FRAGMENTS FORMED IN THE FISSION OF URANIUM NUCLEI

(Half-lives, yields, and decay chains)

Tables containing the characteristics of the fragments formed in the fission of uranium nuclei have been published in the journals Journal of the American Chemical Society, 68, 2411 (1946), and Reviews of Modern Physics.

The tables were compiled by H. Seaborg. They are dated June 1, 1946. The tables contain data on 160 radioactive fission products.

The tables are reproduced without any changes or abridgements.

EXPLANATIONS TO THE TABLES

The first table gives data concerning various fission fragments. The fragments are arranged in order of increasing atomic numbers. In the first column are given the atomic numbers \(Z\) and atomic weights \(A\) of the isotopes. In those cases where the latter have not been precisely determined, the data are enclosed in parentheses (e.g., \(\mathrm{Ge}^{(76)}\)). An asterisk means that the nucleus is in a metastable state (e.g., \(\mathrm{Se}^{81*}\)).

In the second column are given the half-lives, with the following abbreviations: “sec.” — seconds, “min.” — minutes, “hr.” — hours, “days” — days, “yr.” — years.

If the radiation of the nucleus could not be observed directly, possible limits for the values of the half-life are indicated.

The third column gives the characteristics of the radiation. The following designations are used: \(\beta^{-}\) — electron decay, \(\gamma\) — gamma rays, \(e^{-}\) — conversion electrons, \(n\) — neutrons, and “I.T.” — isomeric transition.

In the fourth column is indicated the investigator who first discovered and identified the given isotope among the fission fragments.

In the fifth column is indicated the degree of certainty of the data given:

A — the element is determined reliably, the isotope reliably.
B — the element is determined reliably, the isotope is most probable.
C — the element is determined reliably, the isotope is uncertain.
D — unreliable data.

The yield of the given nucleus, in percent, is given in the sixth column. The yield is defined as the percentage of fissions leading to the formation of the given fragment, directly or as a result of the decay of a preceding-

…existing fragments. Most of the yield values given were measured relative to the value \(6.1\%\) for 12.8-day \(\mathrm{Ba}^{140}\).

The principal data were obtained by irradiating natural uranium in a boiler. In several cases, marked by the letter \(t\), the uranium was irradiated with thermal neutrons at room temperature.

In the seventh column are given the maximum energies of the beta spectra and of conversion electrons.

In those cases where only extrapolated values according to Konopinski–Uhlenbeck (K8) are given, the corresponding quantities are supplied with the sign (K.U.).

To designate the method by which these energies were measured, the following abbreviations are used:

“спектр.” — magnetic spectrometer or spectrograph;

“абс. Al, F.” — absorption in aluminum with estimation of the range by Feather’s method (F4, F5, F6);

“абс. Al” — absorption of particles in aluminum with estimation of the range visually or from the half-thickness;

“абс. Al совл.” — absorption in aluminum of \(\beta\)-\(\gamma\) coincidences;

“Кам. Вильсона” — measurements in a Wilson chamber.

The maximum energy of the \(\beta\)-spectrum was calculated from the range using the refined range–energy relation (G145).

In the eighth column are indicated the energies of the \(\gamma\)-rays and the method by which they were measured. The following abbreviations are introduced here:

“спектр.” — denotes a magnetic spectrometer or spectrograph for the study of secondary electrons;

“спектр. конв.” — the same for conversion electrons;

“абс. Pb” — absorption in lead (if the absorption was measured in another element, its symbol is given);

“абс. Al конв.” — absorption of conversion electrons in aluminum;

“абс. Al совл.” — absorption of coincidences of secondary electrons in aluminum.

For a good determination of \(\gamma\)-ray energies, only the first three methods are suitable.

In the ninth column are indicated the nuclear reactions in which the given nuclei are obtained, their genesis, and references to the works in which they were first identified. The following abbreviations are used:

“дел.” — fission,

“пред.” — precursor,

“посл.” — subsequent nucleus,

“гип.” — nuclei not observed directly,

“масс. спектр.” — mass determination with a mass spectrograph,

“вых. дел.” — mass determination from the fission yield,

“B. W.” — indicates cases where the Bohr–Wheeler equation (B10) was used quantitatively.

In the last column additional references to the literature are given.

Fragments Formed in the Fission of Uranium Nuclei

The second table gives schemes of decay chains, masses, and yields in fission. The fission products are divided into two groups—light and heavy.

The first includes all fragments with atomic weight \(A \leqslant 117\); the second, the remaining fragments.

Atomic weights are enclosed in parentheses if they have been determined with insufficient accuracy.

Genetic relationships of the fragments are shown by arrows. Dotted arrows denote determinations that are not sufficiently accurate.

Half-lives are enclosed in parentheses in cases where the nuclei were not directly detected in the fission products, although their presence in them is very probable.

In the figure (p. 118) the total yield of chains in the fission products of \(U^{235}\) is plotted on a semilogarithmic scale as a function of atomic weight. In all, 42 chains are given*).

The solid curve is drawn through the experimental points in such a way that its total area is \(197\%\). This figure agrees well with the value \(200\%\), which follows from the presence of two large fragments per fission.

The references are given in alphabetical order. The first 100 references refer to published works, the remainder to works of the Manhattan Project. Many of the latter have apparently been declassified.

*) In Nature 158, 163, 1946, a paper by Grummitt and Wilkinson was published in which a similar curve for 20 chains was given.

FRAGMENTS FORMED IN THE FISSION OF URANIUM NUCLEI

TABLE OF FISSION PRODUCTS

\(Z\)	\(A\)	Half-life	Decay	Discovered in fission	Class	Fission yield, %	Radiation energy: particles
30	Zn\(^{72}\)	49 h. (S 121)	\(\beta^-\), \(\gamma\)	(S 120)	A	\(1.5 \times 10^{-5}\) (S 121)	0.3 (\(\sim 95\%\)), \(\sim 1.6\) (\(\sim 5\%\)) (S 121) abs. Al, F.
31	Zn\(^{73}\) Ga\(^{71}\) Ga\(^{73}\)	\< 2 min. (S 121) stable. 14.25 h. (S 121) 14.1 h. (S 1)	\(\beta^-\) \(\beta^-\), \(\gamma\)	(S 120)	(B) A		0.8 (\(\sim 65\%\)), \(\sim 3.1\) (\(\sim 35\%\)) (S 121) abs. Al, F. 1.71 (S 3) cam. Wilson (K.U.)
31	Ga\(^{78}\)	5 h. (S 121)	\(\beta^-\)	(S 118), (S 121)	B	\(1.0 \times 10^{-4}\) (S 121)	1.4 (S 121) abs. Al, F.
32	Ge\(^{72}\) Ge\(^{73}\) Ge\(^{74}\) Ge\(^{75}\)	stable. stable. stable. 89 min. (S 11)	\(\beta^-\), \(\gamma\)		(A)		1.2 (S 11) abs. Al 1.1 (S 3, S 10) cam. Wilson (K.U.)
32	Ge\(^{76}\) Ge\(^{77}\)	stable. 12 h. (S 11) 11 h. (S 134)	\(\beta^-\), \(\gamma\)	(S 133)	A	0.0037 (S 134)	2.0 (S 133, S 134) abs. Al 1.9 (S 3, S 10) cam. Wilson (K.U.)
32	Ge\(^{(79)}\)	2.1 h. (S 134)	\(\beta^-\), \(\gamma\)	(S 133)	C	0.020 (S 134)	\(\sim 0.9\) (S 134) abs. Al
33	As\(^{75}\) As\(^{77}\)	stable. 40 h. (S 134)		(S 133)	B	0.0091 (S 151)	0.7 (S 134) abs. Al
33	As\(^{78}\)	80 min. (C 5) 65 min. (S 6, S 22)	\(\beta^-\), \(\gamma\)		(A)		1.4 (S 6) cam. Wilson (K.U.)
33	As\(^{(79)}\)	90 min. (S 134)	\(\beta^-\)	(S 133)	C	0.020 (S 134)	1.4 (70%), 4.1 (30%) (S 134) abs. Al, F
33	As\(^{81}\)	\< 10 min. (G 117)	\(\beta^-\)		B
34	Se\(^{77}\) Se\(^{78}\) Se\(^{79}\)	stable. stable. \< 10 min. or \(> 7 \times 10^6\) years (G 122)	\(\beta^-\)		B
34	Se\(^{80}\)	stable.

Table 1

Gamma radiation	Origin and mass determination	Additional literature
$\gamma$ (S 121)	fission, precursor 14.25 h. Ga$^{72}$ (S 121) chem. precursor 5 h. Ga$^{73}$ (S 121)
0.64 ($\sim 10\%$), 0.84 ($\sim 45\%$), 2.25 ($\sim 45\%$) (M 114) spectr. 1.17, 2.65 (M 2) spectr. 2.1 (S 121) abs. Pb no $\gamma$ (S 121)	Ga $(d,p)$ (L 11) Ga $(n,\gamma)$ (S 1, S 121) Ge $(n,p)$ (S 10, S 121) fission, after 49 h. Zn$^{72}$ (S 121) Ge $(n,p)$ (S 121) fission, after $<2$ min. Zn$^{73}$ (S 121) 73 (S 121) fission yield B.W.
$\gamma$ (S 11)	Ge $(d,p)$ (S 1, S 10, S 11) Ge $(n,\gamma)$ (S 1, S 10) Ge $(n,2n)$ (S 10, S 11) As $(n,p)$ (S 10, S 11) Se $(n,\alpha)$ (S 10, S 11) Ge $(\gamma,n)$ (H 23)
$\gamma$ (S 134)	Ge $(d,p)$ (S 1, S 10, S 11) Ge $(n,\gamma)$ (S 1, S 10) Se $(n,\alpha)$ (S 11) fission, precursor 40 h. As$^{77}$ (S 134) 77 (S 1, S 11) not obtained. As $(n,p)$
$\gamma$ (S 134)	fission, precursor 90 min. As$^{(78)}$ (S 134)
0.27 (S 6) abs. Pb	fission (S 151), after 12 h. Ge$^{77}$ (S 154) Se $(n,p)$ (S 6) Br $(n,\alpha)$ (S 22, C 5, S 6) fission, after 2.1 h. Ge$^{(78)}$ (S 133, S 134) [[unclear: abbreviation]] precursor 17 min. Se$^{81}$ (G 117) 79 (G 117) no mass 81	(W 109)

Nucleus: Z	Nucleus: A	Half-life	Decay	Discovered in fission	Class	Fission yield, %	Energy of emitted particles
34	Se^81*	59 min. (G 117) 57 min. (S22, L 2)	I.T., γ, e−	(G 118)	B	0.008 (G 117)	e−: 0.0368 (80%), 0.0964 (20%). (H 17) spectrum. e−: 0.085 (L 2) spectrum.
34	Se^81	17 min. (G 117) 19 min. (L 2)	β−	(G 103)	B	0.125 (G 117)	1.5 (G 117, L 2) abs. Al, F.
34	Se^82	stable
34	Se^83	25 min. (G 117) 30 min. (L 2).	β−, γ	(G 108)	A	0.21 (G 117)	1.5 (G 117) abs. Al, F.
34	Se^84	~ 2 min. (G 117, E 115)	β−	(G 117, E 115)	A
35	Br^79	stable
35	Br^81	stable
35	Br^82	34 h. (S 22)	β−, γ	(F 112)	A	2.8 × 10−5 (F 112)	0.465 (R 3) spectrum.
35	Br^83	2.4 h. (K 115, G 117) 2.45 h. (S 22) 2.33 h. (L 2)	β−	(L 2, S 25)	A	0.40 (G 117) 0.30 (K 115)	0.9 (G 117) abs. Al, F. 1.0 (L2) abs. Al, F. 1.3 (S 22) abs. Al.
35	Br^84	30 min. (S 25) 33 min. (K 101)	β−, γ	(D 3)	A	0.65 (K 116)	5.3 (K 101) abs. Al, F. 4.5 (B 3) abs. Al
35	Br^85	3.0 min. (S 25)	β−	(S 25)	A
35	Br^87	50 sec. (S 25)	β−	(S 25)	A
35	Br^(88)	55.6 sec. (H 111) 56 sec. (L 105)	β− (n)	(B 1, L 105)	C
36	Kr^82	stable				low (G 147)

