Savitch, Comptes rendus, 208, 343 (1939).
(C17) Cook and McDaniels, Phys. Rev., 62, 112 (1942).
(C18) Cork and Thornton, Phys. Rev., 51, 59 (1937).
(C19) Cork and Lawrence, Phys. Rev., 49, 788 (1936).
(C20) Curtis, Phys. Rev., 55, 1136 (1939).
(C21) Cork, Hadley and Keit, Phys. Rev., 61, 388 (1942).
(C22) Clancy, Phys. Rev., 60, 87 (1941); 59, 686 (1941).
(C23) Corson, Mackenzie and Segré, Phys. Rev., 57, 459, 1087 (1940).
(C24) Cacciapuoti and Segré, Phys. Rev., 52, 1252 (1937).
(C25) Cooley, Yost and McMillan, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 61, 2790 (1939).
(C26) Cork, Halpern and Tatel, Phys. Rev., 57, 371 (1940).
(C27) Creutz, Fox and Sutton, Phys. Rev., 57, 567 (1940).

(C28) Curran, Dee and Strothers, Proc. Roy. Soc., London, A174, 546 (1940).

(C29) Curran and Strothers, Proc. Roy. Soc., London, A172, 72 (1939).
(C30) Cork and Smith, Phys. Rev., 60, 480 (1941).
(C31) Clark, Phys. Rev., 61, 242 (1942); 61, 203 (1941).
(C32) Creutz, Barkas and Hurnan, Phys. Rev., 58, 1008 (1940).
(C41) Creutz, Delasso, Sutton, White and Barkas, Phys. Rev., 58, 481 (1940).
(C42) Creutz, private communication.
(C43) Cork and Halpern, Phys. Rev., 58, 201 (1940).
(C44) Curtis and Richardson, Phys. Rev., 57, 1121 (1940).
(C45) Clarecy, Phys. Rev., 58, 88 (1940).
(C46) Corson, Mackenzie and Segré, Phys. Rev., 58, 672 (1940).
(C47) Curran and Strothers, Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc., 36, 252 (1940).
(C50) Cohen, Phys. Rev., 63, 219 (1943).
(C51) Cook, Phys. Rev., 64, 278 (1943).
(C60) Curie, Debierne, Eve, Geiger, Hahn, Lindi, St. Meyer, Rutherford and Schweider, Rev. Mod. Phys., 3, 427 (1931). Summarizes the results of various investigations.
(C61) Campbell and Wood, Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc., 14, 15 (1906). Campbell, Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc., 14, 211 (1907), 557 (1908).
(C62) Curie, M-me, Comptes rendus, 126, 1101 (1898).
(D1) Delasso, Fowler and Lauritsen, Phys. Rev., 48, 848 (1935).
(D2) Dubridge, Barnes, Buck and Strain, Phys. Rev., 53, 447 (1938).
(D3) Dubridge, Barnes, Wiig, Buck and Strain, Phys. Rev., 53, 326 (1938).
(D4) Delasso, Ridenour, Sherr and White, Phys. Rev., 55, 113 (1939).
(D5) Darling, Curtis and Cirk, Phys. Rev., 51, 1010 (1937).
(D6) Dodson and Fowler, Phys. Rev., 55, 880 (1939).
(D7) DeVries and Veldkamp, Physica, 5, 249 (1938).
(D8) Dodé and Pontecorvo, Comptes rendus, 207, 287 (1938).
(D9) Dubridge. Personal communication; summarizes the work of the entire Rochester group.
(D10) DeVries and Diemer, Physica, 6, 599 (1939).
(D11) Dubridge and Marshall, Phys. Rev., 56, 706 (1939).
(D13) Dubridge and Marshall, Phys. Rev., 57, 348 (1940).
(D14) Dickson, McDaniel and Konopinski, Phys. Rev., 57, 351 (1940).
(D15) Deutsch and Roberts, Phys. Rev., 60, 362, (1941)
(D16) Deutsch, Downing, Elliot, Irvine and Roberts, Phys. Rev., 62, 3 (1942).
(D17) Deutsch and Elliot, Phys. Rev., 62, 558 (1942).
(D18) Doran and Henderson, Phys. Rev., 60, 411 (1941).
(D19) Deutsch, Roberts and Elliot, Phys. Rev., 61, 389 (1942).
(D20) DeVault and Libby, Phys. Rev., 58, 688 (1940).
(D21) Deutsch, Phys. Rev., 61, 672 (1942).
(D22) Davidson, Jr., Phys. Rev., 57, 1086 (1940).
(D23) Downing and Roberts, Phys. Rev., 59, 940 (1941).
(D24) Davidson, Jr., private communication.
(D25) Dubridge and Marshall, Phys. Rev., 58, 7 (1940).
(D26) Delasso, White, Barkas and Creutz, Phys. Rev., 58, 586 (1940).
(D27) Dodson and Fowler, Phys. Rev., 57, 966 (1940).
(D28) Downing, Deutsch and Roberts, Phys. Rev., 60, 470 (1941).
(D29) Deutsch, Phys. Rev., 59, 940 (1941).

TABLE OF ISOTOPES

(D30) Downing, Deutsch and Roberts, Phys. Rev., 61, 389 (1942).
(D31) Downing, Deutsch and Roberts, Phys. Rev., 61, 686 (1942).
(D32) Dewire, Pool and Kurbatov, Phys. Rev., 61, 564 (1942); 61, 544 (1942).
(D33) Dzelepov and Konstantinov, Comptes rendus, U. R. S. S., 30, 701 (1942).
(D34) Deutsch. Personal communication to Mandeville and Fulbright. Phys. Rev., 64, 265 (1943).
(D35) Deutsch and Elliot, Phys. Rev., 65, 211 (1944).
(D40) Dempster, Phys. Rev., 55, 794 (1939).
(D41) Dempster, Phys. Rev., 49, 947 (1936).
(D42) Dempster, Phys. Rev., 53, 727 (1938).
(D43) Dempster, Phys. Rev., 52, 1074 (1937).
(D44) Dempster, Nature, 136, 65 (1935).
(D45) Dempster, Nature, 138, 120 (1936).
(D50) Dunworth, Nature, 144, 152 (1939).
(D51) Dempster, Nature, 136, 180 (1935).
(E1) Ellis and Henderson, Nature, 135, 429 (1935).
(E2) Ellis and Henderson, Proc. Roy. Soc., London, A156, 358 (1936).
(E3) Ewing, Perry and McCreary, Phys. Rev., 55, 1136 (1936).
(E4) Elliot and King, Phys. Rev., 59, 403 (1941).
(E5) Ewing. Communication to Barnes.
(E6) Enns, Phys. Rev., 56, 872 (1939).
(E7) Elliot, Deutsch and Roberts, Phys. Rev., 61, 99 (1942).
(E8) Elliot, Deutsch and Roberts, Phys. Rev., 63, 386 (1943).
(E9) Elliot and Deutsch, Phys. Rev., 63, 321 (1943).
(E10) Elliot and Deutsch, Phys. Rev., 63, 457 (1943).
(E11) Eklund, Arkiv f. Mat. Astron. Fysik, A28, No. 3 (1941).
(E12) Elliot and Deutsch, Phys. Rev., 64, 321 (1943).
(E13) Elliot and Deutsch, Phys. Rev., 63, 219 (1943).
(E20) Ewald. Communication to Fliogge and Mattauch. Ber. d. D. Chem. Ges., 76, 1 (1943).
(E30) Erckova, J. Physique, 8, 501 (1937).
(F1) Fowler, Delasso and Lauritsen, Phys. Rev., 49, 561 (1936).
(F2) Frish, Nature, 133, 721 (1934).
(F3) Fahlenbach, Zeits. f. Physik, 96, 503 (1935).
(F4) Frish, Nature, 136, 220 (1935).
(F5) Feather and Dunworth, Proc. Roy. Soc., London, A168, 566 (1938).
(F6) Fomin and Houterman, Physik. Zeits., Sowjetunion, 9, 273 (1936).
(F7) Fajans and Stewart, Phys. Rev., 56, 625 (1939).
(F8) Friedlander. Personal communication.
(F9) Fledmeier and Collins, Phys. Rev., 59, 937 (1941).
(F10) Fermi and Segrè, Phys. Rev., 59, 625 (1941).
(F11) Fajans and Voigt, Phys. Rev., 60, 533 (1941).
(F12) Fajans and Sullivan, Phys. Rev., 58, 276 (1940).
(F13) Friedlander and Wu, Phys. Rev., 63, 227 (1943).
(F14) Fajans and Voigt, Phys. Rev., 60, 619 (1941).
(F15) Fajans and Voigt, Phys. Rev., 60, 626 (1941).
(F16) Flammersfeld and Mattauch, Naturwiss., 31, 66 (1943).
(F17) Fajans and Voigt, Phys. Rev., 58, 177 (1940).
(F30) Flammersfeld, Zeits. f. Physik, 112, 727 (1939).
(F40) Feather and Bretscher, Proc. Roy. Soc., London, A165, 530 (1938).
(G2) Gentner and Segrè, Phys. Rev., 55, 814 (1939).
(G3) Guthrie, Phys. Rev., 60, 746 (1941).
(G4) Gaertner, Turin and Crane, Phys. Rev., 49, 793 (1936).

14 UFN, vol. XXVIII, issue 2–3

(G5) Goldhaber, Hill and Szillard, Phys. Rev., 55, 47 (1939); Nature, 142, 521 (1938).
(G6) Grahame and Seaborg, Phys. Rev., 54, 240 (1938).
(G7) v. Grosse, Booth and Dunning, Phys. Rev., 56, 382 (1939).
(G8) Grahame and Walke, Phys. Rev., 60, 909 (1941).
(G9) Glasoe and Steigman, Phys. Rev., 57, 566 (1940).
(G10) Gamertsfelder, Phys. Rev., 63, 60 (1943).
(G11) Götte, Naturwiss., 28, 449 (1940).
(G12) v. Grosse, Booth and Dunning, Phys. Rev., 59, 322 (1941).
(G13) Götte, Naturwiss., 29, 496 (1941).
(G14) Götte, Naturwiss., 30, 108 (1942).
(G15) Gadsinskij, Golotzwan and Danilenko, J. Exper. Theor. Physik, 10, 1 (1940).
(G16) Goldhaber, Kaliber and Schariff-Goldhaber, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc., 18, No. 6, 6 (1943); Phys. Rev., 65, 61 (1944).
(G18) v. Grosse and Booth, Phys. Rev., 57, 664 (1940).
(G19) Götte. Personal communication to Hahn and Strassmann, Naturwiss., 31, 499 (1943).
(G21) Glasoe and Steigmann, Phys. Rev., 58, 1 (1940).
(G22) Grinberg and Rousinov, Phys. Rev., 58, 181 (1940).
(G40) Gueben, Ann. Soc. Sci., Bruxelles, B 52, 60 (1932).
(G41) Geiger, Zeits. f. Physik, X8, 45 (1922).
(G42) v. Grosse, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 52, 1742 (1930).
(G43) Gratias and Collie, Proc. Roy. Soc., London, A135, 299 (1932).
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(H8) Heyn, Physica, 4, 1224 (1937).
(H9) Helmholz, Phys. Rev., 60, 415 (1941).
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(H11) Heyn, Aten, Jr. and Bakker, Nature, 143, 516 (1939).
(H12) Hemmendinger, Phys. Rev., 58, 929 (1940).
(H13) Helmholz, Pecher and Stout, Phys. Rev., 59, 902 (1941).
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(H22) Hahn and Strassmann, Naturwiss., 27, 529 (1939).
(H23) Hahn and Strassmann, Naturwiss., 27, 451 (1939).
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(H26) Helmholz, Phys. Rev., 57, 248 (1940).
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(H28) Hahn and Strassmann, Naturwiss., 28, 54 (1940).

(H29) Hahn and Strassmann, Naturwiss., 28, 61 (1940).
(H30) Hill, Phys. Rev., 57, 567 (1940).
(H31) Hoag, Phys. Rev., 57, 937 (1940).
(H32) Haggstrom, Phys. Rev., 62, 144 (1942).
(H33) Helmholz, Phys. Rev., 62, 301 (1942).
(H34) Helmholz, Phys. Rev., 60, 160 (1941).
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(H40) Haggstrom, Phys. Rev., 59, 322 (1941).
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(H46) Hahn and Strassmann, Naturwiss., 28, 455 (1940).
(H47) Hahn and Strassmann, Naturwiss., 31, 249 (1943).
(H48) Hahn and Strassmann, Naturwiss., 30, 324 (1942).
(H49) Hales and Jordan, Phys. Rev., 64, 202 (1943).
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(H56) Hahn and Strassmann, Zeits. f. Physik, 121, 729 (1943).
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(H59) Hurst and Pool, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc., 19, No. 2, 13 (1944).
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(H80) Heyden and Weizelmeier, Naturwiss., 26, 612 (1938).
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(H84) Hemmendinger and Smythe, Phys. Rev., 51, 1052 (1937).
(H85) Hevesy and Pahl, Nature, 130, 846 (1932).
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(H87) Henderson, Phys. Rev., 55, 238 (1938).
(H88) Hevesy, Naturwiss., 23, 583 (1935).
(H89) Hahn, Strassmann and Walling, Naturwiss., 25, 189 (1937); Mattauch, Naturwiss., 25, 189 (1937).
(I1) Irvine, Jr. Phys. Rev., 55, 1105 (1939).
(I2) Itoh, Proc. Phys. Math. Soc. Japan, 23, 605 (1941).

(13) Itoh and Watase, Proc. Phys. Math. Soc. Japan, 22, 784 (1940).
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(J1) Jensen, Phys. Rev., 60, 430 (1941).
(J4) Jaeckel, Zeits. f. Physik, 110, 330 (1938).
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(K4) Kurie, Richardson and Paxton, Phys. Rev., 49, 368 (1936).
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(K17) Kent and Cork, Phys. Rev., 62, 297 (1942).
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(K25) Krishnan and Banks, Nature, 145, 860 (1940).
(K26) Kalfbell and Cooley, Phys. Rev., 58, 91 (1940).
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(K30) Kent, Cork and Wadey, Phys. Rev., 61, 389 (1942).
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(K33) Karlik and Bernert, Naturwiss., 31, 492 (1943).
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(K51) Karlik and Bernert, Naturwiss., 31, 298 (1943).
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(K54) Kovarik and Adams, J. App. Phys., 12, 296 (1941).
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(L5) Lyman, Phys. Rev., 51, 1 (1937).
(L6) Libby and Lee, Phys. Rev., 55, 245 (1939).
(L7) Livingood and Seaborg, Phys. Rev., 54, 391 (1938).
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(L9) Livingood and Seaborg, Phys. Rev., 53, 847 (1938).
(L10) Livingood and Seaborg, Phys. Rev., 60, 913 (1941).
(L11) Livingood and Seaborg, Phys. Rev., 53, 765 (1938).
(L12) Livingood and Seaborg, Phys. Rev., 55, 457 (1939).
(L13) Livingood, Phys. Rev., 50, 425 (1936).
(L14) Livingood and Seaborg, Phys. Rev., 54, 88 (1938).
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(L18) Livingood and Seaborg, Phys. Rev., 55, 414 (1939).
(L19) Livingood and Seaborg, Phys. Rev., 54, 775 (1938).
(L20) Livingood and Seaborg, Phys. Rev., 54, 51 (1938).
(L21) Lawson, Phys. Rev., 56, 131 (1939).
(L22) Lyman, Phys. Rev., 55, 1123 (1939).
(L23) Livingood and Seaborg, Phys. Rev., 55, 1268 (1939).
(L24) Lawrence, Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc., 35, 304 (1939).
(L25) Law, Pool, Kurbatov and Quill, Phys. Rev., 59, 936 (1941).
(L26) Lieber, Naturwiss., 27, 421 (1939).
(L27) Langsdorf, Jr., Phys. Rev., 56, 205 (1939).
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(L29) Lawson and Cork, Phys. Rev., 58, 580 (1940).
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(L31) Livingston and Wright, Phys. Rev., 56, 656 (1940).
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(L48) Lawson, Phys. Rev., 57, 1082 (1940).
(L57) Lawson and Cork, Phys. Rev., 57, 982 (1940).
(L58) Levi, Nature, 145, 588 (1940).
(L60) Lichtblau, Naturwiss., 27, 260 (1939).
(L70) Libby, Phys. Rev., 56, 21 (1938).
(L71) Lecoin, J. de phys., & rad., 9, 81 (1938).
(L72) Lee and Libby, Phys. Rev., 55, 252 (1939).
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(L74) Libby and Latimer, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 55, 433 (1943).
(L76) Langer, Phys. Rev., 51, 713 (1937).
(M1) Maier, Leibnitz, Naturwiss., 26, 614 (1939).
(M2) Mandeville, Phys. Rev., 62, 555 (1942).
(M3) McMillan and Livingston, Phys. Rev., 47, 452 (1935).
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(M18) McLennan and Rann, Nature 136, 831, (1935).
(M19) McMillan, Phys. Rev., 55, 510 (1939).

(M21) McCreary, Kuerti and van Voorhis, Phys. Rev., 57, 351 (1940).
(M22) McMillan, private communication.
(M23) Minakawa, Phys. Rev., 60, 689 (1941).
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(M26) Magnan, Ann. d. Physik, 15, 5 (1941).
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(M28) McMillan and Abelson, Phys. Rev., 57, 1185 (1940).
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(M30) Mandeville, Phys. Rev., 64, 147 (1943).
(M31) Meitner, Arkiv f. Mat. Astron. Physik, A27, No. 17, 18 (1940).
(M32) Maurer and Ramm, Zeits. f. Physik, 119, 602 (1942).
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(M51) McKellar, Phys. Rev., 45, 761 (1934).
(M52) Mitchell, Brown and Fowler, Phys. Rev., 60, 359 (1941).
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(M54) Mattauch, Lichtblau, Schüler and Gollnow, Zeits. f. Physik, 111, 514 (1939).
(M55) Mattauch and Ewald, Naturwiss., 31, 487 (1943).
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(M61) Marshall, Proc. Roy. Soc., London, A173, 391 (1939).
(N1) Nahmias and Walen, Comptes rendus, 203, 71 (1936).
(N2) Newson, Phys. Rev., 48, 790 (1935).
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(N35) Nier, Phys. Rev., 55, 1143 (1939).

(N36) Nier, Phys. Rev., 54, 275 (1938).
(N37) Nier, Phys. Rev., 52, 887 (1937).
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(N39) Nier, Phys. Rev., 55, 150 (1939).
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(O1) Oldenberg, Phys. Rev., 53, 35 (1938).
(O2) Oppenheimer and Tomlinson, Phys. Rev., 50, 858 (1939).
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(R9) Risser, Phys. Rev., 52, 768 (1937).
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Submission history

[v1] 1946

\(Z\)	Isotope \(A\)	Class	Percentage abundance	Type of radiation	Half-life	Radiation energy in MeV: particles	Radiation energy in MeV: \(\gamma\)-rays	Obtained in reaction
1	\(\mathrm{H}^{1}\) \(\mathrm{H}^{2}\) \(\mathrm{H}^{3}\)	A	99.98 (H 70) 0.02 (H 70)	\(\beta^{-}\)	31 years (O 4)	0.015 (O3, N6) abs. Wilson chamber		D — \(d\) — \(p\) (A7, A 16) Be — \(d\) — \(\mathrm{H}^{3}\) (O6, A 16) Li — \(n\) — \(\mathrm{H}^{3}\) (O4) B — \(n\) — \(\mathrm{H}^{3}\) (C 15) N — \(n\) — \(\mathrm{H}^{3}\) (C 15)
2	\(\mathrm{He}^{3}\) \(\mathrm{He}^{4}\) \(\mathrm{He}^{6}\)	A	\(\sim 10^{-5}\) (A7, A30) 100 (T 20)	\(\beta^{-}\)	0.8 sec (B 1)	3.7 (B1, B2) Wilson chamber		Be — \(n\) — \(\alpha\) (B1, P1, B3) (Li — \(n\) — \(p\)) (K1)
3	\(\mathrm{Li}^{6}\) \(\mathrm{Li}^{7}\) \(\mathrm{Li}^{8}\)	A	7.5 (H 71) 92.5 (H 71)	\(\beta^{-}, \alpha\)	0.88 sec (L1)	12 \((\beta^{-})\) (B4) Wilson chamber		Li — \(d\) — \(p\) (C1, L1, R14, D1) B — \(n\) — \(\alpha\) (L 24) (Li — \(n\) — \(\gamma\)) (K1)
4	\(\mathrm{Be}^{7}\)	A		K, \(\gamma\)	43 days (R 13, A 18)		0.485 (Z1) coinc., abs.	Li — \(d\) — \(n\) (R1, R13, Z1) B — \(p\) — \(\alpha\) (R1, M1) Li — \(p\) — \(n\) (H30, H2)
4	\(\mathrm{Be}^{9}\) \(\mathrm{Be}^{10}\)	A	100 (N 30)	\(\beta^{-}, \gamma\)	\(\gg 10^{8}\) years (M22)	\(\sim 0.5\) (M 22) abs.	\(< 0.5\) (M 22) abs.	Be — \(d\) — \(p\) (M 22)
5	\(\mathrm{B}^{10}\) \(\mathrm{B}^{11}\) \(\mathrm{B}^{12}\)	A	18.4 (O 20) 81.6 (O 20)	\(\beta^{-}\)	0.022 sec (C 2, B 22)	12 (B 4) Wilson chamber		B—\(d\)—\(p\) (C 2, F1, B 5)

\(Z\)	Isotope \(A\)	Class	Percentage content	Type of radiation	Half-life period	Radiation energy in MeV: particles	Radiation energy in MeV: \(\gamma\)-rays	Obtained in reaction
46	\(\mathrm{Pd}^{112}\)	A			17 h (S 33, N 14)			U—\(n\) (S 33, N 14) Th—\(n\) (S 33)
47	\(\mathrm{Ag}^{102}\)	E			73 min (E 6)			Pd—\(p\)—\(n\) (E 6)
47	\(\mathrm{Ag}^{104}\)	E			16.3 min (E 6)			Pd—\(p\)—\(n\) (E 6)
47	\(\mathrm{Ag}^{105}\)	E		K, \(\gamma\)	45 days (E 6)		0.29, 0.42, 0.50, 0.62 (E 6) spectrum: 0.282, 0.343, 0.430, 0.650, \(>1.0\) (D 19) spectrum	Pd—\(p\)—\(n\) (E 6)
47	\(\mathrm{Ag}^{106}\)			\(\beta^{+}\)	24.5 min (P 6, D 2)	2.04 (P 5) abs.	no \(\gamma\) (P 5)	Ag—\(n\)—\(2n\) (P 6) Pd—\(d\)—\(n\) (P 6) Cd—\(n\)—\(p\) (P 6) Rh—\(\alpha\)—\(n\) (P 6, K 3) Ag—\(\gamma\)—\(n\) (B 29) Pd—\(p\)—\(\gamma\) (D 2) Pd—\(p\)—\(n\) (D 2, E 6) Ag—\(d\)—\(p, 2n\) (K 15, K 31)
47	\(\mathrm{Ag}^{106}\)	A		K, \(e^{-}\), \(\gamma\) (H 50, P 6, F 5, A 4)	8.2 days (P 6, K 6)	1.2 (\(e^{-}\)) (F 5) abs.	1.06, 0.69 (E 6) spectrum: 1.63, 1.06, 0.72 (?) (D 19) spectrum	Ag—\(n\)—\(2n\) (P 6, K 6) Pd—\(d\)—\(n\) (P 6, K 6) Rh—\(\alpha\)—\(n\) (P 6) Cd—\(n\)—\(p\) (P 6) Ag—\(d\)—\(p, 2n\) (?) (K 23)
47	\(\mathrm{Ag}^{107}\)		51.9 (P 44)					Pd—\(p\)—\(n\) (D 2, E 6)