Radiation in MeV gamma radiation	Origin and mass determination	Additional literature
0.099 (H 17) conversion spectrum 0.093 (L 2) conversion spectrum; abs.	Se \((n,\gamma)\) (S 22, H 21) Se \((d,p)\) (S 22, L 2) Se \((\gamma,n)\) (B 7) Br \((n,p)\) (L 2) fiss., pred. 17 min. Se\(^{81}\) \(\quad\)(L 2, G 117)
no \(\gamma\) (G 117)	Se \((n,\gamma)\) (S 22, H 21) Se \((d,p)\) (S 22, L 2) Se \((\gamma,n)\) (B 7) Br \((n,p)\) (L 2) fiss., 59 min. Se\(^{81*}\) I. T. \(\quad\)(L 2, G 117) 81 (G 117) yield, fiss. B. W.
0.17, 0.37, 1.1 (G 117) abs. Pb	Se \((n,\gamma)\) (S 22, L 2) Se \((d,p)\) (L 2) fiss., pred. 2.4 h. Br\(^{83}\) (S 22, L 2) fiss., pred. 30 min. Br\(^{84}\) \(\quad\)(G 117, E 115)
0.547, 0.787, 1.35 (R 3, D 10) spectrum 1.0 (R 3) abs. Pb	Br \((d,p)\) (S 22) Br \((n,\gamma)\) (K 7, S 22) Se \((p,n)\) (B 9, R 4) Se \((d,2n)\) (S 22) Rb \((n,\alpha)\) (S 22, P 7) fiss. (F 112)	(D 8, D 4)
no \(\gamma\) (S 22, G 117)	Se \((d,n)\) (S 22) Se \((d,p)\) after 25 min. Se\(^{83}\) (L 2) Se \((n,\gamma)\) after 25 min. Se\(^{83}\) \(\quad\)(S 22, L 2) fiss., after 25 min. Se\(^{83}\) (L 2, G 117, \(\quad\)S 22); pred. 113 min. Kr\(^{83*}\) \(\quad\)(L 2, E 102)	(M 10, S 143, G 108)
\(\gamma\) (K 101)	Rb \((n,\alpha)\) (B 2) fiss., after \(\sim 2\) min. Se\(^{84}\) (D 3) fiss., pred. 4.5 h. Kr\(^{85}\) (S 18, B 2) fiss., pred. 75 min. Kr\(^{87}\) (S 18, B 2) fiss., pred. Kr\(^{(87)}\), prompt \(\quad n\) emitter (L 105)	(S 154, S 126)

\(Z\)	\(A\)	Half-life	Decay	Found in fission	Class	Yield per fission, %	Energy of emitted particles
36	\(\mathrm{Kr}^{83*}\)	113 min. (L 2)	I. T., \(e^-\)	(L 2)	A		\(e^-\): 0.032, 0.045, 0.028 (H 17) spectrum \(e^-\): 0.035 (L 2) abs. air
36	\(\mathrm{Kr}^{83}\)	stable		(T 101)	A
36	\(\mathrm{Kr}^{84}\)	stable		(T 101)	A
36	\(\mathrm{Kr}^{85}\)	4.5 h (H 108, S 22) 4.6 h (S 18) 4.0 h (C 2)	\(\beta^-\), \(\gamma\)	(S 18)	A		0.94 (H 108) abs. Al, F. 0.85 (B 3) abs. Al
36	\(\mathrm{Kr}^{85}\)	\(\sim 10\) years (H 110)	\(\beta^-\)	(H 104)	A	\(\sim 0.21\) (H 110)	0.74 (H 110) abs. Al, F.
36	\(\mathrm{Kr}^{86}\)	stable		(T 101)	A
36	\(\mathrm{Kr}^{87}\)	75 min. (S 18) 74 min. (S 22)	\(\beta^-\)	(S 18)	A		\(\sim 4\) (B 3) abs. Al
36	\(\mathrm{Kr}^{(87)}\)	instantaneous	\(n\) (L 105)	(L 105)	C	0.026% fission neutrons (H 111)	\(n\): 0.30 (B 125) Wilson chamber 0.25 (H 111) abs. paraffin. 2.5 (W 2) Wilson chamber (K. U.)
36	\(\mathrm{Kr}^{88}\)	3 h (L 1) 2.8 h (G 2)	\(\beta^-\)	(L 1)	A
36	\(\mathrm{Kr}^{89}\)	2.6 min. (D 109) 2.5–3 min. (S 14) 2–5 min. (G 2)	\(\beta^-\)	(G 1, S 14)	A
36	\(\mathrm{Kr}^{90}\)	\(\sim 33\) sec. (K 119)	\(\beta^-\)	(D 103)	A
36	\(\mathrm{Kr}^{91}\)	9.8 sec. (D 109) 5.7 sec. (O 102)	\(\beta^-\)	(H 8)	A
36	\(\mathrm{Kr}^{(92)}\)	3 sec. (D 109)	\(\beta^-\)	(H 5)	C
36	\(\mathrm{Kr}^{(93)}\)	2.0 sec. (D 109)	\(\beta^-\)	(H 16, B 118)	C
36	\(\mathrm{Kr}^{(94)}\)	1.1 sec. (D 109)	\(\beta^-\)	(H 15)	C
36	\(\mathrm{Kr}^{95}\)	short (A 101)	\(\beta^-\)	(A 101)	A
37	\(\mathrm{Rb}^{85}\)	stable

Continuation

Radiation in MeV gamma radiation	Origin and mass determination	Additional literature
X-rays (E 102)	Se $(a,n)$ (C 1, C 2) Kr $(d,p?)$ (C 1, C 2) Kr $(d,d?)$ (C 1, C 2) after Se $(n,\gamma)$, $(d,p)$ (L 2) fiss., after 2.4 h. Br$^{83}$ (L 2, E 102) fiss. (T 101) mass spectr. after 2.4 h. Br$^{83}$ fiss. (T 101) mass spectr. after 30 min. Br$^{84}$
0.17, 0.37 (H 108) abs. Pb	Kr $(d,p)$ (S 22, C 1, C 2) Sr $(n,\alpha)$ (B 2) Rb $(n,p)$ (B 2) fiss., after 3.0 min. Br$^{86}$ (S 18, B 2)
no $\gamma$ (H 110)	Kr $(n,\gamma)$ (H 108) fiss. (H 104) 85 (T 101) mass spectr. fiss. (T 101) mass spectr. Kr $(d,p)$ (S 22) Rb $(n,p)$ (B 2) 87 (B 2) did not obtain Sr $(n,\alpha)$ fiss., after 50 sec. Br$^{87}$ (S 18, B 2) fiss., after 55.6 sec. Br(87) (L 105)	(S 25, S 126, B 2, R 101, S 18)
	fiss., pred. 17.8 min. Rb$^{88}$ (L 1, A 6, G 1, G 2, H 7, H 22)	(H 5)
	fiss., pred. 15.4 min. Rb$^{89}$ (G 1, G 2, S 14, H 7); pred. 53 d. Sr$^{89}$ (G 1, G 2, O 102, D 109)	(D 103 D 108)
	fiss., pred. 25 yr. Sr$^{90}$ (D 103, K 119)
	fiss., pred. 9.7 h. Sr$^{91}$ (D 109); pred. 57 d. Y$^{91}$ (H 8, B 118, O 102, D 103)	(D 108)
	fiss., pred. 3.5 h. Y$^{93}$ (H 5, H 6, H 8, H 15, B 118, D 109)	(D 108)
	fiss., pred. 10 h. Y$^{93}$ (H 16, H 13, B 118, D 103, D 109)	(H 15, D 108, O 102)
	fiss., pred. 20 min. Y$^{94}$ (H 15, D 109)
	fiss., pred. 17 h. Zr$^{97}$ (A 101, D 109)

FRAGMENTS FORMED IN THE FISSION OF URANIUM NUCLEI

Z	A	Half-period	Decay	Discovered in fission	Class	Fission yield %	Energy of emitted particles
37	Rb86	19.5 days (H 26)	β−, γ	(F 113)	A	~ 1.6 × 10−4 (F 113)	1.60 (H 1) spectr. 1.56 (H 26) abs.
37	Rb87	6.3 × 1010 years (S 25)	β−, γ, e−		(A)		0.132 (L 8) spectr. 0.13 (O 1) spectr. 0.25 (K 3) spectr.
37	Rb88	17.8 min. (G 2) 18 min. (H 7) 17.5 min. (W 2)	β−	(H 4, H 22)	A		4.6 (G 2) abs. 5.1 (W 2) Wilson chamber
37	Rb89	15.4 min. (G 2) 15.5 min. (H 7)	β−	(G 1, S 14)	A		3.8 (G 2) abs.
37	Rb90	short (D 103)	β−	(D 103)	A
37	Rb91	short (H 8, B 118, O 101, D 103, D 109)	β−	(H 8)	A
37	Rb(92)	short (H 15, B 118, D 109)	β−	(H 5)	C
37	Rb(93)	short (H 16, H 13, B 118, D 103, D 109)	β−	(H 16, B 118)	C
37	Rb(94)	short (H 15, D 109)	β−	(H 15)	C
37	Rb97	short (A 101)	β−	(A 101)	A
37	Rb	80 sec. (H 5)	β−	(H 5)	C	low (G 147)
38	Sr86	stable
38	Sr87	stable
38	Sr88	stable
38	Sr89	53 days (G 138) 54 days (L 9) 55 days (S 23, S 24)	β−	(L 9)	A	4.6 (N 112)	1.50 (W 104) spectr. 1.52 (N 101) spectr. 1.5 (G 131, B 3) abs. Al; (S 24) Wilson chamber
38	Sr90	25 years (N 110, G 134)	β−	(H 16, N 108 G 130)	A		0.6 (G 134) abs. Al, F.

Continuation

Radiation energy in MeV gamma radiation	Origin and mass determination	Additional literature
$\gamma$ (H 27)	Rb $(n,\gamma)$ (S 22, S 15) Sr $(d,\alpha)$ (H 26) Rb $(\gamma,n)$ (H 23) fission (F 113) 87 (N 1) mass spectr.	(T 3, C 6)
0.034, 0.053, 0.082, 0.102, 0.129 (O 1) conversion spectrum	Rb $(n,\gamma)$ (P 7, S 22) fission, after 3 h. Kr$^{88}$ (L 1, A 6, H 22, G 1, G 2, H 7) fission, after 2.6 min. Kr$^{89}$ (G 1, G 2, S 14, H 7); prec. 53 days Sr$^{89}$ (G 2) fission, after $\sim$33 sec. Kr$^{90}$ prec. 25 years Sr$^{90}$ (D 103) fission, after 9.8 sec. Kr$^{91}$ prec. 9.7 h. Sr$^{91}$ (D 109); prec. 57 days Y$^{91}$ (H 8, B 118, O 102, D 103) fission, after 3 sec. Kr$^{(92)}$; prec. 3.5 h. Y$^{(92)}$ (H 5, H 6, H 8, H 15, B 118, D 109) fission, after 2.0 sec. Kr$^{(93)}$ prec. 10 h. Y$^{(93)}$ (H 16, H 13, H 15, B 118, D 103, D 109) fission, after 1.4 sec. Kr$^{(94)}$ prec. 20 min. Y$^{(94)}$ (H 15, D 109) fission, after short time. Kr$^{97}$ prec. 17 h. Zr$^{97}$ (A 101, D 109) fission (H 5)	(H 5) (H 13)
no $\gamma$ (G 138, S 23, S 24)	Sr $(n,\gamma)$ (S 23, S 24) Y $(n,p)$ (S 4) fission, after 15.4 min. Rb$^{89}$ (G 2) 89 (L 108) mass spectr.	(H 5, H 7, H 1, P 104)
no $\gamma$ (G 134, G 130)	fission, after short time. Rb$^{90}$ (D 103); prec. 65 h. Y$^{90}$ (H 16, H 13, N 108, G 130) 90 (H 101) mass spectr.	(M 113)

FRAGMENTS FORMED IN THE FISSION OF URANIUM NUCLEI

Nucleus, \(Z\)	Nucleus, \(A\)	Half-life	Decay	Discovered in fission	Class	Fission yield, %	Energy of emitted particles
38	\(\mathrm{Sr}^{91}\)	9.7 h (K 102) 10 h (H 15) 8.5 h (G 6)	\(\beta^-, \gamma\)	(G 6)	A	5.0 (F 103)	1.3 (40%), 3.2 (60%) (K 102) abs. Al, F.
38	\(\mathrm{Sr}^{92}\)	2.7 h (G 6)	\(\beta^-\)	(G 6)	C	5.1 (H 103)
38	\(\mathrm{Sr}^{93}\)	7 min (L 9)	\(\beta^-\)	(L 9)	C
38	\(\mathrm{Sr}^{94}\)	\(\sim 2\) min (H 15)	\(\beta^-\)	(H 15)	C
38	\(\mathrm{Sr}^{97}\)	short (A 101)	\(\beta^-\)	(A 101)	A
39	\(\mathrm{Y}^{89}\)	stable
39	\(\mathrm{Y}^{90}\)	65 h (N 110) 62 h (G 130) 60 h (S 23, G 134)	\(\beta^-\)	(H 16, N 108, G 130)	A		2.2 (N 101) spectr. 2.45 (G 134) abs. Al, F. 2.55 (N 108) abs. Al 2.6 (S 23) Wilson chamber (K. U.)
39	\(\mathrm{Y}^{90*}\)	51 min (F 105) 50 min (G 6)	I. T., \(\gamma, e^-\)	(G 6)	A		\(e^-:\sim 0.5\) (F 105) abs. Al
39	\(\mathrm{Y}^{91}\)	57 days (H 8, G 6)	\(\beta^-\)	(H 8)	A	5.9 (N 112)	1.53 (L 113) spectr. 1.6 (B 3) abs. Al 1.7 (M 113) abs. Al, F.
39	\(\mathrm{Y}^{92}\)	3.5 h (L 9, H 15)	\(\beta^-, \gamma\)	(L 9)	C		3.4 (G 6) abs. Al; (H 103) abs. Al, F. 3.6 (B 3) abs. Al
39	\(\mathrm{Y}^{93}\)	10 h (B 113) 11.5 h (H 15)	\(\beta^-, \gamma\)	(H 16, B 101)	C		3.1 (B 113) abs. Al, F.
39	\(\mathrm{Y}^{94}\)	20 min (H 15, D 104)	\(\beta^-, \gamma\)	(H 15)	C	\(\sim 5\) (D 104)
39	\(\mathrm{Y}^{95}\)	\(< 3\) h (S 114)	\(\beta^-\)		A

Energy in MeV gamma radiation	Origin and mass determination	Additional literature
~ 1.3 (K 102) abs. Pb	Zr \((n,\alpha)\) (S 17) fiss., after short. Rb\(^{91}\) (D 109); pred. 51 min. Y\(^{91*}\) (~40%), 57 d. Y\(^{91}\) (~60%) (G 6, F 105) fiss., after short. Rb (H 5); pred. 3.5 h. Y\(^{(92)}\) (G 6) fiss., after short. Kr\(^{(93)}\) (L 9, H 16, H 13, H 15, B 118, D 109); pred. 10 h. Y\(^{(93)}\) (H 16, H 13, H 15) fiss., after 1.4 sec. Kr\(^{(94)}\) (H 15, D 109); pred. 20 min. Y\(^{(94)}\) (H 13, H 15) fiss., after short. Kr\(^{97}\) pred. 17 h. Zr\(^{97}\) (A 101, D 109)	(B 115) (H 3, H 15, B 118, P 10') (H 5)
no γ (G 134, G 130)	Y \((n,\gamma)\) (S 23, S 4) Y \((d,p)\) (S 23) Cb \((n,\alpha)\) (S 5, S 7, N 104) Zr \((n,p)\) (S 9, G 126) Zr \((d,\alpha)\) (S 9) fiss., after 25 yr Sr\(^{90}\) (H 16, H 13, G 130, N 110) 90 (H 101) mass spectr.
0.61 (F 105) abs. Pb (~10% converts)	Zr \((n,p)\) (S 17) fiss., after 9.7 h. Sr\(^{91}\) (~40%) (G 6, F 105) pred. 57 d. Y\(^{91}\) (F 105)
no γ (B 101, M 101)	Zr \((n,p)\) (S 17) fiss., after 9.7 h. Sr\(^{91}\) (~60%) (G 6, F 105); after 51 min. Y\(^{91*}\) (~40%) (F 105) 91 (L 108) mass spectr.	(G 131, P 143)
0.6 (G 6) abs. Pb	Zr \((n,p)\) (S 9, S 17)
0.7—1.1 (K 111) abs. Pb	fiss., after 2.7 h. Sr\(^{(92)}\) (G 6, H 103)	(B 115)
0.7 (B 113) abs. Pb	fiss., after 7 min. Sr\(^{(93)}\) (H 16, H 13, H 15); no mass 95 (S 114)	(B 115)
? (H 15)	Zr \((n,p)\) (S 17) fiss., after ~2 min. Sr\(^{(94)}\) (H 15, H 13) or pred. 65 d. Zr\(^{95}\) (S 114)

Z	A	Half-life	Decay	Discovered in fission	Class	Fission yield, %	Energy of emitted particles
39	\(Y^{97}\)	short (A 101)	\(\beta^-\)	(A 101)	A
40	\(Zr^{90}\)	stable
40	\(Zr^{91}\)	stable
40	\(Zr^{92}\)	stable
40	\(Zr^{93}\)	2.5 min. (N 104)	\(\beta^-\) (?)		(D)
40	\(Zr^{94}\)	stable
40	\(Zr^{95}\)	65 days (B 117) 65.5 days (P 8) 63 days (S 9)	\(\beta^-, \gamma\)	(G 128)	A	\(\sim 6.4\) (S 128, W 101)	0.394 (98%), 1.0 (2%) (N 103) spectrum; \(\sim 0.35\) (98%), 1.0 (2%) (E 108) abs. Al (M 113) abs. Al, F. \(e^-\): 0.71; 0.90 (?) (N 103) spectrum.
40	\(Zr^{96}\)	stable
40	\(Zr^{97}\)	17.0 hr. (G 8, K 109)	\(\beta^-, \gamma\)	(G 8)	A		2.1 (K 109) abs. Al, F.
41	\(Cb^{93}\)	stable
41	\(Cb^{93*}\)	90 hr. (S 131) 80 hr. (E 108)	I. T., \(e^-\), X-rays	(E 104)	A		\(e^-\): 0.22э, 0.29 (L 104) spectrum; 0.22 (S 131) abs. Al
41	\(Cb^{95}\)	35 days (E 108) 36.5 days (J 101)	\(\beta^-, \gamma\)	(G 128)	A		0.154 (N 106) spectrum; 0.15 (G 128, E 103, M 113) abs. Al \(e^-\): 0.75, 0.77 (N 106) spectrum.
41	\(Cb^{97}\)	75 min. (G 8)	\(\beta^-, \gamma\)	(G 8)	A		1.4 (K 109) abs. Al, F.
42	\(Mo^{95}\)	stable
42	\(Mo^{97}\)	stable

FRAGMENTS FORMED IN THE FISSION OF URANIUM NUCLEI

Continuation

Radiation in MeV gamma radiation	Origin and mass determination	Additional literature
	fiss., followed by short-lived Sr^97 lim. 17 h. Zr^97 (A 101, D 109)
0.73; 0.92 (?) (N 103) conv. spectrum 0.83 (E 108) abs. Pb 0.88 (M 113) abs. Pb	Cb (n, p) (?) (N 104) Zr (n, γ) (S 9) Zr (d, p) (S 9, J 101) Mo (n, α) (S 9) fiss., followed by < 3 h. Y^95 (S 114); lim. 90 h. Cb^95* (∼2%), 35 d. Cb^95 (∼98%) (E 108, S 131, J 101) 95 (L 107, N 103) 35 d. Cb^95 β^− emitter 95 (H 102) mass spectr.	(B 121, N 104, H 13, G 101)
∼0.8 (K 109) abs. Pb	Zr (n, γ) (S 9) Mo (n, α) (S 9) fiss., followed by short-lived Sr^97 (A 101); lim. 75 min. Cb^97 (G 8, H 9, S 9) 95,97 (J 101) not obtained in Cb (n, p) (N 104) 97 (S 9) not obtained in Zr (n, 2n)	(P 105)
γ of high conv. (?) (S 131) X-ray: ∼0.016 (S 131) abs. Al 0.75 (W 104) spectrum 0.77₆ (N 106) spectrum conversion 0.79 (J 102) spectrum 0.75 (E 108) abs. Pb ∼0.7 (G 128) abs. Pb	fiss., followed by 65 d. Zr^95 (∼2%) (S 31, E 108); lim. 35 d. Cb^95 (S 131, L 104) Mo (d, α) (J 101) Zr (d, p) followed by 65 d. Zr^95 (J 101) fiss., followed by 65 d. Z^95 (∼98%) (J 101, G 128, E 108); 90 h. Cb^95* I. T. (∼2%) (S 131, L 104) 95 (L 107, N 106) 35 d. Cb^95 β^− emitter 95 (H 102) mass spectr. Mo (n, p) (S 9)	(F 110, N 104, E 117, E 105, N 101)
0.78 (K 109) abs. Pb	fiss., followed by 17 h. Zr^97 (G 8, S 9, H 9)	(P 105)