\(Z\)	Isotope \(A\)	Class	Percent abundance	Type of radiation	Half-life	Radiation energy in MeV: particles	Radiation energy in MeV: \(\gamma\)-rays	Obtained in reaction
49	\(\mathrm{In}^{110}\)	D		\(\beta+\)	65 min (B 17)	1.6 (B 17) spectrum		Cd — \(p\) — \(n\) (B 17) Ag — \(\alpha\) — \(n\) (K 9)
49	\(\mathrm{In}^{111}\)	D		\(\beta^+,\gamma,e^-\)	20 min (B 17)	1.7 (\(\beta+\)) (L 57) Wilson chamber	0.16 (B 17) spectrum, conv.	Cd — \(d\) — \(2n\) (L 57) Cd — \(d\) — \(n\) (L 57) Cd — \(p\) — \(n\) (B 17)
49	\(\mathrm{In}^{112}\)	D		K, \(\gamma,e^-\) (L 57)	2.7 days (B 17, C 14)		0.17, 0.25 (B 17, C 14) spectrum, conv.	Cd — \(p\) — \(n\) (B 17) In — \(n\) — \(2n\) (C 14) Cd — \(d\) — \(n\) (L 57) Ag — \(\alpha\) — \(n\) (L 57)
49	\(\mathrm{In}^{112}\)	D		I. T., \(\gamma,e^-\)	16.5 min (S 34)		0.120 (S 34) abs. \(e^-\)	Ag — \(\alpha\) — \(n\) (S 34) In — \(n\) — \(2n\) (S 34)
49	\(\mathrm{In}^{112}\)	D		\(\beta+,\beta^-(?),\gamma,e^-\) (S 34)	17.5 min (S 34)	1.3 (\(\beta+\)) (S 34) abs.; 0.47 (\(\beta^-?\)) (S 34) abs.	0.095 (S 34) abs. \(e^-\)	Ag — \(\alpha\) — \(n\) (S 34) In — \(n\) — \(2n\) (S 34) \(\mathrm{In}^{112}\) (16.5 min) I. T. (S 34)
49	\(\mathrm{In}^{113}\) \(\mathrm{In}^{113*}\)	A	4.5 (S 61)	I. T., \(\gamma,e^-\) (B 17)	105 min (B 17)		0.39 (B 17, L 57) spectrum, conv.	Cd — \(p\) — \(n\) (B 17) \(\mathrm{Sn}^{113}\) K decay (B 17, S 22) Cd — \(d\) — \(n\) (L 57)
49	\(\mathrm{In}^{114}\)	A		I. T., \(e^-\) (L 57, L 48)	48 days (B 17)		0.19 (B 17, L 57) spectrum, conv.	In — \(n\) — \(\gamma\) (L 15, M 12) Cd — \(p\) — \(n\) (B 17) In — \(d\) — \(p\) (L 57) Cd — \(d\) — \(n\) (L 57) In — \(n\) — \(2n\) (L 57) \(\mathrm{In}^{114}\) (48 days) I. T. (L 48, L 57)
49	\(\mathrm{In}^{114}\)	A		\(\beta^-\)	72 sec (L 15, B 17)	1.98 (L 32) Wilson chamber		In — \(n\) — \(2n\) (L 15, P 2) In — \(\gamma\) — \(n\) (B 11, C 5) Cd — \(p\) — \(n\) (B 17)

\(Z\)	Isotope \(A\)	Class	Percentage content	Type of radiation	Half-life	Obtained in reaction
50	\(\mathrm{Sn}^{114}\)		0.8 (A 32)
	\(\mathrm{Sn}^{115}\)		0.4 (A 32)
	\(\mathrm{Sn}^{116}\)		15.5 (A 32)
	\(\mathrm{Sn}^{117}\)		9.1 (A 32)
	\(\mathrm{Sn}^{118}\)		22.5 (A 32)
	\(\mathrm{Sn}^{<119}\)	E		\(\beta^{-}\)	25 min (L 17)	\(\mathrm{Cd}-\alpha-n\) (L 17)
	\(\mathrm{Sn}^{<119}\)	E		\(\beta^{-}\)	3 h. (L 17)	\(\mathrm{Cd}-\alpha-n\) (L 17)
	\(\mathrm{Sn}^{<119}\)	E		\(\beta^{-}\)	13 days (L 17)	\(\mathrm{Cd}-\alpha-n\) (L 17)
	\(\mathrm{Sn}^{119}\)		9.8 (A 32)
	\(\mathrm{Sn}^{120}\)		28.5 (A 32)
	\(\mathrm{Sn}^{122}\)		5.5 (A 32)
	\(\mathrm{Sn}^{124}\)		6.8 (A 32)
	\(\mathrm{Sn}^{125}\)	B		\(\beta^{-}\)	9 min (L 17)	\(\mathrm{Sn}-d-p\) (L 17) \(\mathrm{Sn}-n-\gamma\) (L 17)
	\(\mathrm{Sn}^{<126}\)	D		\(\beta^{-}\)	40 min (L 17)	\(\mathrm{Sn}-d-p\) (L 17) \(\mathrm{Sn}-n-\gamma\) (L 17) \(\mathrm{Sn}-n-2n\) (P 2)
	\(\mathrm{Sn}^{<126}\)	D		\(\beta^{-}\)	26 h. (L 17)	\(\mathrm{Sn}-d-p\) (L 17) \(\mathrm{Sn}-n-\gamma\) (L 17)
	\(\mathrm{Sn}^{<126}\)	D		\(\beta^{-}\)	10 days (L 17)	\(\mathrm{Sn}-d-p\) (L 17) \(\mathrm{Sn}-n-\gamma\) (L 17)
	\(\mathrm{Sn}^{<125}\)	D			\(\sim 400\) days (L 17)	\(\mathrm{Sn}-d-p\) (L 17)
	\(\mathrm{Sn}^{>125}\)	D		\(\beta^{-}\)	\(\sim 20\) min (H 55)	\(\mathrm{U}-n\) (H 55)
	\(\mathrm{Sn}^{>125}\)	D		\(\beta^{-}\)	\(\sim 80\) h. (H 55)	\(\mathrm{U}-n\) (H 55, N 15)
		D			\(\sim 60\) h. (N 15)
	\(\mathrm{Sn}^{>125}\)	D		\(\beta^{-}\)	\(\sim 70\) min (N 15, H 55)	\(\mathrm{U}-n\) (N 15, H 55)
	\(\mathrm{Sn}^{>125}\)	D		\(\beta^{-}\)	\(\sim 11\) days (H 55)	\(\mathrm{U}-n\) (H 55)

\(Z\)	Isotope \(A\)	Class	Percent abundance	Type of radiation	Half-life	Radiation energy in MeV: particles	Radiation energy in MeV: \(\gamma\)-rays	Obtained in the reaction
50	Sn\(>125\)	F		\(\beta^-\)	\(\sim 4\)—5 h. (H55)			U — \(n\) (H55)
51	Sb	E		\(\beta^-\)	3.5 min (D9)			Sn — \(p\) — \(n\) (D9)
	Sb\(^{116,118}\)	E		\(\beta^+\)	3.6 min (R16)			In — \(\alpha\) — \(n\) (L16, R16)
	Sb\(^{120}\)	A		\(\beta^+\)	17 min (H10, L18)	1.53 (A10) Wilson chamber.		Sb — \(n\)—2\(n\) (P2, H10) Sb — \(\gamma\) — \(n\) (B20) Sn — \(d\) — \(n\) (L18) Sn — \(p\) — \(n\) (D9) Sb — \(d\) — H\(^3\) (K14)
	Sb\(^{121}\) Sb\(^{122}\)	A	56 (A31)	\(\beta^-\), \(\gamma\)	2.8 days (L28)	0.81, 1.64 (A10, M35) Wilson chamber; absorption.	0.96 (M35) coincidence absorption; 0.80 (M34) spectrum	Sb — \(d\) — \(p\) (L18) Sb — \(n\) — \(\gamma\) (A1, L18) Sn — \(d\) — 2\(n\) (L18)
	Sb\(^{123}\) Sb\(^{124}\)	A	44 (A31)	\(\beta^-\), \(\gamma\)	60 days (L18)	1.53 (M35) absorption; 0.74, 2.45 (H35, H49) spectrum	1.82 (M35) coincidence absorption; 1.75 (K16) Be — \(\gamma\) — \(n\) — reaction	Sb — \(d\) — \(p\) (L18) Sb — \(n\) — \(\gamma\) (L18) J — \(n\) — \(\gamma\) (L18)
	Sb\(<126\)	D		\(\beta^-\)	3 h. (L18)			Sn — \(d\) — \(n\) (L18)
	Sb\(<126\)	D			\(\sim 45\) days (L18)			Sn — \(d\) — \(n\) (L18)
	Sb\(<126\)	D			\(\sim 2\) years (L18)			Sn — \(d\) — \(n\) (L18)
	Sb\(>125\)	D		\(\beta^-\)	60 min (N15)			Sn\(>125\) (70 min.) \(\beta^-\)-decay (N15)
	Sb\(^{127}\)	A		\(\beta^-\)	80 h. (A6)			U — \(n\) (A6)
	Sb\(^{129}\)	A		\(\beta^-\)	42 h. (A6)	[[unclear: handwritten “4,2” in the cell]]		U — \(n\) (A6)
	Sb\(>131\)	D		\(\beta^-\)	\(<10\) min (A6)			U — \(n\) (A6)
	Sb\(>131\)	D		\(\beta^-\)	5 min (A6)			U — \(n\) (A6)

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Table of Isotopes

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TABLE OF ISOTOPES

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TABLE OF ISOTOPES\*

\(Z\)	Isotope \(A\)	Class	Percent abundance	Type of radiation	Half-life	Radiation energy in MeV: particles	Radiation energy in MeV: \(\gamma\)-rays	Obtained by reaction
11	\(\mathrm{Na}^{22}\)	A		\(\beta^+,\ \gamma\)	3.0 years (L 3)	0.58 (L 3) Wilson chamber	1.3 (O2) spectrum	\(\mathrm{F}-\alpha-n\) (L 3, M 4) \(\mathrm{Ne}-d-n\) (L 3)
11	\(\mathrm{Na}^{23}\)		100 (S 61)
11	\(\mathrm{Na}^{24}\)	A		\(\beta^-,\ \gamma\)	14.8 h (V 1)	1.4 (L 21, S 49) spectrum	1.4, 2.8 (E 7, 12, E 8) spectrum; 2.87 (G 16) \(\mathrm{Be}-\gamma-n\) reaction, \(\mathrm{D}-\gamma-n\) reaction; 2.69, 3.22, 3.61 (O 10) Wilson chamber, pairs	\(\mathrm{Na}-d-p\) (L 4, V 1) \(\mathrm{Na}-n-\gamma\) (A 1) \(\mathrm{Mg}-n-p\) (A 1) \(\mathrm{Al}-n-\alpha\) (A 1) \(\mathrm{Mg}-d-\alpha\) (H 4)
11	\(\mathrm{Na}^{25}\)	E		\(\beta^-,\ \gamma\)	62 sec (H 54)	2.8 (H 54) abs. Al	0.035 (H 54) abs. Al	\(\mathrm{Mg}-\gamma-p\) (H 54)
12	\(\mathrm{Mg}^{23}\)	A		\(\beta^+\)	11.6 sec (W 7)	2.82 (W 7) Wilson chamber		\(\mathrm{Na}-p-n\) (W 7, D 9) \(\mathrm{Mg}-\gamma-n\) (H 43, H 44)
12	\(\mathrm{Mg}^{24}\)		77.4 (A 31)
12	\(\mathrm{Mg}^{25}\)		11.5 (A 12)
12	\(\mathrm{Mg}^{26}\)		11.1 (A 12)
12	\(\mathrm{Mg}^{27}\)	A		\(\beta^-,\ \gamma\)	10.2 min (H 4)	1.8 (C 13) Wilson chamber	0.64, 0.84, 1.02 (I 2) spectrum	\(\mathrm{Mg}-d-p\) (H 4) \(\mathrm{Mg}-n-\gamma\) (A 1) \(\mathrm{Al}-n-p\) (A 1)
13	\(\mathrm{Al}^{26}\)	A		\(\beta^+\)	7.0 sec (W 7, F 2)	2.99 (W 7) Wilson chamber		\(\mathrm{Na}-\alpha-n\) (M 4, F 2) \(\mathrm{Mg}-p-n\) (W 7, D 9) \(\mathrm{Mg}-p-\gamma\) (C 29) \(\mathrm{Al}-\gamma-n\) (H 43, H 44, H 58)
13	\(\mathrm{Al}^{27}\)		100 (A 31)

\(Z\)	Isotope \(A\)	Class	Percentage content	Type of radiation	Half-life period	Radiation energy in MeV: particles	Radiation energy in MeV: \(\gamma\)-rays	Obtained in reaction
13	\(\mathrm{Al}^{28}\)	A		\(\beta^-, \gamma\) (W 17)	2.4 min (A 1, M 5, E 2)	3.3 (C 6) cloud chamber, Wilson	1.8 (I 2) spectrum	\(\mathrm{Al}-d-p\) (M 5) \(\mathrm{Al}-n-\gamma\) (A 1) \(\mathrm{Si}-n-p\) (A 1) \(\mathrm{P}-n-\alpha\) (A 1) \(\mathrm{Mg}-\alpha-p\) (E 2, R 3) \(\mathrm{Mg}-\alpha-n\) (B 25, H 21, F 3)
13	\(\mathrm{Al}^{29}\)	A		\(\beta^-\)	6.7 min (B 25)	2.5 (B 25) cloud chamber, Wilson and absorption
14	\(\mathrm{Si}^{27}\)	A		\(\beta^+\)	4.9 sec (K 10, C 27)	3.74 (M 21) cloud chamber, Wilson; 3.54 (B 8) cloud chamber, Wilson		\(\mathrm{Al}-p-n\) (K 8, M 21, C 27, B 8) \(\mathrm{Mg}-\alpha-n\) (K 10)
14	\(\mathrm{Si}^{28}\)		89.6 (M 51)
14	\(\mathrm{Si}^{29}\)		6.2 (M 51)
14	\(\mathrm{Si}^{30}\)		4.2 (M 51)
14	\(\mathrm{Si}^{31}\)	A		\(\beta^-\)	170 min (N 3, A 13)	1.8 (K 4) cloud chamber, Wilson	no \(\gamma\) (N 3)	\(\mathrm{Si}-d-p\) (N 3) \(\mathrm{Si}-n-\gamma\) (A 1) \(\mathrm{P}-n-p\) (A 1, P 2) \(\mathrm{S}-n-\alpha\) (S 2, C 9)
15	\(\mathrm{P}^{29}\)	A		\(\beta^+\)	4.6 sec (W 11)	3.63 (W 11) cloud chamber, Wilson		\(\mathrm{Si}-p-n\) (W 11)
15	\(\mathrm{P}^{30}\)	A		\(\beta^+\)	2.55 min (R 3, B 49)	3.0 (B 48, B 49) cloud chamber, Wilson; 3.5 (M 26) spectrum		\(\mathrm{Al}-\alpha-n\) (R 3, C 7) \(\mathrm{S}-d-\alpha\) (S 2) \(\mathrm{P}-n-2n\) (P 2) \(\mathrm{P}-\gamma-n\) (B 20) \(\mathrm{Si}-p-n\) (B 23, B 49) \(\mathrm{Si}-\mathrm{He}^{3}-p\) (A 7)
15	\(\mathrm{P}^{31}\)		100 (A 31)

\(Z\)	Isotope \(A\)	Class	Percentage abundance	Type of radiation	Half-life period	Radiation energy in MeV: particles	Radiation energy in MeV: \(\gamma\)-rays	Obtained in reaction
17	\(\mathrm{Cl}^{37}\) \(\mathrm{Cl}^{38}\)	A	24.6 (N 33)	\(\beta^-, \gamma\)	37 min (V 1)	1.1, 2.8, 5.0 (W 16, W 17) spectrum, (W 17) coincidence abs.	1.65, 2.15 (C 28, C 12) spectrum	\(\mathrm{Cl} — d — p\) (K 4, V 1) \(\mathrm{Cl} — n — \gamma\) (A 1, K 18, A 15) \(\mathrm{K} — n — \alpha\) (H 5)
18	\(\mathrm{A}^{35}\)	A		\(\beta^+\)	1.88 sec (E 4)	4.4 (E 4, W 11) Wilson chamber		\(\mathrm{Cl} — p — n\) (W 11) \(\mathrm{S} — \alpha — n\) (K 10)
18	\(\mathrm{A}^{36}\) \(\mathrm{A}^{37}\)	A	0.307 (N 34)		34 days (W 18)			\(\mathrm{Cl} — d — 2n\) (W 18) \(\mathrm{Cl} — p — n\) (W 18) \(\mathrm{K} — d — \alpha\) (W 18) \(\mathrm{Ca} — n — \alpha\) (W 18) \(\mathrm{S} — \alpha — n\) (W 18)
18	\(\mathrm{A}^{38}\) \(\mathrm{A}^{39}\) \(\mathrm{A}^{40}\) \(\mathrm{A}^{41}\)	G A	0.061 (N 34) 99.632 (N 34)	\(\beta^-\) \(\beta^-, \gamma\)	4 min (P 2) 110 min (S 3)	1.5 (K 4) Wilson chamber (K.U.)	1.37 (R 8) Wilson chamber recoil	\(\mathrm{K} — n — p\) (P 2) \(\mathrm{A} — d — p\) (S 3) \(\mathrm{K} — n — p\) (H 5) \(\mathrm{A} — n — \gamma\) (S 3) \(\mathrm{Cl} — \alpha — n\) (H 5, R 3) \(\mathrm{Ca} — d — \alpha\) (H 5)
19	\(\mathrm{K}^{38}\)	A		\(\beta^+\)	7.7 min (H 5, R 3)	2.3 (R 3) abs.		\(\mathrm{K} — n — 2n\) (P 2) \(\mathrm{K} — \gamma — n\) (H 43, H 44),
19	\(\mathrm{K}^{39}\) \(\mathrm{K}^{40}\) (H88, S62)	A	93.38 (C 51) 0.012 (N 34)	\(\beta^-\) (T 31, C 61), \(\gamma\) (K 52); K (75%) (T 30)	\(1.42 \cdot 10^9\) years (B 71) \(4 \cdot 10^8\) years (T 30)	0.40 (H 83), 0.725 (L 6) spectrum; 1.3 (H 87) abs.	2 (K 52) abs. Fe	natural radioactivity (T 31, C 61)

\(Z\)	Isotope \(A\)	Class	Percentage abundance	Type of radiation	Half-life	Radiation energy, MeV (particles)	Radiation energy, MeV (\(\gamma\)-rays)	Obtained in the reaction
19	\(K^{41}\) \(K^{42}\)	A	6.61 (C 51)	\(\beta^-\)	12.4 h (H 5)	3.5 (K 4), Wilson chamber		\(K — d — p\) (H 5) \(K — n — \gamma\) (H 5, A 1) \(Ca — n — p\) (H 5) \(Sc — n — \alpha\) (H 5) \(Ca — n — p\) (W 1, W 12)
19	\(K^{43,44}\)	C		\(\beta^-\)	18 min (W 1, W 12)
20	\(Ca^{39}\)	F		\(\beta^+\)	4.5 min (P 2, W 12)			\(Ca — n — 2n\) (?) (P 2, W 12)
20	\(Ca^{39}\)	E		\(\beta^+\)	1.06 sec (H 44)			\(Ca — \gamma — n\) (H 44)
20	\(Ca^{40}\) \(Ca^{41}\)	B	96.96 (N 32)	K, \(\gamma\), \(e^-\) W 12	8.5 days (W 12)		1.1 (W 12) abs. Pb, abs. \(e^-\)	\(Ca — d — p\) (W 12) \(Ca — n — 2n\) (W 12)
20	\(Ca^{42}\)		0.64 (N 32)
20	\(Ca^{43}\)		0.15 (N 32)
20	\(Ca^{44}\)		2.06 (N 32)
20	\(Ca^{45}\)	A		\(\beta^-\), \(\gamma\)	180 days (W 12)	0.2, 0.9 (W 12) abs.	0.7 (W 12) abs. Pb	\(Ca — n — \gamma\) (W 12) \(Ca — d — p\) (W 12, W 5) \(Sc — n — p\) (W 12)
20	\(Ca^{46}\)		0.0033 (N 32)
20	\(Ca^{48}\)		0.19 (N 32)
20	\(Ca^{49}\)	A		\(\beta^-\), \(\gamma\)	2.5 h (W 12)	2.3 (W 12) abs.	0.8 (W 12) abs. Pb	\(Ca — d — p\) (W 12) \(Ca — n — \gamma\) (W 12)
20	\(Ca^{49}\)	B		\(\beta^-\)	30 min (W 12)			\(Ca — d — p\) (W 12) \(Ca — n — \gamma\) (W 12)
21	\(Sc^{41}\)	A		\(\beta^+\)	0.87 sec (K 10)	4.94 (E 4), Wilson chamber		\(Ca — d — n\) (K 10, E 4)
21	\(Sc^{42}\)	F		\(\beta^+\)	13.5 days (W 10)	1.4 (W 10) abs.		\(K — \alpha — n\) (W 10)

\(Z\)	Isotope \(A\)	Class	Percentage abundance	Type of radiation	Half-life	Energy of emitted particles, MeV — particles	Energy of emitted radiation, MeV — \(\gamma\)-rays	Obtained in reaction
23	V\(^{48}\)	A		\(\beta^{+}, K, \gamma\) (W5, H60)	16 days (W4)	1.0 (W4) Wilson chamber; 0.58 (H60)	1.05 (R4) Wilson chamber; recoil; 1.5 (H60) Pb absorber	Ti — \(d\) — \(n\) (W4) Sc — \(d\) — \(n\) (W6) Cr — \(d\) — \(\alpha\) (W4) Ti — \(p\) — \(n\) (D9)
23	V\(^{49}\)	B		\(K\)	600 days (W5)	no \(\beta^{+}\) or \(e^{-}\) (W5)	no \(\gamma\) (W3)	Ti — \(d\) — \(n\) (W5)
23	V\(^{50}\)	A		\(\beta^{+}\)	37 h (W4)			V — \(n\) — \(2n\) (W4) Ti — \(d\) — \(n\) (W4) Ti — \(\alpha\) — \(p\) (W4)
23	V\(^{51}\)		100 (A31)
23	V\(^{52}\)	A		\(\beta^{-}\)	3.9 min (W4)	2.05 (D24) absorber		V — \(n\) — \(\gamma\) (W4, P2, A1) V — \(d\) — \(p\) (W4) Cr — \(n\) — \(p\) (W4, P2) Mn — \(n\) — \(\alpha\) (W4, P2, A1)
24	Cr\(^{49}\)	A		\(\beta^{+}, \gamma\)	41.9 min (O7)	1.45 (O7) absorber, Wilson chamber	0.18, 1.55 (O7) Pb absorber	Ti — \(\alpha\) — \(n\) (O7) Cr — \(n\) — \(2n\) (O7)
24	Cr\(^{50}\)		4.49 (N35)
24	Cr\(^{51}\)	B		\(K, \gamma, e^{-}\) (W13)	26.5 days (W13)		0.5, 1 (W13) Pb absorber, \(e^{-}\) absorber	Ti — \(\alpha\) — \(n\) (W13) Cr — \(d\) — \(p\) (W13, A14) Cr — \(n\) — \(\gamma\) (W13) Cr — \(n\) — \(2n\) (A14)
24	Cr\(^{52}\)		83.78 (N35)
24	Cr\(^{53}\)		9.43 (N35)
24	Cr\(^{54}\)		2.30 (N35)
24	Cr\(^{55}\)	B			1.6–2.3 h (A14, D14)			Cr — \(n\) — \(\gamma\) (D14, A14) Cr — \(d\) — \(p\) (A14) Cr — \(d\) — \(n\) (L7)
25	Mn\(^{51}\)	A		\(\beta^{+}\)	46 min (L7)	2.0 (L7) absorber		Cr — \(p\) — \(\gamma\) (D2, D4)