Nucleus \(Z\)	Nucleus \(A\)	Half-life	Decay	Discovered in fission	Class	Fission yield %	Energy of emitted particles
42	\(\mathrm{Mo}^{98}\) \(\mathrm{Mo}^{99}\)	stable 67 h (S 13, K 103)	\(\beta^-\), \(\gamma\)	(H 3)	A	6.2 (F 103, S 153)	1.2 (K 103) abs. Al, F. 1.4 (S 13) abs. Al
42	\(\mathrm{Mo}^{100}\) \(\mathrm{Mo}^{101}\)	stable 14.6 min. (M 6) 14 min. (H 11)	\(\beta^-\), \(\gamma\)	(H 10)	A		0.1, 2.2 (M 6) abs. Al; 1.9 (S 9) abs. 1.8 (S 8) Wilson chamber (K. U.)
42	\(\mathrm{Mo}^{102}\)	12 min. (H 11)	\(\beta^-\)	(H 10)	C
42	\(\mathrm{Mo}^{105}\)	short (B 4)		(B 4)	A
43	\(43^{99*}\)	5.9 h (G 144) 6.6 h (S 13)	I. T., \(\gamma\), \(e^-\), X-ray	(S 21)	A		\(e^-: 0.116\) (S 13) spectrum. 0.12 (S 13) abs. Al
43	\(43^{99}\)	\(4 \times 10^6\) years (M 107) \(\sim 10^6\) years (L 111) \(\sim 3 \times 10^5\) years (S 104) \(>3000\) years (G 110) \(>40\) years (S 13)	\(\beta^-\)	(L 111, S 104)	A		0.3 (L 111, S 104, M 107) abs. Al
43	\(43^{101}\)	14.0 min. (M 6, H 11)	\(\beta^-\), \(\gamma\)	(H 10)	A		1.3 (M 6) abs. Al 1.2 (M 5, S 9) abs. Al 1.1 (S 8) Wilson chamber (K. U.)
43	\(43^{102}\)	\(< 1\) min. (H 10, H 11)	\(\beta^-\)		C
43	\(43^{105}\)	short (B 4)	\(\beta^-\)	(B 4)	A
43	\(43^{107}\)	\(< 1.5\) min. (B 4)	\(\beta^-\)		C
44	\(\mathrm{Ru}^{99}\)	stable
44	\(\mathrm{Ru}^{101}\)	stable
44	\(\mathrm{Ru}^{103}\)	stable

gamma radiation energies in MeV	Origin and mass determination	Additional literature
gamma radiation	Origin and mass determination	Additional literature
0.24, 0.75 (M 114) spectrum. 0.4 (S 13) abs. Cu, Pb	Mo \((d, p)\) (S 13) Mo \((n, \gamma)\) (S 4, S 13) Mo \((n, 2n)\) (S 9) Zr \((\alpha, n)\) (D 5) fiss., prelim. 5.9 h. \(43^{99?}\) \((\sim 10\%)\) (S 13, S 21); fiss., 4 h after \(43^{99}\) \((\sim 90\%)\) (S 13, M 107)	(H 24, B 115)
0.3, 0.9 (M 6) abs. Pb	Mo \((n, \gamma)\) (S 8, S 9, M 5, M 6) fiss., prelim. 14.0 min. \(43^{101}\) (M 5, M 6, H 10, H 11, S 8) \(101\) (S 9, M 6) was not obtained in Mo \((n, 2n)\) fiss., prelim. \(< 1\) min. \(43^{(102)}\) (H 10, H 11) fiss., prelim. 4.5 h. Ru\(^{105}\) (B 4)
0.135 (S 13) conversion spectrum. 0.129 (K 1) conversion spectrum. \(\sim 0.18\) (S 13) abs. Cu, Pb X-rays (S 13)	Mo \((n, \gamma)\) after 67 h. Mo\(^{99}\) (S 13, S 9) Mo \((d, p)\) after 67 h. Mo\(^{99}\) (S 13) fiss., after 67 h. Mo\(^{99}\) (S 13, S 21, G 107); prelim. \(4 \times 10^6\) years \(43^{99}\) (S 13, M 107) Mo \((n, \gamma)\) after 67 h. Mo\(^{99}\) (M 107) fiss., after 67 h. Mo\(^{99}\) \(\sim (90\%)\) (S 13); 5.9 h \(43^{99}\); 1. T. \((\sim 10\%)\) (S 13, H 10)	(G 110)
0.33 (M 6) abs. Pb	Mo \((n, \gamma)\) after 14.6 min. Mo\(^{101}\) (S 8, S 9) fiss., after 14.6 min. Mo\(^{101}\) (M 5, M 6, H 10, H 11, S 8) fiss., after 12 min. Mo\((102)\) (H 10, H 11) fiss., after short. Mo\(^{105}\); prelim. 4.5 h. Ru\(^{105}\) (B 4) hyp. prelim. 4 min. Ru\((105)\) (B 4)

$Z$	$A$	Half-life	Decay	Discovered in fission	Class	Fission yield %	Radiation energy, particles
44	Ru$^{103}$	42 days (S 145, G 143) 45 days (N 2)	$\beta^-$, $\gamma$	(N 2, G 122)	A	3.7 (S 132)	0.2 (95%), 0.80 (5%) (S 145) abs. Al, F. 0.2 (97%), 0.8 (3%) (G 143) abs. Al, F.
44	—	stable
44	Ru$^{104}$ Ru$^{105}$	4.5 h (S 145) 4 h (L 10, D 2, N 6)	$\beta^-$, $\gamma$	(S 20)	A	$\sim 0.9$ (S 145)	1.35 (S 145) abs. Al, F. 1.5 (B 4) abs. Al
44	Ru$^{106}$	1.0 year (G 143)	$\beta^-$	(G 129)	A	0.48 (S 132) 0.53 (G 121)	$\sim 0.03$ (?) (G 143) abs. Al
44	Ru$^{107}$	4 min. (B 4, G 116)	$\beta^-$	(B 4)	C		$\sim 4$ (B 4) abs. Al
45	Rh$^{103*}$	56 min. (G 127) 48 min. (F 3) 45 min. (W 6)	I. T., $e^-$, x-rays	(G 127)	A		$e^-:\sim 0.03$ (G 143) abs. Al
45	Rh$^{103}$	stable
45	Rh$^{105}$	36.5 h (S 145) 34 h (N 5)	$\beta^-$, $\gamma$	(N 5)	A		0.60 (S 145) abs. Al, F. $e^-:\sim 0.3$ (S 145) abs. Al
45	Rh$^{106}$	30 sec. (G 127)	$\beta^-$, $\gamma$	(G 127)	A		$\sim 2.8$ (20%), 3.9 (80%) (G 143) abs. Al coincident. $\sim 4.5$ (S 123) abs. Al
45	Rh$^{107}$	24 min. (B 4) 26 min. (G 116)	$\beta^-$, $\gamma$ (?)	(B 4)	C		1.2 (B 4) abs. Al
45	Rh$^{109}$	$<1$ h (S 107)	$\beta^-$		A
45	Rh	9 h (B 111)	$\beta^-$, $\gamma$	(B 111)	D		$\sim 1.3$ (B 111) abs. Al
46	Pd$^{105}$	stable
46	Pd$^{106}$	stable
46	Pd$^{107}$	very short. or $>3\times 10^8$ years (G 119) $>8.6\times 10^7$ years (L 115)	$\beta^-$		A
46	Pd$^{108}$	stable

Radiation in MeV gamma radiation	Origin and mass determination	Additional literature
0.56 (G 127) abs. Pb 0.54 (S 145) abs. Pb	Ru \((d,\gamma)\) (L 10, S 145) Ru \((n,\gamma)\) (S 145) fiss., pred. 5.6 min. Rh\(^{103*}\) (G 143, G 127)	(N 6, B 115, G 115)
0.76 (S 145) abs. Pb	Ru \((d,p)\) (L 10, S 145) Ru \((n,\gamma)\) (D 2, S 145) fiss., foll. short. 43\(^{105}\) (B 4); pred. 36.5 h. Rh\(^{105}\) (N 6, S 145, S 122)
no \(\gamma\) (G 143)	fiss., pred. 30 sec. Rh\(^{106}\) (G 127, G 143) 105 (H 102) mass-spectr. fiss., foll. \(< 1.5\) min. 43\(^{(107)}\) (B 4); pred. 24 min. Rh \((107)\) (B 4, G 116)	(C 105, S 123)
positr.; 0.020 (G 143) abs. Al	Rh \((\gamma,\gamma)\) (W 6). Rh \((n,n)\) (F 3) fiss., foll. 42 d. Ru\(^{103}\) \((\geq 97\%)\) (G 143)	(S 123, S 145, G 115)
0.33 (S 145) abs. Pb	Ru \((d,n)\) (?) (S 145) Ru \((d,p)\), Ru \((n,\gamma)\), foll. 4.5 h. Ru\(^{105}\) (S 145); fiss., foll. 4.5 h. Ru\(^{105}\) (N 6, S 122, S 145)
0.3, 0.8 (G 143) abs. Pb (low intensity)	fiss., foll. 1.0 yr Ru\(^{106}\) (G 127, G 143)
\(\gamma(?)\) (G 116)	fiss., foll. 4 min. Ru\(^{(107)}\) (B 4, G 116) 107 (G 116) yields fiss. B. W. hyp. pred. 13.4 h. Pd\(^{109}\) (S 107) fiss. (B 111)
0.8 (B 111) abs. Pb		(C 112)

FRAGMENTS FORMED IN FISSION OF URANIUM NUCLEI

Z	A	Half-life	Decay	Discovered in fission	Class	Yield per fission %	Energy of emitted particles
46	Pd109	13.4 h (S 138) 13.2 h (L 103) 13 h (K 4)	β−	(S 109)	A	0.028 (t) (E 111)	1.1 (S 107) abs. Al, F. 1.03 (K 4) Wilson chamber
46	Pd111	stable 26 min (S 20)	β−	(N 4)	A		3.5 (B 4) abs.
46	Pd112	21 h (S 107)	β−	(N 4)	A	0.011 (S 107)	0.2 (S 107) abs. Al
47	Ag107 Ag109?	stable 40.4 sec (W 5) 40 sec (A 7)	I. T., e−, γ, X-rays		(A)		e−: 0.0664, 0.0896, 0.0915 (V 1, H 17), spectrum
47	Ag109 Ag111	stable 7.6 d (S 129) 7.5 d (K 4, P 5)	β−, γ (?)	(N 4)	A	0.018 (t) (E 111)	∼0.24 (?), 1.0 (S 129) abs. Al, F. ∼0.8 (K 4) Wilson chamber (B 3) abs. 3.6 (S 107) abs. Al, F.
47	Ag112	3.2 h (P 5, S 107)	β−, γ	(N 4)	A		2.2 (P 5) Wilson chamber
48	Cd111	stable
48	Cd112	stable
48	Cd113	stable
48	Cd114	stable
48	Cd115	2.33 d (C 4, M 111) 2.5 d (G 3)	β−, γ	(N 4)	A	0.011 (M 111)	∼0.6, 1.13 (L 7) spectrum 1.11 (C 4) spectrum 0.56 (60%), 1.20 (40%) (M 111) abs. Al, F.
48	Cd117	44 d (G 141) 43 d (S 116, M 118, S 117) 40 d (C 4)	β−, γ (?)	(M 109, G 113)	A	0.0008 (M 118)	1.7 (G 141) abs. Al 1.8 (M 118) abs. Al, F. 1.5 (S 116, S 117) abs. Al

Continuation

Radiations in MeV gamma radiation	Origin and mass determination	Additional literature
no $\gamma$ (S 107)	Pd $(d,p)$ (K 4) Pd $(n,\gamma)$ (A 3, K 4) Ag $(n,p)$ (F 1) fiss., prev. 40 sec. Ag$^{109*}$ (S 20) 109 (R 103) mass spectr.
no $\gamma$ (S 107)	Pd $(d,p)$ (K 4) Pd $(n,\gamma)$ (A 3, K 4) fiss., prev. 7.6 days. Ag$^{111}$ (K 4, S 20) fiss., prev. 3.2 hours. Ag$^{112}$ (N 4, S 107)	(S 20)
0.0426 (V 1, H 17) conv. spectr. 0.092 (H 25) conv. spectr. 0.09 (A 7, H 17) abs.	Ag $(d,2n)$ 5.7 hours. Cd$^{109}$ K-capt. (A 7, H 25) Ag $(d,2n)$ 158 days. Cd$^{109}$ K-capt. (H 25) Pd $(n,\gamma)$ after. 13.4 hours. Pd$^{109}$ (S 20) Ag $(n,n)$ (A 7, B 8) Ag $(e,e)$ (W 5) Ag $(\gamma,\gamma)$ (F 3, W 5)
no $\gamma$ (?) (K 4, P 5) $\gamma$ (low intensity) (S 129)	Pd $(d,n)$ (K 4, P 5). Pd $(\alpha,p)$ Cd $(n,p)$ (P 5) fiss., after. 26 min. Pd$^{111}$ (K 4, S 20)	(N 3)
0.86 (S 107) abs. Pb	Cd $(n,p)$, In $(n,\alpha)$ (P 5) fiss., after. 21 hours. Pd$^{112}$ (N 3, N 4, S 107)	(S 105)
0.65 (M 3) spectr. 0.55 (L 7) Wilson chamber	Cd $(d,p)$ (C 4) Cd $(n,\gamma)$ (M 8, G 3) Cd $(n,2n)$ (G 3) In $(n,p)$ (S 116) fiss., prev. 4.5 hours. In$^{115*}$ (C 4, G 3, N 3, N 4)
$\sim$ 0.5 (?) (S 117) abs. Pb	Cd $(d,p)$ (C 4) Cd $(n,\gamma)$ (S 115, S 116) In $(n,p)$ (S 116) fiss. (M 109, G 113) 115 (C 4) 44 days. Cd$^{115}$ $\beta$-emitter

\(Z\)	\(A\)	Half-life	Decay	Discovered in fission	Class	Yield per fission, %	Radiation energy, particles
48	Cd\(^{116}\) Cd\(^{117}\)	stable 2.83 h. (L 7) 2.72 h. (M 112)	\(\beta^-\)	(N 4)	A	0.01 (M 112)	1.3—1.7 (L 7) spectrum
48	Cd\(^*\)	48.7 min. (W 10) 50 min. (D 7)	I. T., \(e^-\)	(N 4)	C		\(e^-\): 0.17 (W 10) abs. Al
49	In\(^{116*}\)	4.53 h. (L 6) 4.5 h. (L 5, C 4) 4.1 h (G 3, B 1)	I. T., \(\gamma, e^-\)	(N 4)	A		\(e^-\): 0.308, 0.332 (L 5) spectrum. 0.48 (G 3) abs. Al
49	In\(^{116}\) In\(^{117}\)	stable 1.95 h. (L 6, L 7) 1.9 h. (M 112)	\(\beta^-\)	(N 4)	A		1.73 (C 4) spectrum. 1.90 (M 112) abs. Al, F.
50	Sn\(^{117}\) Sn\(^{118}\) Sn\(^{119}\) Sn\(^{120}\) Sn\(^{(121)}\)	stable stable stable stable 62 h. (S 108) 60 h. (N 2) \(\sim 80\) h. (H 14)	\(\beta^-\)	(N 2)	C	0.014 (C 108)	0.76 (S 108) abs. Al, F.
50	Sn\(^{(121-123)}\)	130 d. (L 101)	\(\beta^-\)	(L 101)	C	0.0012 1	1.44—1.53 (L 101) abs. Al, F.
50	Sn\(^{122}\) Sn\(^{(123)}\)	stable 10 d. (S 108) 11 d. (H 14)	\(\beta^-, \gamma\)	(H 14)	C	0.0044 (S 108)	2.6 (S 108) abs. Al, F.
50	Sn\(^{124}\) Sn\(^{125}\)	stable 9 min. (L 13)	\(\beta^-\)		(B)
50	Sn	\(\sim 20\) min. (H 14)	\(\beta^-\)	(H 14)	C

Continuation

Radiation in MeV gamma radiation	Origin and mass determination	Additional literature
0.333 (L 7) spectrum; conversion. ∼0.4 (L 7) abs. Pb	Cd \((d,p)\) (C 4) Cd \((n,\gamma)\) (M 8, G 3) fiss., prec. 1.95 h. In\(^{117}\) (G 3, C 4, L 7, N 3, N 4) 117 (C 4), 1.95 h. In\(^{117}\) \(\beta\)-emitter Cd \((n,n)\) (D 7) Cd \((e,e)\) (W 10) Cd \((\gamma,\gamma)\) (F 2, W 10) fiss. (N 3, N 4) In \((n,n)\) (G 3) In \((p,p)\) (B 1) In \((\alpha,\alpha)\) (L 3) In \((e,e)\) (W 1) In (x-rays) (P 4, C 3, W 1) Cd \((d,p)\) after 2.33 d. Cd\(^{115}\) (C 4, L 7) fiss., after 2.33 d. Cd\(^{115}\) (G 3, C 4, N 3, N 4)	(M 111)
no \(\gamma\) (L 6, L 7)	Cd \((d,n)\) (L 7) Cd \((d,p)\) after 2.83 h. Cd\(^{117}\) (C 4, L 7) fiss., after 2.83 h. Cd\(^{117}\) (G 3, C 4, N 3, N 4, L 7)
no \(\gamma\) (S 109)	fiss. (N 2, H 14, S 108)
no \(\gamma\) (L 101)	fiss., no act. daughter prod. (L 101)
\(\gamma\) (S 108)	Sn \((d,p)\) (L 13) Sn \((n,\gamma)\) (L 13) fiss. (H 14, S 108) Sn \((d,p)\) (L 13) Sn \((n,\gamma)\) (L 13) 125 (L 13) not obtained in Sn \((n,2n)\) fiss. (H 14)

Nucleus \(Z\)	Nucleus \(A\)	Half-life	Decay	Discovered in fission	Class	Fission yield, %	Radiation energy of particles
50	\(\mathrm{Sn}^{126}\)	70 min. (N 2, H 14)	\(\beta^-\), \(\gamma(?)\)	(N 2)	C	0.1 (S 108)	(70 min. \(\mathrm{Sn}^{126}\) + \(\sim 60\) min. \(\mathrm{Sb}^{126}\)): 0.7 (60%), 2.7 (40%) (S 108) abs. Al, F.
51	\(\mathrm{Sb}^{121}\)	stable
51	\(\mathrm{Sb}^{123}\)	stable
51	\(\mathrm{Sb}^{125}\)	\(\sim 2.7\) years (L 102)	\(\beta^-\), \(\gamma\), X-rays	(C 102, S 124)	B	0.023 (S 127); 0.018 (L 102)	0.3 (\(\sim 65\%\)), 0.7 (\(\sim 35\%\)) (S 127) abs. Al, F. \(\sim 0.6\) (C 102, L 102) abs. Al
51	\(\mathrm{Sb}^{126}\)	\(\sim 60\) min. (N 2)	\(\beta^-\), \(\gamma(?)\)	(N 2)	C		see 70 min. \(\mathrm{Sn}^{126}\)
51	\(\mathrm{Sb}^{127}\)	93 h (S 124); 80 h (A 2)	\(\beta^-\), \(\gamma\)	(A 2)	A		1.15 (S 124) abs. Al
51	\(\mathrm{Sb}^{129}\)	4.2 h (A 2)	\(\beta^-\)	(A 2)	A
51	\(\mathrm{Sb}^{132}\)	\(\sim 5\) min. (A 2)	\(\beta^-\)	(A 1)	C
51	\(\mathrm{Sb}^{133}\)	\(< 10\) min. (A 2)	\(\beta^-\)		A
51	\(\mathrm{Sb}^{134}\)	\(< 10\) min. (A 2)	\(\beta^-\)		C
52	\(\mathrm{Te}^{125}\)	stable
52	\(\mathrm{Te}^{126}\)	stable
52	\(\mathrm{Te}^{127*}\)	90 days (S 12, G 135)	I. T., \(e^-\), X-rays	(G 112)	A	0.033 (G 135)	\(e^-\): 0.055, 0.082, 0.085 (H 17) spectrum.
52	\(\mathrm{Te}^{127}\)	9.3 h (S 12, C 103, G 135)	\(\beta^-\)	A 2)	A		0.70 (S 12, C 103, G 135) abs. Al, F.
52	\(\mathrm{Te}^{128}\)	stable
52	\(\mathrm{Te}^{129*}\)	32 days (S 12, G 135)	I. T.; \(e^-\)	(N 111)	A	0.19 (B 119)	\(e^-\): 0.070, 0.10 (H 17) spectrum.

Continuation

Radiation in MeV	Gamma radiation	Origin and mass determination	Additional literature
	(70 min. Sn\(^{126}\) + +\(\sim 60\) min. Sb\(^{126}\)): 1.2 (S 108) abs. Pb	fiss., prec. \(\sim 60\) min. Sb\(^{126}\) (N 2, H 14)	(S 109)
	0.6 (S 127) abs. Pb 0.56 (L 102) abs. Pb repit.: 0.027 (S 127, L 102) abs. Al	subseq. Sn \((n,\gamma)\) (S 127) fiss. (C 102, S 124, S 127, L 102)
	see 70 min. Sn\(^{126}\)	fiss., subseq. 70 min. Sn\(^{126}\) (N 2)
	0.72 (S 125) abs. Pb	fiss., prec. 9.3 h. Te\(^{127}\) (A 2, C 103) fiss., prec. 70 min. Te\(^{129}\) (A 2) fiss., prec. 77 h. Te\(^{132}\) (A 2) gen. prec. 60 min. Te\(^{133}\) (A 2) gen. prec. 43 min. Te\(^{134}\) (A 2)
	X-rays: 0.028 (G 135) abs. Al	Te \((d,p)\), Te \((n,\gamma)\) (S 12) I \((n,p)\) (S 12) fiss., prec. 9.3 h. Te\(^{127}\) (S 12, G 135)
	no \(\gamma\) (C 103, S 125, G 135)	Te \((d,p)\) (T 2, S 12) Te \((n,\gamma)\) (S 12) Te \((n,2n)\) (T 2) I \((n,p)\) (S 12) fiss., subseq. 93 h. Sb\(^{127}\) (A 2, C 103); 90 days. Te\(^{127*}\) I. T. (S 12, G 135)
	X-rays (G 135)	Te \((d,p)\) (S 12) Te \((n,\gamma)\) (S 12) Te \((n,2n)\) (T 2) fiss., prec. 70 min. Te\(^{129}\) (S 12, G 135)

Nucleus: \(Z\)	Nucleus: \(A\)	Half-life	Decay	Discovered in fission	Class	Fission yield, %	Radiation energy: particles
52	\(\mathrm{Te}^{129}\)	70 min. (A 2, G 135) 72 min. (S 12)	\(\beta^-\), \(\gamma\), roentg.	(A 2)	A		1.8 (W 104) spectr. 1.75 (M 113) abs. Al, F. 1.7 (G 135) abs. Al, F. 1.6 (N 111) abs. Al, F.
52	\(\mathrm{Te}^{130}\)	stable
52	\(\mathrm{Te}^{131*}\)	30 h (A 2) 29 h (L 12)	I. T., \(e^-\)	(A 2)	A	\(\sim 0.5\) (K 104)	\(e^-\): 0.147, 0.175 (H 17) spectr.
52	\(\mathrm{Te}^{131}\)	25 min. (S 12) 30 min. (A 2)	\(\beta^-\)	(A 2)	A
52	\(\mathrm{Te}^{(132)}\)	77 h (A 2) 66 h (H 3)	\(\beta^-\), \(\gamma\), \(e^-\), roentg.	(A 8)	C	3.6 (E 110)	0.28 (N 115) abs. Al, F. \(\sim 0.3\) (B 3) abs. Al \(e^-\) (N 115)
52	\(\mathrm{Te}^{133}\)	60 min. (A 2, W 9)	\(\beta^-\)	(A 2)	A
52	\(\mathrm{Te}^{(134)}\)	43 min. (A 2)	\(\beta^-\)	(A 2)	C
52	\(\mathrm{Te}^{135}\)	\(< 2\) min. (D 4, G 123, K 108)	\(\beta^-\)		A
52	\(\mathrm{Te}\)	\(\sim 1\) min. (H 14)	\(\beta^-\)	(H 14)	D
53	\(\mathrm{I}^{127}\)	stable
53	\(\mathrm{I}^{129}\)	very long (L 112)	\(\beta^-\)		A
53	\(\mathrm{I}^{131}\)	8.0 days (L 12, G 142) 7.9 days (A 2)	\(\beta^-\), \(\gamma\), \(e^-\)	(A 2)	A	2.8 (t) (E 111)	0.595 (D 1, D 6) spectr. 0.60 (M 113) abs. Al, F.
53	\(\mathrm{I}^{(132)}\)	2.4 h (A 2) 2.3 h (H 3)	\(\beta^-\), \(\gamma\)	(A 8)	C		1.0 (\(\sim 50\%\)) 2.1 (\(\sim 50\%\)) (N 115) abs. Al, F. 1.3 (B 3) abs. Al