\(Z\)	Isotope \(A\)	Class	Percentage content	Type of radiation	Half-life period	Radiation energy in MeV: particles	Radiation energy in MeV: \(\gamma\)-rays	Obtained in reaction
30	\(\mathrm{Zn}^{66}\)		27.3 (N 34)
30	\(\mathrm{Zn}^{67}\)		3.9 (N 34)
30	\(\mathrm{Zn}^{68}\)		17.4 (N 34)
30	\(\mathrm{Zn}^{69}\)	A		I. T., \(\gamma\) (K 11)	13.8 h (L 12)		0.439 (H 9, G 3) conv. spectra	Zn—\(d\)—\(p\) (L 12, K 11, V 7) Zn—\(n\)—\(\gamma\) (T 2, L 12) Ga—\(d\)—\(\alpha\) (L 12) Ga—\(n\)—\(p\) (L 12)
30	\(\mathrm{Zn}^{69}\)	A		\(\beta^{-}\)	57 min (L 12)	1.0 (L 12) abs.	no \(\gamma\) (L 12)	Zn—\(d\)—\(p\) (L 12) K 11, V 7) Zn—\(n\)—\(\gamma\) (T 2) Ga—\(d\)—\(\alpha\) (L 12) Ga—\(n\)—\(p\) (L 12) \(\mathrm{Zn}^{69}\) (13.8 h), I. T. (K 11)
30	\(\mathrm{Zn}^{70}\)		0.5 (N 34)
31	\(\mathrm{Ga}^{64}\)	B		\(\beta^{+}\)	48 min (B 13)			Zn—\(p\)—\(n\) (B 13)
31	\(\mathrm{Ga}^{66}\)	A		K, \(e^{-}\)	15 min (A 4, L 10)		0.054, 0.117 (D 9) conv. spectra	Zn—\(d\)—\(n\) (A 4, L 10) Zn—\(p\)—\(\gamma\) (D 9) Cu—\(\alpha\)—\(n\) (M 7, R 3)
31	\(\mathrm{Ga}^{66}\)	A		\(\beta^{+}\)	9.4 h (B 13, R 3)	3.1 (M 7) abs.		Zn—\(p\)—\(n\) (B 13)
31	\(\mathrm{Ga}^{67}\)	A		K, \(\gamma\), \(e^{-}\)	83 h (A 4)		0.9025, 0.180, 0.297 (H 9), conv. spectra; 0.292 (G 3), spectra; 0.094, 0.174, 0.187, 0.031, (C 21) spectra	Zn—\(\alpha\)—\(p\) (M 8) Zn—\(p\)—\(n\) (B 13, V 7) Zn—\(d\)—\(n\) (A 4, G 6, V 7)

\(Z\)	Isotope \(A\)	Class	Percentage abundance	Type of radiation	Half-life	Radiation energy in MeV — particles	Radiation energy in MeV — \(\gamma\)-rays	Obtained in reaction
32	\(Ge^{71}\)	A		\(K, e^{-}\) (?) S 30	11 days (S 30)		0.6 (S 30) abs. \(e^{-}\)	\(Ga — d — 2n\) (S 30) \(Ge — d — p\) (S 30)
32	\(Ge^{72}\)		27.3 (A 31)
32	\(Ge^{73}\)		7.9 (A 31)
32	\(Ge^{74}\)		37.1 (A 31)
32	\(Ge^{75}\)	A		\(\beta^{-}, \gamma\) (S 30)	89 min (S 30)	1.1 (S 25, S 29) Wilson chamber (K. U.); 1.2 (S 30) abs.		\(Ge — n — \gamma\) (S 6, S 29) \(Ge — d — p\) (S 6, S 29, S 30) \(Ge — n — 2n\) (S 29, S 30) \(As — n — p\) (S 29, S 30) \(Se — n — \alpha\) (S 29, S 30)
32	\(Ge^{76}\)		6.5 (A 31)
32	\(Ge^{77}\)	A		\(\beta^{-}\) (S 29)	12 h. (S 30)	1.9 (S 25, S 29) Wilson chamber (K. U.)		\(Ge — n — \gamma\) (S 6, S 29) \(Ge — d — p\) (S 29, S 30) \(Se — n — \alpha\) (S 30)
33	\(As^{72}\)	E		\(\beta^{+}\)	[[unclear: 26?]] h. (V 4)			\(Ge — p — n\) (V 4)
33	\(As^{72,73}\)	D		\(K, e^{-}\) (E 10)	90 days (S 26)		0.052 (E 10) conversion spectrum	\(Ge — d — n\) (S 26, E 10)
33	\(As^{73}\)	D		\(\beta^{+}\)	50 h. (S 29)	0.6 (S 29)		\(Ge — d — n\) (S 29)
33	\(As^{74}\)	A		\(\beta^{-}, \beta^{+}, \gamma\) (S 26)	16 days (S 26)	1.3 \((\beta^{-})\), 0.9 \((\beta^{+})\) (S 26) Wilson chamber (K. U.)	0.582 (D 15) spectrum	\(As — n — 2n\) (S 26, C 11) \(Ge — d — n\) (S 26, S 29, 14) \(Se — d — \alpha\) (F 8) \(Ge — p — n\) (D 9)

\(Z\)	Isotope \(A\)	Class	Percent abundance	Type of radiation	Half-life	Energy of radiation in MeV — particles	Energy of radiation in MeV — \(\gamma\)-rays	Obtained in reaction
33	As\(^{75}\) As\(^{76}\)	A	100 (N 30)	\(\beta^-\), \(\gamma\), \(\beta^+\) K, \(\gamma\) (?) (S 23)	26.8 h. (W 9, W 19)	1.1, 1.7, 2.7 (\(\beta^-\)) (S 23) W 9, W 19, Wilson chamber 0.7, 2.6 \(\beta^+\) (S 23) Wilson chamber, coinc. (M 35)	3.2, 2.2, 1.5 (S 23) Wilson chamber. pairs; 1.94, 0.83 (M 6) spectrum; coinc. (M 35)	As—\(d\)—\(\gamma\) (C 11, T 3) As—\(n\)—\(\gamma\) (C 11) Br—\(n\)—\(\alpha\) (C 11) Ge—\(p\)—\(n\) (V 4) Se—\(n\)—\(p\) (S 26) Se—\(d\)—\(\alpha\) (F 8)
33	As\(^{78}\)	A		\(\beta^-\), \(\gamma\)	65 min (S 9)	1.4 (S 26) Wilson chamber (K. U.)	0.27 (S 26) abs. Pb	Br—\(n\)—\(\alpha\) (S 9, C 11, S 26) Se—\(n\)—\(p\) (S 26)
34	Se\(^{74}\) Se\(^{75}\)	B	0.9 (A 31)	K, \(\gamma\), \(e^-\)	48 days (D 9); 160 days (K 30)		0.50 (D 9) spectrum conv. some \(< 0.3\) (K 30) spectrum, conv.	As—\(p\)—\(n\) (D 9) As—\(d\)—\(2n\) (K 30)
34	Se\(^{76}\) Se\(^{77}\) Se\(^{78}\) Se\(^{79,81}\)	C	9.5 (A 31) 8.3 (A 31) 24.0 (A 31)	I.T. \(e^-\) (L 30)	57 min (S 9, L 30)		0.099 (H 9) spectrum conv.	Se—\(d\)—\(p\) (S 9, L 30) Se—\(n\)—\(\gamma\) (S 9, H 10) Br—\(n\)—\(p\) (S 9, L 30) Se—\(\gamma\)—\(n\) (B 20)
34	Se\(^{79,81}\)	C		\(\beta^-\)	19 min (L 30)	1.5 (L 30) abs.		Se—\(d\)—\(p\) (S 9, L 30) Se—\(n\)—\(\gamma\) (S 9, H 10) Se—\(\gamma\)—\(n\) (B 20) Br—\(n\)—\(p\) (L 30) Se\(^{79,81}\) (57 min) I.T. (L 30)

\(Z\)	Isotope \(A\)	Class	Percentage abundance	Type of radiation	Half-life	Radiation energy in MeV: particles	Radiation energy in MeV: \(\gamma\)-rays	Obtained in reaction
36	\(\mathrm{Kr}^{80}\)		2.01 (N 30)
36	\(\mathrm{Kr}^{82}\)		11.55 (N 30)
36	\(\mathrm{Kr}^{83}\)		11.53 (N 30)
36	\(\mathrm{Kr}^{83*}\)	A		I.T., \(e^{-}\) (L 30)	113 min (L 30)		0.029, 0.046 (H 9), conversion spectrum	\(\mathrm{Br}^{83}\) \(\beta^{-}\)-decay (L 30); \(\mathrm{Se}\)—\(\alpha\)—\(n\) (C 4?, C 22); \(\mathrm{Kr}\)—\(d\)—\(p\) (C 45, C 22)
36	\(\mathrm{Kr}^{84}\)		57.11 (N 30)
36	\(\mathrm{Kr}^{85}\)			\(\beta^{-}\)	4.0 h (C 22)	0.85 (B 30) abs.		\(\mathrm{Kr}\)—\(d\)—\(p\) (S 9, C 45, C 22); \(\mathrm{Br}^{85}\) \(\beta^{-}\)-decay (B 29, S 43); \(\mathrm{Sr}\)—\(n\)—\(\alpha\) (B 29); \(\mathrm{Rb}\)—\(n\)—\(p\) (B 29)
36	\(\mathrm{Kr}^{86}\)		17.47 (N 30)
36	\(\mathrm{Kr}^{87}\)	B		\(\beta^{-}\)	74 min (S 9)	4 (B 30) abs.		\(\mathrm{Kr}\)—\(d\)—\(p\) (S 9); \(\mathrm{Br}^{87}\) \(\beta^{-}\)-decay (B 29, S 43)
36	.
36	\(\mathrm{Kr}^{88}\)	A		\(\beta^{-}\)	3 h (L 27, H 28)	2.5 (W 19) chamber; Wilson (K. U.)		\(\mathrm{Th}\)—\(n\) (H 29, A 5, L 27); \(\mathrm{U}\)—\(n\) (H 28, H 11, G 9, G 21, H 46)
36	\(\mathrm{Kr}^{89}\)	B		\(\beta^{-}\)	2.5 min (H 56)			\(\mathrm{U}\)—\(n\) (G 9, G 21, S 41, H 46, H 47)
36	\(\mathrm{Kr}^{>90}\)	D		\(\beta^{-}\)	\(<0.5\) min (H 28)			\(\mathrm{U}\)—\(n\) (H 28, H 46, H 47, H 56)
37	\(\mathrm{Rb}^{82}\)	B			20 min (H 51)			\(\mathrm{Th}\)—\(n\) (H 29); \(\mathrm{Br}\)—\(\alpha\)—\(n\) (H 51)
37	\(\mathrm{Rb}^{84}\)	B			6.5 h (H 51)			\(\mathrm{Br}\)—\(\alpha\)—\(n\) (H 51); \(\mathrm{Kr}\)—\(d\)—\(n\) (H 51)