Continuation

radiation in MeV gamma radiation	Origin and mass determination	Additional literature
0.3, 0.8 (G 135) abs. Pb 0.3, 0.7 (M 113) abs. Pb X-rays: \(\sim 0.030\) \((\mathrm{G}\ 135)\) abs. Al	Te \((d,p)\) (T 2, S 12) Te \((n,\gamma)\) (S 12) Te \((n,2n)\) (H 12, T 2) Te \((\gamma,n)\) (B 7) fiss., last. 4.2 hr. Sb\(^{129}\) \((\mathrm{A}\ 2)\); pred. 32 days. Te\(^{129*}\) I. T. (S 12, G 135); pred. very long. I\(^{129}\) (S 12, L 112) Te \((d,p)\) (S 12) Te \((n,\gamma)\) (S 12) fiss., last. 25 min. Te\(^{129}\) (S 12); pred. 8.0 days. I\(^{131}\) (A 2, H 4, S 12) Te \((d,p)\) (S 12) Te \((n,\gamma)\) (S 12) fiss., last. 30 hr. Te\(^{131*}\) I. T. (S 12); pred. 8.0 days. I\(^{131}\) (A 2, S 12)
0.22 (N 115) abs. Pb X-rays. (A 2) abs.	fiss., last. \(\sim 5\) min. Sb\(^{132}\) (A 2); pred. 2.4 hr. I\(^{132}\) (A 8, A 2, H 3, H 4, N 115) fiss., last. \(<10\) min. Sb\(^{133}\) (A 2); pred. 22 hr. I\(^{133}\) (A 22, H 4, W 9) fiss., last. \(<10\) min. Sb\(^{134}\) (A 2); pred. 54 min. I\(^{134}\) (A 2, H 4) hyp. pred. 6.7 hr. I\(^{135}\) (S 21, D 4, G 123, K 108, W 9) fiss. (H 14) hyp. last. 70 min. Te\(^{129}\) (S 12)	(W 7)
0.367 (D 6) spectr. spectr. conv.; 0.080 (D 6) spectr. conv., abs. Pt, Hg, coincid. 0.36 (S 144, M 113) abs. Pb 0.4 (L 12) abs. Pb 0.6 (\(\sim 50\%\)), 1.4 (\(\sim 50\%\)) (N 115) abs. Pb 0.85 (B 3) abs. Pb	Te \((d,n)\) (L 12, R 2) fiss., last. 25 min. Te\(^{131}\) (L 12, A 2, S 12) fiss., last. 77 hr. Te\(^{132}\) (A 8, A 2, H 3, N 115, H 4)	(P 108, H 4, T 1) (M 116)

Z	A	Half-life	Decay	Discovered in fission	Class	Fission yield %	Emission energy, particles
53	I¹³³	22 h (A 2, S 21, K 108, W 9)	β⁻, γ	(A 2)	A	~ 4.5 (K 108)	1.3 (S 144) abs. Al 1.1 (P 1) Wilson chamber
53	I¹³⁴	18.5 h (H 4) 54 min (A 2)	β⁻, γ	(A 2)	C	~ 5.7 (K 112)
53	I¹³⁵	6.7 h (G 123, K 108) 6.6 h (S 21, D 4, W 9)	β⁻, γ	(S 21, D 4)	A	5.6 (G 123, K 108)	1.35 (K 108) abs. Al, F. 1.5 (S 144) abs. Al
53	I¹³⁶	1.8 min (S 25)	β⁻	(S 25)	C
53	I¹³⁷	30 s (S 25)	β⁻	(S 25)	B
53	I¹³⁸	22.0 s (H 111) 23 s (L 105, R 101)	β⁻, (n)	(B 11, L 105)	C
54	Xe¹²⁹	stable
54	Xe¹³¹	stable		(T 101)	A
54	Xe¹³²	stable		(T 101)	A
54	Xe¹³³	5.3 d (E 122) 5.4 d (C 2)	β⁻, γ, e⁻, X-rays	(L 1)	A		0.35 (E 112) abs. Al, F. 0.33 (E 103) abs. Al 0.32 (B 3, S 16) 0.26 (W 9) e⁻: 0.049 (H 18) spectrum
54	Xe¹³⁴	stable		(T 101)	A
54	Xe¹³⁵*	13 min (N 116) 15.6 min (R 1, S 16) 10 min (W 9)	I. T., γ, e⁻	(G 4)	A		e⁻: 0.50 (N 116) abs. Al; 0.6 (S 16) abs. Al
54	Xe¹³⁵	9.2 h (H 105) 9.4 h (S 21, W 7) 9.5 h (D 4)	β⁻, γ	(S 21, D 4)	A	5.9 (H 109)	0.94 (H 105) abs. Al, F. 0.96 (W 9) abs. Al 0.92 (B 3) abs. Al 0.90—1.0 (S 144) abs. Al
54	Xe¹³⁶	stable		(T 101)	A
54	Xe¹³⁷	3.4 min (R 1, S 16) 3.8 min (S 18)	β⁻	(S 18)	B		~ 4 (S 18, B 3) abs. Al

radiations in MeV gamma radiation	Origin and mass determination	Additional literature
0.55 (S 144) abs. Pb	fis., after 60 min. Te\(^{133}\) (A 2, H 4, W 9); prec. 5.3 days. Xe\(^{133}\) (S 21, D 4, W 9)	(W 7, K 113, P 107)
\(> 1\) (G 123) abs. Pb	fis., after 43 min. Te(\(^{134}\)) (A 2, H 4)	(P 2, P 13, P 106)
1.6 (K 108) abs. Pb 1.3 (S 144) abs. Pb	fis., after \(< 2\) min. Te\(^{135}\) (D 4, G 123, K 108, W 9); prec. 9.2 hr. Xe\(^{135}\) (\(\sim 90\%\)) S 21, D 4, W 9); prec. 13 min. Xe\(^{135*}\) (\(\sim 10\%\)) (W 9) fis. (S 25) fis., prec. 3.4 min. Xe\(^{137}\) (S 18) fis. prec. Xe\(^{137}\) instab. \(n\)-emitter (L 105)	(W 7, K 110) (R 5, S 154)
0.085 (E 112) abs. Cu, Pb 0.083 (B 3) abs. X-ray: 0.031 (E 112) abs. Al; 0.040 (E 103) abs. Al	fis. (T 101) mass spectr.; after 8.0 days. I\(^{131}\) fis. (T 101) mass spectr. Xe\((d,p)\) (C, 2) Xe\((n,\gamma)\) (R 1) (?) Te\((\alpha,n)\) (C 2) Ba\((n,\alpha)\) (W 7, W 9, C 101) Cs\((n,p)\) (W 7, W 9, C 101) fis., after 22 hr. I\(^{133}\) (S 21, D 4, W 9)
0.54 (N 116) abs. Al; conv. \(\sim 0.5\) (W 9) abs. Pb 0.6 (S 16) abs. Al conv. 0.25 (W 9) abs. Pb 0.26 (S 144) abs. Pb	fis. (T 101) mass spectr. Xe\((n,\gamma)\) (R 1, S 16) fis., after 6.7 hr. I\(^{135}\) (\(\sim 100\%\)) (G 4, S 16); prec. 9.2 hr. Xe\(^{135}\) (G 4, W 9) Xe\((d,p)\) (C 2) Ba\((n,\alpha)\) (W 7, S 16, W 9) fis., after 6.7 hr. I\(^{135}\) (\(\sim 90\%\)) (S 21, D 4, S 16, W 9); 13 min. Xe\(^{135*}\) I. T. (W 9); prec. \(> 2.5 \times 10^{4}\) years Cs\(^{135}\) (E 107) fis. (T 101) mass spectr. Xe\((n,\gamma)\) (R 1, S 16) fis., after 30 sec. I\(^{137}\) (S 18); prec. 33 years Cs\(^{137}\) (G 123, T 102)	(B 2)

Z	A	Half-life	Decay	Discovered in fission	Class	Fission yield %	Radiation energy, particles
54	Xe(137?)	instantaneous (L 105)	n (L 105)	(L 105)	C	0.17%, delayed neutrons H (111)	n: 0.67 (B 125) Wilson chamber; 0.56 (H 111) abs. paraffin
54	Xe139	17 min. (G 2) 16–18 min. (S 14)	β−	(H 4)	B
54	Xe139	41 sec. (D 109) ~30 sec. (H 22)	β−	(H 4, H 22)	A
54	Xe140	16 sec. (D 109) 9.8 sec. (O 102)	β−	(H 5)	A
54	Xe141	3 sec. (D 109) 1.7 sec. (K 119, O 102)	β−	(B 118)	A
54	Xe143	1 sec. (D 109)	β−	(B 113)	A
54	Xe144	short (D 103)	β−	(D 103)	A
54	Xe145	0.8 sec. (D 109)	β−	(A 103)	C
54	Xe	68 min. (C 2)	I.T. (?) (S 16)		(C)
55	Cs133	stable
55	Cs135	> 2.5 × 10⁴ years (E 107) > 2 × 10³ years (G 123, F 106)	β−		A
55	Cs(136)	13 days (F 111, G 137)	β−, γ	(F 107)	C	0.008 (F 111) 0.011 (G 137)	~0.28 (F 111) abs. Al coincid. 0.5 (50%), 0.8 (50%) (G 136) abs. Al, F. ~0.4 (50%), 0.8 (50%) (M 113) abs. Al, F. 2.6 (G 2) abs. Al
55	Cs137	33 years (G 140)	β−, γ	(S 27)	A
55	Cs138	32 min. (G 2, G 139) 33 min. (A 6, H 4, E 114)	β−, γ	(H 4, H 22)	B
55	Cs139	7 min. (H 5) 10 min. (H 22)	β−	(H 4, H 22)	A
55	Cs(140)	40 sec. (H 5)	β−	(H 5)	C

Continuation

Gamma radiation, MeV	Origin and mass determination	Additional literature
	fiss., after 22.0 sec. $I^{137}$ ($L\ 105$)
	fiss., prec. 32 min. $Cs^{138}$ ($H\ 4,\ G\ 1,\ G\ 2,\ S\ 14$)	($S\ 16;\ H\ 5$)
	fiss., prec. 7 min. $Cs^{139}$ ($H\ 22,\ H\ 4,\ H\ 5$) prec. 85 min. $Ba^{139}$ ($D\ 109,\ H\ 5,\ H\ 22$) fiss., prec. 12.8 days $Ba^{140}$ ($H\ 5,\ B\ 118,\ O\ 102,$ $D\ 103,\ D\ 109$) fiss., prec. 3.5 hr. $La^{141}$ ($B\ 118$); prec. 28 days $Ce^{141}$ ($O\ 102,\ D\ 109$) fiss., prec. 33 hr. $Ce^{143}$ ($B\ 118,\ D\ 109$); prec. 13.8 days $Pr^{143}$ ($O\ 102$) fiss., prec. 275 days $Ce^{144}$ fiss., prec. 1.8 hr. $Ce^{145}$ $Xe(d,p)$ (?) ($C\ 2$) $Xe(n,n)$ (?) ($S\ 16$)	($D\ 108$) ($D\ 103$) ($O\ 102$) ($D\ 109$)
	hyp., after 6.7 hr. $I^{135}$ ($G\ 123,\ F\ 106,\ E\ 107$)
1.2 ($F\ 111$) abs. Pb coincides	fiss. ($F\ 111,\ G\ 137$)
0.75 ($G\ 136$) abs. Pb 0.7 ($M\ 113$) abs. Pb	after $Xe(n,\gamma)$ ($T\ 102$) 137 ($F\ 106$) no 135 fiss., after 3.4 min. $Xe^{133}$ ($T\ 102,\ G\ 123$) 137 ($L\ 110$) mass spectrum	($G\ 104$)
1.2 ($G\ 139$) abs. Pb	$Ba(n,p)$ ($S\ 16$) fiss., after 17 min. $Xe^{133}$ ($H\ 4,\ G\ 1,\ G\ 2,\ S\ 14$)	($H\ 5,\ P\ 109$)
	fiss., after 41 sec. $Xe^{139}$ ($H\ 4,\ H\ 22,\ H\ 5$); prec. 85 min. $Ba^{139}$ ($H\ 4,\ H\ 22$) fiss. ($H\ 5$)	($H\ 6,\ A\ 6$)

Z	A	Half-life	Decay	Discovered in fission	Class	Fission yield, %	Radiation energy, particles
55	Cs$^{140}$	short (H 5, B 118, O 102, D 103, D 109)	$\beta^-$	(H 5)	A
55	Cs$^{141}$	short (B 118, O 102, D 109)	$\beta^-$	(B 118)	A
55	Cs$^{(142)}$	$\sim$ 1—2 min. (H 12)	$\beta^-$	(H 12)	D
55	Cs$^{143}$	short (B 118 O 102, D 109)	$\beta^-$	(B 118)	A
55	Cs$^{144}$	short (D 103)	$\beta^-$	(D 103)	A
55	Cs$^{(145)}$	short (D 103)	$\beta^-$	(A 103)	C
56	Ba$^{135}$	stable				low (G 147)
56	Ba$^{136}$	stable
56	Ba$^{137}$	stable
56	Ba$^{138}$	stable
56	Ba$^{139}$	85 min. (D 107) 86 min. (P 6, H 6, H 2) 87 min. (H 22)	$\beta^-$, $\gamma$	(H 2)	A	6.3 (K 113)	2.2 (B 3, K 113) abs. Al
56	Ba$^{140}$	12.8 days (E 116) $\sim$ 12.5 days (H 2)	$\beta^-$, $\gamma$, $e^-$	(H 2)	A	6.1 (E 108) 5.8 (E 110)	1.05 (W 105) spectrum, $\sim$0.4(25%), 1.0(75%) (E 106) abs. Al 1.0 (C 109) abs. Al; (M 113) abs. Al, F. $e^-$: 0.50 (W 105) spectrum.
56	Ba$^{141}$	18 min. (H 12, G 132)	$\beta^-$, $\gamma$	(H 12)	B	4.6 (G 133)
56	Ba$^{(142)}$	6 min. (H 12)	$\beta^-$	(H 12)	C
56	Ba$^{143}$	< 0.5 min. (H 12)	$\beta^-$	(H 2)	A
56	Ba$^{144}$	short (D 103)	$\beta^-$	(D 103)	A
56	Ba$^{(145)}$	short (D 109)	$\beta^-$	(A 103)	C
57	La$^{139}$	stable

Continuation

Gamma radiation (energies in MeV)	Origin and mass determination	Additional literature
	fiss., followed by 16 sec. Xe^141, prec. 12.8 days Ba^141 (H 5, H 12, D 118, O 102, D 109, D 103) fiss., followed by 3 sec. Xe^141, prec. 3.7 h La^141 (B 118); prec. 28 days Ce^141 (O 102, D 109) fiss., prec. 6 min. Ba^(142) (H 12) fiss., followed by 1 sec. Xe^143 (A 103) prec. 33 h Ce^143 (B 118, D 109); prec. 13.8 days Pr^143 (O 102) fiss., followed by short-lived Xe^144 prec. 275 days Ce^144 (D 103) fiss., followed by 0.8 sec. Xe^(145) prec. 1.8 h Ce^(145) (D 109)
0.6 (K 2) abs., Pb, Cu 0.542 (W 105) spectr. 0.529 (N 101) spectr. 0.5 (E 106) abs. Pb	Ba (d, p) (P 6, K 2) Ba (n, γ) (A 3, P 7) La (n, p) (P 6, P 10) Ce (n, α) (W 3) fiss., followed by 7 min. Cs^139 fiss., followed by short-lived Cs^140 (H 5, H 12, B 113, O 102, D 103, D 109) prec. 40 h La^140 (H 2, C 107, C 109, M 117)	(H 5, H 6) (H 4, H 22) (P 110, L 106, W 103)
γ (G 132)	fiss., followed by short-lived Cs^141 (B 118, O 102, D 109) prec. 3.7 h La^141 (H 12) fiss., followed by 1–2 min. Cs^(142) prec. 74 min. La^(142) (H 12) fiss., followed by short-lived Cs^143 (B 118, D 109, O 102); prec. 19 min. La^143 (H 2, H 12) fiss., followed by short-lived Cs^144; prec. 275 days Ce^144 (D 103) fiss., followed by short-lived Cs^(145) prec. 1.8 h Ce^(145) (D 109)

Z	A	Half-life	Decay	Discovered in fission	Class	Fission yield %	Radiation energy, particles
57	La$^{140}$	40.0 hr. (M 9, W 4) 40.2 hr. (B 106)	$\beta^-$, $\gamma$	(H 2)	A		0.90 (20%), 1.4 (70%), 2.12 (100%) (O 2) spectr. 1.45, $\sim$2.2 (low intens.) (W 106, W 103) spectr. 1.41 (W 4) abs. Al, spectr. 1.5 (C 107, C 109, G 131) abs. Al 1.75 (M 113, B 106) abs. Al, F.
57	La$^{141}$	3.7 hr. (K 105) 3.5 hr. (H 12)	$\beta^-$, $\gamma$ (?)	(H 12, B 107)	B		2.8 (K 105) abs. Al, F.
57	La$^{(142)}$	74 min. (H 12) 77 min. (K 105)	$\beta^-$, $\gamma$	(H 12)	C
57	La$^{143}$	19 min. (G 103) 20 min. (H 12) $\sim$15 min. (H 14)	$\beta^-$	(H 12, G 103)	A	$>4.3$ (S 152)
57	La$^{144}$	short (D 103)	$\beta^-$	(D 103)	A
57	La$^{(145)}$	short (D 109)	$\beta^-$	(A 103)	C
58	Ce$^{140}$	stable
58	Ce$^{141}$	28 days (B 122) 30 days (P 9)	$\beta^-$, $\gamma$	(H 8)	A	5.7 (S 102)	0.55 (B 114, M 113) abs. Al, F. 0.65 (P 9) abs. Al
58	Ce$^{142}$	stable
58	Ce$^{143}$	33 hr. (B 114) 32 hr. (E 113) 36 hr. (P 9)	$\beta^-$, $\gamma$	(S 139)	A	5.4 (K 114)	1.35 (B 114) abs. Al, F.; (E 113) abs. Al

Continuation

gamma radiation	Origin and mass determination	Additional literature
0.335 (10%), 0.49 (70%), 0.83 (14%), 1.63 (74%), 2.3 (4%) (M 115) spectrum. 0.335 (2%), 0.49 (50%), 0.87 (10%), 1.65 (77%), 2.3 (6%) (W 106) spectrum. 0.333, 0.505, 0.832, 1.61, 2.52 (C 2) spectrum. 1.69 (>97%), 2.5 (<3%) (D 102) abs. Al, coincid. 2.0 (W 4, M 9) abs. Pb; (M 1, M 2) spectrum. 2.1 (C 107, C 109) abs. Pb γ (?) (K 105)	La $(n,\gamma)$ (M 4, P 10, M 9, G 5, W 4) La $(d,p)$ (P 6, P 10, M 9, W 4) Ce $(n,p)$ (W 4) fiss., last. 12.8 d. Ba$^{140}$ (H 2, G 2, C 107, C 109, M 117) 140 (L 110) mass spectr.	(P 111, L 106, H 12, W 107, S 140)
γ (K 105)	fiss., last. 18 min. Ba$^{141}$ (H 12); precursor 28 d. Ce$^{141}$ (B 107, B 109) fiss., last. 6 min. Ba$^{142}$ (H 12) fiss., last. <0.5 min. Ba$^{143}$ (H 12, H 14, G 103, B 118, A 103); precursor 33 h. Ce$^{143}$ (G 103) fiss., last. short. Ba$^{144}$ (O 102; precursor 275 d. Ce$^{144}$ (D 103)) fiss., last. short. Ba$^{145}$ precursor 1.8 h. Ce$^{145}$ (D 109)
0.21 (B 114) abs. Pb 0.22 (M 113) abs. Pb 0.2 (P 9) abs. Pb	Ce $(d,p)$ (P 9, B 122) Ce $(n,\gamma)$ (P 9, B 114) Ce $(n,2n)$ (P 9, B 114) Ba $(\alpha,n)$ (P 9) Pr $(n,p)$ (P 9) fiss., last. 3.7 h. La$^{141}$ (B 107, B 109) 141 (L 110) mass spectr.	(G 131, P 114)
0.5 (B 114) abs. Pb	Ce $(d,p)$ (P 9, B 122, B 114) Ce $(n,\gamma)$ (P 9, B 114) fiss., last. 19 min. La$^{143}$ (G 103); precursor 13.8 d. Pr$^{143}$ (P 9, B 122, B 114) 143 (B 114) not obtained with Ce $(n,2n)$ 143 (L 110) mass spectr.	(B 107, P 112)

FRAGMENTS FORMED IN THE FISSION OF URANIUM NUCLEI

Z	A	Half-life	Decay	Discovered in fissions	Class	Yield, %	Radiation energy: particles
58	Ce^144	275 days (B 124) 300 days (H 14, B 3)	β−	(H 8)	A	5.3 (R 102)	0.348 (N 105) spectrum, ≈0.3 (W 112) abs. Al, F.; (N 107) abs. Al
58	Ce^(145)	1.8 h (B 108)	β−	(B 108, B 104)	C
58	Ce^(146)	14.6 min (S 103) ∼15 min (G 7)	β−	(G 7)	C
59	Pr^141 Pr^143	stable; 13.8 days (M 104) 14 days (B 102) 14.2 days (O 101) 13.5 days (P 9, C 106)	β−	(B 101, B 102)	A		1.0 (M 104, B 114) abs. Al, F. 0.95 (P 9)
59	Pr^144	17.5 min (N 107, S 111) 18 min (G 13) 17 min (H 14)	β−, γ, e−	(N 107, H 14, G 130)	A		3.07 (N 105) spectrum 3.0 (W 112) abs. Al, F.; (G 130) abs. Al 3.1 (B 3, H 14) abs. Al 3.2 (M 113) abs. Al, F. 2.8 (N 107, B 122) e−: 0.091, 0.128, 0.103 (?) (N 105) spectrum
59	Pr^(145)	4.5 h (K 106) 4.7 h (B 108)	β−	(B 101, B 108)	C		3.1 (K 106) abs. Al, F.
59	Pr^(146)	24.6 min (S 101) 25 min (G 7)	β−, γ	(G 7)	C		∼3 (S 101) abs. Al
60	Nd^143 Nd^144 Nd^145 Nd^146 Nd^147	stable; stable; stable; stable; 11.0 days (M 119)	β−, γ, e− X-rays	(D 101, M 103)	A	2.6 (M 119)	∼0.4 (40%), 0.90 (60%) (M 119) abs. Al, F. e−: 0.03 (M 119) abs. Al
60	Nd^148 Nd^(149)	stable; 1.7 h (M 122) 2.0 h (P 10)	β?, γ or X-rays		(C)		1.5 (M 122) abs. Al, F.