Z	Isotope A	Class	Percent abundance	Type of radiation	Half-life	Energy of radiation in MeV: particles	Energy of radiation in MeV: γ-rays	Obtained by reaction
39	\(Y^{87}\)	B		I.T., \(e^{-}\), \(\gamma\) (D 25)	14 h. (S 24, D 13)		0.5 (D 25) abs.	Sr—\(d\)—\(n\) (S 24, D 13, D 25)
39	\(Y^{87}\)	A		K (D 13)	80 h. (D 25)		no \(\gamma\) (?) (D 25)	Sr—\(p\)—\(n\) (D 13, D 25) Sr—\(p\)—\(n\) (D 13, D 25) Sr—\(d\)—\(n\) (D 13, S 24, D 25)
39	\(Y^{88}\)	A		\(\beta^{+}\)	2.0 h. (S 24)	1.2 (S 11) Cam. Wilson (K. U.)		Sr—\(d\)—\(n\) (S 11, S 24) Y—\(n\)—\(2n\) (S 11)
39	\(Y^{88}\)	B		K, \(\gamma\) (D 25)	87 days (H 33)		0.95, 1.92 (R 12) Cam. Wilson 0.908, 1.89 (D 28) coincidence spectrum; 1.87 (S 32) Be—\(\gamma\)—\(n\); 1.9, 2.8 (G 10) D—\(\gamma\)—\(n\)	Sr—\(p\)—\(n\) (D 13, D 25) Sr—\(p\)—\(n\) (D 13, D 25) Sr—\(d\)—\(2n\) (P 11, H 33) Y—\(n\)—\(2n\) (H 33)
39	\(Y^{89}\)		100 (D 40)
39	\(Y^{90}\)	A		\(\beta^{-}\)	60 h. (S 11)	2.6 (S 11) Cam. Wilson (K. U.)		Y—\(d\)—\(p\) (S 11) Y—\(n\)—\(\gamma\) (S 11, S 12) Cb—\(n\)—\(\alpha\) (S 42, S 13) Zr—\(n\)—\(p\) (S 46, S 48) Zr—\(d\)—\(\alpha\) (S 46) \(Sr^{90}\) \(\beta^{-}\) decay (H 47)
39	\(Y^{>90}\)	C		\(\beta^{-}\), \(\gamma\) (H 56)	3.5 h. (H 56)	3.6 (B 30) abs.		\(Sr^{>90}\) (2.7 h., \(\beta^{-}\) decay (G 13, H 47, H 56) Zr—\(n\)—\(n'\) (S 46, S 48)
39	\(Y^{91}\)	B		\(\beta^{-}\), \(\gamma\) (B 30)	57 days (H 42, G 13)	1.6 (B 30) abs.		\(Sr^{91}\) \(\beta^{-}\) decay (H 47, G 13) Zr—\(n\)—\(p\) (S 48)

Z	Isotope A	Class	Percentage abundance	Type of radiation	Half-life	Energy of radiation in MeV: particles	Obtained in reaction
45	Rh\(^{102}\)	A		β−, β+, γ (M 23)	210 days (M 23)	1.1 (β−) (M 23), abs.	Rh — n — 2n (M 23)
45	Rh\(^{103}\)		100 (C 53)
45	Rh\(^{104}\)	A		I.T., e− (P 5)	4.2 min (P 5)	0.055—0.080 (P 5), abs.; e−; L(68)(09) spectr. conv.	Rh — n — γ (P 5, A 1, P 2)
45	Rh\(^{104}\)	A		β−	44 sec (P 5, A 1)	.3 (C 13), cam. Wilson	Ru — p — n (D 9) Rh — n — γ (P 5, A 1) Rh\(^{104}\) (4.2 min) I.I. (P 5)
45	Rh	E			3 h. (D 9)		Ru — p — n (L 13)
45	Rh	E			10.7 h. (D 9)		Ru — p — n (?) (D 9)
45	Rh	E			< day (D 9)		Ru — p — n (?) (D 9)
45	Rh\(^{105}\)	B		β−	34 h. (N 12, N 13)	0.5 (N 13), abs.	Ru\(^{105}\) β-decay (N 12, D 7, L 13)
45	Rh	D		β−	24 min (B 31)	1.2 (B 31), abs.	Ru (4 min) β-decay (B 31)
46	Pd\(^{102}\)		0.8 (S 63)
46	Pd\(^{104}\)		9.3 (S 63)
46	Pd\(^{105}\)		22.6 (S 63)
46	Pd\(^{106}\)		27.2 (S 63)
46	Pd\(^{107,109}\)	C		β−	13 h. (K 6)	1.03 (F 6), cam. Wilson	Pd — d — p (K 6) Pd — n — γ (A 1, K 6) Ag — n — p (F 5)
46	Pd\(^{108}\)		26.8 (S 63)
46	Pd\(^{110}\)		13.5 (S 63)
46	Pd\(^{111}\)	A		β−	26 min (S 33)	3.5 (B 31), abs.	Pd — d — p (K 6, A 1) Pd — n — γ (K 6, A 1) U — n (S 33, N 14) Th — n (S 33)

\(Z\)	Isotope \(A\)	Class	Percentage abundance	Type of radiation	Half-life	Radiation energy in MeV: particles	Radiation energy in MeV: \(\gamma\)-rays	Obtained in reaction
47	\(\mathrm{Ag}^{107,109}\)	C		I.T., \(e^{-}\)	40 sec (A 12)		0.93 (V 7, A 12, H ?), conversion spectrum	\(\mathrm{Cd}^{108,109}\) (6–7 h), K-decay (A 12, H 34) \(\mathrm{Cd}^{107,109}\) (15? d.), K-decay (H 34) \(\mathrm{Ag}\ — n-n\) (A 12) \(\mathrm{Pd}^{??}\), \(0?\,\beta^{-}\)-decay (S 33) \(\mathrm{Ag}\ — x\)-rays (F 9) \(\mathrm{Ag}\ — n-\gamma\) (A 1) \(\mathrm{Ag}\ — \gamma-n\) (B 20) \(\mathrm{Pd}\ — p-n\) (D 2, E 6) \(\mathrm{Cd}\ — n-p\) (P 6) \(\mathrm{Ag}\ — d-p\) (K 12, K 15)
47	\(\mathrm{Ag}^{108}\)	A		\(\beta^{-}\)	2.3 min (A 1, B 20)	2.8 (N 4) Wilson chamber
47	\(\mathrm{Ag}^{109}\)		48.1 (P 44)
47	\(\mathrm{Ag}^{110}\)	A		\(\beta^{-}, \gamma\) (P 6)	22 sec (A 1, P 6)	2.8 (G 4) Wilson chamber (K. U.)		\(\mathrm{Ag}\ — n-\gamma\) (A !) \(\mathrm{Cd}\ — n-p\) (P 6)
47	\(\mathrm{Ag}^{108,110}\)	C		K, \(\gamma\), \(e^{-}\) (K 15, H 59)	225 d. (L 14, R 10)		0.650, 0.925, 1.51 (D 19) spectrum; 0.6 (K 15) abs. Al.	\(\mathrm{Ag}\ — n-\gamma\) (R 10, L 14, S 8, M 12) \(\mathrm{Ag}\ — d-p\) (K 12, K 15, H 59) \(\mathrm{Pd}\ — d-n\) (K 6, P 6)
47	\(\mathrm{Ag}^{111}\)	A		\(\beta^{-}\)	7.5 days (K 6, P 6)	\(\sim 0.8\) (B 33) abs.	no \(\gamma\) (K 6, P 6)	\(\mathrm{Pd}\ — \alpha-p\) (P 6) \(\mathrm{Cd}\ — n-p\) (P 6) \(\mathrm{Pd}^{111}\ \beta^{-}\)-decay (K 6, S 33, N 14)
47	\(\mathrm{Ag}^{112}\)	A		\(\beta^{-}, \gamma\)	3.2 h (P 6)	2.2 (P 6) Wilson chamber		\(\mathrm{Cd}\ — n-p\) (P 6) \(\mathrm{In}\ — n-\alpha\) (P 9) \(\mathrm{Pd}^{112}\ \beta^{-}\)-decay (S 33, N 14) \(\mathrm{U}\ — n\) (N 9)

\(Z\)	Isotope \(A\)	Class	Percentage content	Type of radiation	Half-life	Radiation energy in MeV, \(\gamma\)-rays	Obtained in reaction
51	Sb\(^{133}\)	A		\(\beta^-\)	\(< 10\) min (A 6, W 21)		U — \(n\) (A 6, S 21, W 21) Th — \(n\) (S 21, W 21)
52	Te\(^{120}\) Te\(^{121}\)	A	\(< 1\) (A 31)	K, \(e^-\) (S 15, O8)	125 d. (S 15)	coinc. (Y 3)	Sb — \(d\) — \(2n\) (S 15) Sn — \(\alpha\) — \(n\) (S 15) Sb — \(p\) — \(n\) (S 15)
52	Te\(^{122}\) Te\(^{122,124}\)	E	2.9 (A 31)	I. T., \(e^-\) (?)	30 d. (K 17)	0.0820, 0.0883, 0.136, 0.1573, 0.2108, 0.615 (K 17) conv. spectrum	Sb — \(d\) — \(n\) (?) (K 17)
52	Te\(^{123}\) Te\(^{124}\) Te\(^{125}\) Te\(^{126}\)		1.6 (A 31) 4.5 (A 31) 6.0 (A 31) 19.0 (A 31)
52	Te\(^{127}\)	A		I. T., \(e^-\) (S 15)	90 d. (S 15)	0.086 (H 9) conv. spectrum	Te — \(d\) — \(p\) (S 15) I — \(n\) — \(p\) (S 15) Te — \(d\) — \(p\) (S 15, T 4) I — \(n\) — \(p\) (S 15) Te — \(n\) — \(2n\) (T 4) Te\(^{127}\) (90 d.) I. T. (S 15) Sb\(^{127}\) \(\beta^-\) decay (A 6)
52	Te\(^{127}\)	A		\(\beta^-\)	9.3 h. (S 15)
52	Te\(^{128}\) Te\(^{129}\)	A	32.8 (A 31)	I. T., \(e^-\) (S 15)	32 days (S 15)	0.102 (H 9) conv. spectrum	Te — \(d\) — \(p\) (S 15, T 4) Te — \(n\) — \(2n\) (T 4) U — \(n\) (H 55)

\(Z\)	Isotope \(A\)	Class	Percent abundance	Type of radiation	Half-life period	Radiation energy in MeV: particles	Radiation energy in MeV: \(\gamma\)-rays	Obtained in reaction
52	\(\mathrm{Te}^{129}\)	A		\(\beta^-\)	72 min (S 15, A 6)			Te—\(d\)—\(p\) (S 15, T 4) Te—\(\gamma\)—\(n\) (B 20) Te—\(n\)—\(2n\) (H 10, T 4) \(\mathrm{Te}^{129}\) (32 days) I. T. (S 15) \(\mathrm{Sb}^{129}\) \(\beta^-\) decay (A 6)
52	\(\mathrm{Te}^{130}\)		33.1 (A 31)
52	\(\mathrm{Te}^{131}\)	A		I. T., \(e^-\) (S 15)	30 h (S 15, A 6)		0.177 (H 9) conversion spectrum	Te—\(d\)—\(p\) (S 15) U—\(n\) (A 6, H 22)
52	\(\mathrm{Te}^{131}\)	A		\(\beta^-\)	25 min (S 15)			Te—\(d\)—\(p\) (S 15) Te—\(n\)—\(\gamma\) (S 15) U—\(n\) (A 6) \(\mathrm{Te}^{131}\) (30 h) I. T. (S 15) \(\mathrm{Sb}^{>131}\) (<10 min) \(\beta^-\) decay (A 6, H 22)
52	\(\mathrm{Te}^{>131}\)	D		\(\beta^-\)	43 min (A 6)			Th—\(n\) (P 12)
52	\(\mathrm{Te}^{>131}\)	D′	·	\(\beta^-\)	77 h (A 6)	\(\sim 0.3\) (B 30) abs.		\(\mathrm{Sb}^{>131}\) (5 min) \(\beta^-\) decay (A 6, H 22) Th—\(n\) (H 24)
52	\(\mathrm{Te}^{133}\)	A		\(\beta^-\)	60 min (A 6, H 21)			\(\mathrm{Sb}^{133}\) \(\beta^-\) decay (A 6, H 22, S 21, W 21)
52	\(\mathrm{Te}^{135}\)	A		\(\beta^-\)	< 1 min—15 min (W 21, S 21)			U—\(n\) (S 21, W 21)
52	Te	D		\(\beta^-\)	\(\sim 1\) min (H 55)			Th—\(n\) (S 21, W 21) U—\(n\) (H 55)
53	\(\mathrm{J}^{124}\)	A		\(\beta^+\)	4.0 days (L 19, D 9)			Sb—\(\alpha\)—\(n\) (L 19) Te—\(p\)—\(n\) (D 9)
53	\(\mathrm{J}^{126}\)	A		\(\beta^-\), \(\gamma\)	13.0 days (L 19, T 4)	1.1 (L 19) abs.	0.5 (L 19) abs. Pb	Sb—\(\alpha\)—\(n\) (L 19) J—\(n\)—\(2n\) (T 4, L 19) Te—\(d\)—\(n\) (L 19) Te—\(p\)—\(n\) (D 9)

\(Z\)	Isotope \(A\)	Class	Percentage content	Type of radiation	Half-life period	Radiation energy in MeV — particles	Radiation energy in MeV — \(\gamma\)-rays	Obtained in reaction
53	\(J^{127}\) \(J^{128}\)	A	100 (N 30)	\(\beta^-\), \(\gamma\)	24.99 min (H 36)	1.85 (B 14) Wilson chamber, or 1.05, 2.10 (B 14) Wilson chamber, (K, U).	0.4 (L 19) absorption Pb	\(J — n — \gamma\) (A 1, T 4) \(Te — d — 2n\) (L 19) \(Te — p — n\) (D 9)
53	\(J^{130}\)	A		\(\beta^-\), \(\gamma\)	12.6 h (L 19)	0.61, 1.03 (R 23) coincidence spectrum	0.417, 0.537, 0.667, 0.744 (R 23) spectrum, conversion spectrum, coincidence spectrum	\(Te — d — 2n\) (L 19) \(Te — p — n\) (D 9) \(Cs — n — d\) (W 21) \(Th — n\) (?) (P 15)
53	\(J^{131}\)	A		\(\beta^-\), \(\gamma\)	8.0 days (L 19)	0.687 (T 7) Wilson chamber; 0.595 (D 29, D 30, D 31) coincidence spectrum	0.4 (L 19) absorption Pb; 0.367, 0.080 (D 30, D 31) spectrum, conversion spectrum, coincidence	\(Te — d — n\) (L 19, R 19) \(Te^{131}\) \(\beta^-\)-decay (S 15, A 6, H 22) \(U — \alpha\) (F 10)
53	\(J>131\)	D		\(\beta^-\), \(\gamma\)	2.4 h (A 6)	\(\sim 1.35\) (B 30) absorption	0.85 (B 30) absorption	\(Te>131\) (77 h) \(\beta^-\)-decay (A 6, H 22, P 12) \(U — \alpha\) (F 10)
53	\(J>131\)	D		\(\beta^-\)	54 min (A 6)			\(Te>131\) (43 min) \(\beta^-\)-decay (H 22, A 6, P 12, P 15) \(Th — n\) (D 6) \(U — \alpha\) (F 10)
53	\(J^{133}\)	A		\(\beta^-\)	22 h (A 6, W 21)	1.1 (P 13) Wilson chamber		\(Te^{133}\) \(\beta^-\)-decay (H 22, A 6, S 21, W 21) \(U — \alpha\) (F 10)

\(Z\)	Isotope \(A\)	Class	Percentage content	Type of radiation	Half-life	Radiation energy in MeV: particles	Radiation energy in MeV: \(\gamma\)-rays	Obtained in the reaction
53	\(J^{135}\)	A		\(\beta^-\)	6.6 h (S 21, D 27, W 21)			\(Te^{135}\) \(\beta^-\)-decay (S 21, W 21)
53	\(J^{137}\)	E			30 sec (S 35)			\(U - n\) (S 35, S 43)
53	\(J\)	E			1.8 min (S 35)			\(U - n\) (S 35)
54	\(Xe^{124}\)		0.094 (N 30)
54	\(Xe^{126}\)		0.088 (N 30)
54	\(Xe^{127}\)	B		I.T. (?); \(e^-, \gamma\) (C 41)	75 sec (C 41)		0.175, 0.125 (C 41); conversion spectrum	\(J - p - n\) (B 41, C 41)
54	\(Xe^{127}\)	B		\(e^-, \gamma\) (C 41)	34 days (C 41)		0.9 (C 41) abs. \(e^-\)	\(I - p - n\) (C 41)
54	\(Xe^{128}\)		1.90 (N 30)
54	\(Xe^{129}\)		26.23 (N 30)
54	\(Xe^{130}\)		4.07 (N 30)
54	\(Xe^{131}\)		21.17 (N 30)
54	\(Xe^{132}\)		26.96 (N 30)
54	\(Xe^{133}\)	A		I.T., \(e^-\) (S 27); \(\beta^-\) (S 47) (?)	7.0 days (R 22); 5.4 days (C 22)	0.2—0.3 (B 30, S 47) abs.	0.083 (H 25); conversion spectrum	\(J^{133}\) \(\beta^-\)-decay (S 21, D 27, W 21) \(Xe - d - p\) (C 22) \(Te - \alpha - n\) (C 22) \(Xe - n - \gamma\) (R 22) \(Cs - n - p\) (W 21) \(Ba - n - \alpha\) (W 21, S 47)
54	\(Xe^{134}\)		10.54 (N 30)
54	\(Xe^{135}\)	A		\(\beta^-, \gamma\) (B 30)	9.4 [[unclear: time unit]] (S 21, W 21)	0.95 (B 30) abs. Al; 0.9 (S 47) abs. Al		\(J^{135}\) \(\beta^-\)-decay (S 21, D 27, W 21) \(Xe - d - p\) (C 22) \(Ba - n - \alpha\) (W 21, S 47)
54	\(Xe^{135}\)	A		\(\beta^-, \gamma\) (B 30)	15.6 min (R 22)	0.7 (B 30) abs. Al; 0.6 (S 47) abs. Al		\(J^{135}\) \(\beta^-\)-decay (G 11) \(Xe - n - \gamma\) (R 22)

\(Z\)	Isotope \(A\)	Class	Percent abundance	Type of radiation	Half-life period	Radiation energy in MeV: particles	Radiation energy in MeV: \(\gamma\)-rays	Obtained in reaction
57	\(\mathrm{La}^{137}\)	B		\(K,\ \gamma\) (W 23, M 24)	17.5 h (W 23)		0.88 (W 23) abs. Pb	\(\mathrm{Ba}—d—n\) (W 23, M 24)
57	\(\mathrm{La}^{138}\)	F			2.2 h (P 2)			\(\mathrm{Ba}—p—n\) (W 23, W 22) \(\mathrm{La}—n—2n\) (?) (P 2)
57	\(\mathrm{La}^{139}\)		100 (A 31)
57	\(\mathrm{La}^{140}\)	A		\(\beta^{-},\ \gamma\)	40.0 h (W 23)	1.41 (W 23) abs. Al, spectrum	2.00 (W 23, M 24) abs. Pb; 2.04 (M 27) spectrum	\(\mathrm{La}—d—p\) (P 8, W 23, M 24) \(\mathrm{La}—n—\gamma\) (P 9, M 3, W 23, M 24, G 14) \(\mathrm{Ce}—n—p\) (W 23) \(\mathrm{Ba}—d—\gamma\) (?) (W 23) \(\mathrm{Ba}^{140}\ \beta\)-decay (H 48, H 28, H 22, G 21)
57	\(\mathrm{La}^{>140}\)	D		\(\beta^{-}\)	74 min (H 48)			\(\mathrm{Ba}^{>140}\) (6 min) \(\beta^{-}\)-decay (H 48)
57	\(\mathrm{La}^{>140}\)	D		\(\beta^{-}\)	3.5 h (H 48)			\(\mathrm{Ba}^{>140}\) (18 min) \(\beta^{-}\)-decay (H 48)
57	\(\mathrm{La}^{>140}\)	E		\(\beta^{-}\)	\< 30 min (H 14, H 15)			\(\mathrm{Th}—\)[[unclear: reaction symbol]] (C 16) \(\mathrm{Ba}^{>140}\) (\< 1 min) \(\beta^{-}\)-decay (H 14, H 15)
57	\(\mathrm{La}^{>140}\)	F		\(\beta^{-}\)	15 min (H 55)			\(\mathrm{U}—n\) (H 55)
57	\(\mathrm{La}^{>140}\)	F		\(\beta^{-}\)	13 days (H 55)			\(\mathrm{U}—n\) (H 55)?
58	\(\mathrm{Ce}^{136}\)		\< 1 (D 41)
58	\(\mathrm{Ce}^{138}\)		\< 1 (D 41)
58	\(\mathrm{Ce}^{139}\)	F		\(\beta^{+}\)	2.1 min (P 9)			\(\mathrm{Ce}—n—2n\) (?) (P 9)
58	\(\mathrm{Ce}^{140}\)		89 (A 31)
58	\(\mathrm{Ce}^{140*}\)	B		I. T., \(\gamma\) (P 14)	140 days (P 14)		0.21 (P 14)	\(\mathrm{La}—d—n\) (P 14) \(\mathrm{Ba}—\alpha—n\) (P 14)

\(Z\)	Isotope \(A\)	Class	Percentage abundance	Type of radiation	Half-life	Radiation energy in MeV: particles	Radiation energy in MeV: \(\gamma\)-rays	Obtained in the reaction
68	\(\mathrm{Er}^{165}\)	F		\(\beta^+\)	1.1 min (P 9)			\(\mathrm{Er}-n-2n\) (?) (P 9)
68	\(\mathrm{Er}^{166}\)	F	32.9 (W 42)
68	\(\mathrm{Er}^{167}\)	F	24.4 (W 42)
68	\(\mathrm{Er}^{168}\)	F	26.9 (W 42)
68	\(\mathrm{Er}^{169,171}\)	C		\(\beta^-\)	7 min (M 13)			\(\mathrm{Er}-n-\gamma\) (M 13, M 18)
68	\(\mathrm{Er}^{169,171}\)	C			12 h. (H 17, P 9)			\(\mathrm{Er}-n-\gamma\) (H 17, H 20, P 9, R 24)
68	\(\mathrm{Er}^{170}\)		14.2 (W 42)
69	\(\mathrm{Tm}^{169}\)	A	100 (A 33)
69	\(\mathrm{Tm}^{170}\)	A			105 d. (H 20)			\(\mathrm{Tm}-n-\gamma\) (H 20, N 7)
70	\(\mathrm{Yb}^{168}\)		0.06 (W 43)
70	\(\mathrm{Yb}^{170}\)		4.21 (W 43)
70	\(\mathrm{Yb}^{171}\)		14.26 (W 43)
70	\(\mathrm{Yb}^{172}\)		21.49 (W 43)
70	\(\mathrm{Yb}^{173}\)		17.02 (W 43)
70	\(\mathrm{Yb}^{174}\)		29.58 (W 43)
70	\(\mathrm{Yb}^{175,177}\)	C			3.5 h. (H 17, M 13)			\(\mathrm{Yb}-n-\gamma\) (H 20, H 17, M 13, P 9)
70	\(\mathrm{Yb}^{176}\)		13.38 (W 43)
70	\(\mathrm{Yb}\) (?)	G			41 h. (P 9)			\(\mathrm{Yb}-n-\gamma\) (?) (P 9)
71	\(\mathrm{Lu}^{175}\)	A	97.5 (M 54)	\(\beta^-\) (H 80, L 70); \(\gamma\) (F 16)	\(7.3\times10^{10}\) years (L 70)	0.215 (L 70) abs. Al, spectrum; 0.40 (F 16)	0.260 (F 16)	natural radioact. (H 80)
71	\(\mathrm{Lu}^{176}\)	A	2.5 (M 54)
71	(H 80, M 54)	C		\(\beta^-\)
71	\(\mathrm{Lu}^{176,177}\)	C		\(\beta^-\)	3.4 years (F 16)	1.150 (F 16) abs.		\(\mathrm{Lu}-n-\gamma\) (H 20, H 17, M 13, M 18, F 16)
71	\(\mathrm{Lu}^{176,177}\)	C		\(\beta^-\)	6.6 d. (F 16)	0.440 (F 16) abs.		\(\mathrm{Lu}-n-\gamma\) (H 17, H 20, F 6, F 16)

\(Z\)	Isotope \(A\)	Class	Percentage content	Type of radiation	Half-life period	Radiation energy in MeV: particles	Radiation energy in MeV: \(\gamma\)-rays	Obtained in reaction
78	\(\mathrm{Pt}^{197}\)	B		\(\beta^-, \gamma\) (K 27)	3.3 days (M 15)			\(\mathrm{Pt}-n-\gamma\) (M 15, P 2) \(\mathrm{Pt}-d-p\) (K 27)
78	\(\mathrm{Pt}^{198}\)		7.2 (S 63)
78	\(\mathrm{Pt}^{199}\)	A		\(\beta^-\)	31 min (M 15)	1.8 (S 37, K 27) abs.		\(\mathrm{Pt}-n-\gamma\) (M 15, A 1, M 14, S 37) \(\mathrm{Pt}-d-p\) (C 19, K 27, S 37) \(\mathrm{Hg}-n-\alpha\) (S 37)
79	\(\mathrm{Au}^{196}\)	B		\(\beta^-\)	13 h (M 15)			\(\mathrm{Au}-n-2n\) (M 15)
79	\(\mathrm{Au}^{196}\)	B		\(\beta^-, \gamma, e\) (K 27)	4–5 days (M 15); 5.6 days (L 29, K 27)	0.36 (C 43)	0.41 (C 43)	\(\mathrm{Au}-n-2n\) (M 15) \(\mathrm{Pt}-d-n\) (K 27)
79	\(\mathrm{Au}^{197}\)		100 (D 44)
79	\(\mathrm{Au}^{198}\)	A		\(\beta^-, \gamma\)	2.7 days (M 15, A 1)	0.8 (M 15, R 2) abs. and Wilson chamber; 0.78 (C 31) abs., coinc.	0.28, 0.44, 2.5 (R 2, S 17) chamber, Wilson, recoil, coinc.	\(\mathrm{Au}-n-\gamma\) (M 15, A 1, P 2, D 33) \(\mathrm{Au}-d-p\) (C 18, K 28) \(\mathrm{Hg}-n-p\) (S 37)
79	\(\mathrm{Au}^{199}\)	A		\(\beta^-, \gamma\) (K 27)	3.3 days (M 15)	1.01 (K 27) abs.	0.45 (K 27) abs.	\(\mathrm{Pt}^{199}\ \beta^-\) decay (M 15, K 27) \(\mathrm{Hg}-n-p\) (S 37) \(\mathrm{Pt}-d-n\) (K 27)
79	\(\mathrm{Au}^{200,202}\)	D		\(\beta^-\)	48 min (S 37, M 32)	2.5 (S 37) abs.		\(\mathrm{Hg}-n-p\) (S 37, M 32) \(\mathrm{Tl}-n-\alpha\) (M 32)
80	\(\mathrm{Hg}^{196}\)		0.15 (N 33)

\(Z\)	Isotope \(A\)	Class	Percentage content	Type of radiation	Half-life	Energy of radiation in MeV: particles	Energy of radiation in MeV: \(\gamma\)-rays	Obtained in reaction
82	Pb*	D		i.t., \(e^{-}\)	1.6 min (W 27)		\(\sim 0.3\) (W 27) abs. \(e^{-}\)	Pb—\(x\)-rays (W 27)
83	Bi\(^{207}\)	A		K (?), \(e^{-}\) \(\gamma\) (L 23)	6.4 days (K 29)		0.74 (K 29) abs. \(e^{-}\); 0.93 (F 14) abs. \(e^{-}\), 1.1 (F 14) abs. Pb	Pb—\(d\)—\(n\) (F 15, F 14, K 29)
	Bi\(^{209}\)		100 (N 36)
	Ra E\(^{210}\)	A		\(\beta^{-}\)	5.0 days (C 60)	1.17 (F 30, N 40, L 76) spectrum		Ra D\(^{210}\) \(\beta^{-}\) decay Bi—\(d\)—\(p\) (L 13, C 26, H 27) Bi—\(n\)—\(\gamma\) (M 29)
	Ac C\(^{211}\)	A		\(\alpha\) (99.68%) (C 60) \(\gamma\) (R 40); \(\beta^{-}\) (0.32%) (C 60) \(\gamma\) (C 60)	2.16 min (C 60)	6.619 (\(\alpha\)) (H 81) spectrum		Ac B\(^{211}\) \(\beta^{-}\) decay
	Th C\(^{212}\)	A		\(\alpha\) (33.7%) (K 50) \(\gamma\) (R 40); \(\beta^{-}\) (66.3%) (K 50), \(\gamma\) (C 60)	60.5 min (C 60)	6.054 (\(\alpha\)) (B 70, H 81) spectrum; 2.20 (\(\beta^{-}\)) (S 72) spectrum		Th B\(^{212}\) \(\beta^{-}\) decay
	Ra C\(^{214}\)	A		\(\alpha\) (0.04%) (C 60); \(\beta^{-}\) (99.96%) (C 60), \(\gamma\) (R 40)	19.7 min (C 60)	5.502 (\(\alpha\)) (L 73) spectrum; 3.15 (\(\beta^{-}\)) (S 72) abs. Al, spectrum	1.8 (R 40)	Ra B\(^{214}\) \(\beta^{-}\) decay

\(Z\)	Isotope \(A\)	Class	Percent abundance	Type of radiation	Half-life	Energy of radiation in MeV: particles	Energy of radiation in MeV: \(\gamma\)-rays	Obtained in reaction
86	\(\mathrm{Au}^{219}\)	A		\(\alpha\)	3.92 sec (C 60)	5.824 (H 81, L 73) spectrum		\(\mathrm{AcX}^{223}\) \(\alpha\) decay
86	\(\mathrm{Th}^{220}\)	A		\(\alpha\)	54.5 sec (C 60)	5.282 (B 70, H 81) spectrum		\(\mathrm{ThX}^{224}\) \(\alpha\) decay
86	\(\mathrm{Rn}^{222}\)	A		\(\alpha\)	3.825 days (C 60)	5.486 (B 70, H 81) spectrum		\(\mathrm{Ra}^{226}\) \(\alpha\) decay
87	\(87^{223}\) (AcK)	E		\(\beta^{-}, \gamma\) (P 41, P 43)	21 min (P 40, P 43)	1.20 (P 42, P 41), chamber, Wilson	\(>3\) (P 41) chamber, Wilson, pairs	\(\mathrm{Ac}^{227}\) \(\alpha\) decay (P 40)
88	\(\mathrm{AcX}^{223}\)	A		\(\alpha,\gamma\) (R 40)	11.2 days (C 60)	6.717 (L 73) spectrum		\(\mathrm{RdAc}^{227}\) \(\alpha\) decay
88	\(\mathrm{ThX}^{224}\)	A		\(\alpha\)	3.64 days (L 71)	5.631 (B 70) spectrum		\(\mathrm{RdTh}^{228}\) \(\alpha\) decay
88	\(\mathrm{Ra}^{225}\)	A		\(\alpha,\gamma\) (C 60)	1590 years (C 60)	1.791 (L 73) spectrum	0.19 (R 40)	\(\mathrm{Io}^{230}\) \(\alpha\) decay
88	\(\mathrm{MsTh}_{1}^{228}\)	A		\(\beta^{-}\)	6.7 years (C 60)	0.053 (L 72) absorption, Al		\(\mathrm{Th}^{232}\) \(\alpha\) decay
89	\(\mathrm{Ac}^{227}\)	A		\(\alpha\) (1%); \(\beta^{-}\) (99%) (P 40)	13.5 years (C 60)	5.0 (\(\alpha\)) (P 40) absorption, air; 0.220 \(\beta^{-}\) (H 82) spectrum	no \(\gamma\) (P 43)	\(\mathrm{Pa}^{231}\) \(\alpha\) decay
89	\(\mathrm{MsTh}_{2}^{228}\)	A		\(\beta^{-}, \gamma\) (C 60); \(\alpha\) (G 40)	6.13 h (C 60)	1.55 \(\beta^{-}\) (L 6) spectrum; 4.5 (\(\alpha\)) (G 40) absorption, air		\(\mathrm{MsTh}_{1}^{228}\) \(\beta^{-}\) decay
90	\(\mathrm{RdAc}^{227}\)	A		\(\alpha,\gamma\) (C 60)	18.9 days (C 60)	5.049 (L 73) spectrum		\(\mathrm{Ac}^{227}\) \(\beta^{-}\) decay
90	\(\mathrm{RdTh}^{228}\)	A		\(\alpha,\gamma\) (C 60)	1.9 years (C 60)	5.418 (L 73) spectrum		\(\mathrm{MsTh}_{2}^{228}\) \(\beta^{-}\) decay
90	\(\mathrm{Io}^{230}\)	A		\(\alpha,\gamma\) (W 53)	\(8.3 \times 10^{4}\) years (C 60)	4.66 (G 41) absorption, air; 4.81 (W 51) calor.		\(\mathrm{U}_{1}^{234}\) \(\alpha\) decay
90	\(\mathrm{UY}^{231}\)	A		\(\beta^{-}\)	24.6 h (C 60); 24.0 h (G 43)	\(\sim 0.2\) (E 30) absorption		\(\mathrm{AcU}^{235}\) \(\alpha\) decay; Th — \(n\) — \(2n\) (N 5)
90	\(\mathrm{Th}^{232}\)	A	100 (D 45)	\(\alpha\)	\(1.39 \times 10^{10}\) years (K 50)	4.20 (S 73) ioniz. chamber		natural radioact. (C 62, S 76)

\(Z\)	Isotope \(A\)	Class	Percentage content	Type of radiation	Half-life period	Emission energy, MeV: particles	Emission energy, MeV: \(\gamma\)-rays	Obtained in the reaction
92	\(U_{1}^{238}\)	A	99.2 (N 39)	\(\alpha\)	\(4.51\times 10^{9}\) years (N 41)	1.15 (R 43) Wilson chamber; 4.23 (S 75) air absorption; 4.21 (S 77) ionization chamber		natural radioactivity (B 72)
92	\(U^{239}\)	A		\(\beta^{-}\)	23 min (I 1, S 4)			\(U—n—\gamma\) (H 18, H 14, I 1, M 19, S 44)
93	\(93^{239}\)	A		\(\beta^{-},\ \gamma\)	23 days (M 28, M 19)	0.47 (M 28) absorption	0.22, 0.27 (H 25) conversion spectrum; spectrum	\(U^{239}\ \beta^{-}\) decay (M 28, S 39, S 44)