… in MeV gamma radiation	Origin and mass determination	Additional literature
no $\gamma$ (S 111)	fission, last short-lived La$^{144}$ (D 103, A 101); reported 17.5 min. Pr$^{144}$ (N 107, B 122, H 14, S 111, L 110, G 130) 144 (L 110) mass spectr. fission, last short-lived La$^{145}$ (B 109, D 109); reported 4.5 h. Pr$^{145}$ (B 108, K 106) fission, reported 24.6 min. Pr$^{146}$ (G 7, H 14, S 103)	(P 115) (B 104)
no $\gamma$ (B 114, M 104)	fission, last 33 h. Ce$^{13}$ (P 9, B 122, B 114) 113 (L 110) mass spectr.	(H 14, B 103, P 113)
0.135, 0.145 (?) (N 105) conv. spectrum 0.22, 1.25 (low intens.) (S 111) abs. Pb	fission, last 275 d. Ce$^{14}$ (N 107, B 122, H 14, G 133, S 111, L 110) 144 (L 110) mass spectr.
no $\gamma$ (K 106)	fission, last 1.8 h. Ce$^{145}$ (B 108, K 106)
1.4 (S 101) abs. Pb	fission, last 14.6 min. Ce$^{146}$
0.58 (M 119) abs. Pb X-rays: $\sim 0,(43)$ (M 119) abs. Al	Nd$(n,\gamma)$ (M 122, M 103) fission, reported 3.7 y. 61$^{147}$ (M 120, M 108) 147 (M 119, M 103) fission yield 147 (L 110) mass spectr.	(S 110)
$\gamma$ or X-rays (M 122)	Nd$(d,p)$ (P 10) Nd$(n,\gamma)$ (P 10, M 122) Nd$(n,2n)$ (P 10)	(M 102)

Z	A	Half-life	Decay	Discovered in fission	Class	Fission yield, %	Energy; emitted particles
60	Nd¹⁵⁰	stable			(D)
60	Nd(151)	short (M 122)	β−		(D)
61	61¹⁴⁷	3.7 years (S 113) 4 years (B 112) 2.2 years (S 113)	β−	(B 110, G 130, M 103)	A		0.20 (M 120, S 112) abs. Al, F. (G 130, B 110, B 112) abs. Al
61	61¹⁴⁹	47 hours (M 121)	β−, γ, rel. (?)	(M 105)	B	1.4 (M 121)	1.1 (M 121) abs. Al, F.
61	61(151)	12 min. (M 122)	β−		(D)
61	61¹⁵³	< 5 min. (W 118)	β−		A
61	61¹⁵⁶	< 5 min. (W 118)	β−		B
62	Sm¹⁴⁷	stable
62	Sm¹⁴⁹	stable
62	Sm(151)	long (L 110)		(L 109)	D
62	Sm¹⁵²	stable
62	Sm¹⁵³	47 hours (W 116, L 4, K 5, M 102)	β−, γ, T (?) (W 8)	(W 115)	A	0.15 (t) (E 111)	0.73 (W 116) abs. Al, F. 0.7 (M 102) abs. Al, F.
62	Sm¹⁵⁴	stable
62	Sm¹⁵⁵	25 min. (W 118) 21 min. (P 10)	β−, γ	(W 118)	B	0.031 (W 118)	1.9 (W 118) abs. Al, F. 1.8 (K 5) abs. Al
62	Sm¹⁵⁶	~ 10 hours (W 116)	β−	(W 113)	B	~ 0.016 (W 119)	~ 0.8 (W 119) abs. Al

gamma radiation	Origin and mass determination	Additional literature
no γ (M 120, S 112) 0.25 (low intens.) (M 121) abs. Pb X-rays (?) (M 121)	Nd \((n,\gamma)\) pred., 12 min. \(61^{(151)}\) (M 122) Nd \((n,\gamma)\) subsequent 11 d. Nd\(^{?}\) (M 120) fiss., subsequent 11 d. Nd \(?\) (M 120, M 108) 147 (L 110, H 102) mass-spectr. Nd \((n,\gamma)\) subsequent Nd\(^{(119)}\) (M 122, M 106, M 102) fiss., subsequent 1.7 h. Nd\(^{149}\) (?) 149 (M 102, M 105) fission product. Nd \((n,\gamma)\) fiss. short-lived. Nd\(^{(151)}\) (M 122) hyp. pred. 47 h. Sm\(^{153}\) (W 118) hyp. pred. \(\sim 10\) h. Sm\(^{156}\) (W 118)	(M 103) (M 122)
0.10, 0.57 (W 116) abs. Cu, Pb 0.11 \(\sim\) 0.6 (M 114) spectr. X-rays (?) (W 8)	fiss. (L110) mass-spectr. Sm \((d,p)\) (L 4, K 5) Sm \((n,\gamma)\) (H 19, H 20, P 10, L 4, W 8, M 102) Sm \((n,2n)\) (P 10, K 5) Sm \((\gamma,n)\) (L 4); Nd \((\alpha,n)\) fiss., following \(< 5\) min. \(61^{159}\) (W 118) 153 (W 116) fission product. 153 (H 113) mass-spectr.	(K 5)
\(\sim 0.3\) (W 118) abs. Pb	Sm \((d,p)\) (L 4, K 5) Sm \((n,\gamma)\) (A 3, M 4, H 19, P 10, L 4) Sm \((n,2n)\) (?) (P 10, K 5) Sm \((\gamma,n)\) (L 4); Nd \((\alpha,n)\) fiss., pred. 2 yr Eu\(^{155}\) (?) (W 118) 155 (W 118) fission product. B. W. fiss., hyp. pred. 15.4 d. Eu\(^{156}\) (W 113, W 116) hyp. subsequent \(< 5\) min. \(6.1^{56}\) (W 118) 156 (W 119) fission product.	(K 5)

Nucleus	Nucleus	Half-life	Decay	Discovered in fission by	Class	Fission yield %	Radiation energy of the particle
$Z$	$A$
63	Eu$^{151}$	stable
63	Eu$^{153}$	stable
63	Eu$^{155}$	2 years (W 117)	$\beta^-, \gamma$	(W 110)	A	$\sim 0.03$ (W 113)	$\sim 0.23$ (W 110) abs. Al
63	Eu$^{156}$	15.4 days (W 110)	$\beta^-, \gamma$	(W 108)	B	0.013 (W 113)	$\sim 0.5$ (60%), 2.4 (40%) (W 110) abs. Al, F.
63	Eu$^{157}$	15.4 hours (W 113)	$\beta^-, \gamma$	(W 111)	B	0.0074 (W 113)	$\sim 1.0$ (75%), $\sim 1.7$ (25%) (W 113) abs. Al, F.
63	Eu$^{(158)}$	30 min. (W 113)	$\beta^-$	(W 111)	C	0.002 (W 113)	$\sim 26$ (W 113) abs. Al, F.
64	Gd$^{155}$	stable
64	Gd$^{156}$	stable
64	Gd$^{157}$	stable
64	Gd$^{158}$	stable
	Identified fission products of nuclei with instantaneous emission of daughter neutrons.					% yield of neutrons
	(1)	4.51 sec. (H 111) 4.5 sec. (L 114) 3 sec. (B 12)	$\beta^-(n)$	(B 12)		0.21 (H 111)	$n$: 0.430 (H 111) abs. paraffin
	(2)	1.52 sec. (H 111) 1.8 sec. (L 114)	$\beta^-(n)$	(L 114)		0.24 (H 111)	$n$: 0.620 (H 111) abs. paraffin
	(3)	0.43 sec. (H 111) 0.4 sec. (L 114)	$\beta^-(n)$	(L 114)		0.084 (H 111)	$n$: 0.420 (H 111) abs. paraffin
	(4)	0.05 sec. (H 112)	$\beta^-(n)$	(H 112)		$\sim 0.029$ (H 112)

Continuation

Radiation in MeV gamma radiation	Origin and mass determination	Additional literature
0.0844 (W 110) critical abs. in Pt, Au, Hg, Tl, Pb	Sm \((d,n)\) (?) (K 6) fiss. (W 110) 155 (W 113) fiss. yield 155 (L 110) mass spectr.
2.0 (W 110) abs. Pb	fiss., after \(\sim 10\) h Sm\(^{156}\) (W 113, W 116) 156 (W 113) fiss. yield B. W.
0.2, 0.6 (W 113) abs. Pb	fiss. (W 113) 157 (W 113) fiss. yield B. W.
	fiss. (W 113)
	fiss. (B 12, H 111)
	fiss. (L 114, H 111)
	fiss. (L 114, H 111)	(B 12)
	fiss. (H 112)

Legend:

○ — Reliable mass determinations
□ — Unreliable mass determinations

Table II

Table of fission products (chains and yields)
Part I. Light group

Mass number	30 Zn	31 Ga	32 Ge	33 As	34 Se	35 Br	36 Kr	37 Rb	38 Sr	39 Y	40 Zr	41 Cb	42 Mo	43	44 Ru	45 Rh	46 Pd	47 Ag	48 Cd	49 In	50 Sn	Fission yield, %
71	•	stable	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
72	19 h → 14.3 h → stable	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	\(1.5\times10^{-5}\)
73	<2 min → 5 h → stable	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	\(1.0\times10^{-4}\)
74	•	•	stable	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
75	•	•	189 min → stable	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
76	•	•	stable	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
77	•	•	12 h → 40 h → stable	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	0.0091
78	•	•	•	80 min → stable	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
(78)	•	•	2.1 h → 90 min → ?	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	0.02
79	•	•	•	<10 min. or >7·10⁶ yr → stable	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
80	•	•	•	stable	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
81	•	•	•	<10 min → 59 min → 11 min → stable	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	0.008; 0.125
82	•	•	•	•	stable; 34 h → stable	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	\(2.8\times10^{-5}\)
83	•	•	•	•	85 min → 2.4 h → 113 min → stable	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	0.40
84	•	•	•	•	∼2 min → 30 min → stable	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	0.65
85	•	•	•	•	•	3.0 min → 4.5 h → stable; → ∼10 yr	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	∼0.24
86	•	•	•	•	•	•	stable; 19.59 h → stable	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	\(2\times10^{-5}\)
(87)	•	•	•	•	•	55.6 s → [[unclear: “мгновен.”, instantaneous?]] → ?	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	0.026
87	•	•	•	•	•	60 s → 75 min → \(6.3\times10^{10}\) yr → stable	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
88	•	•	•	•	•	•	3 h → 17.8 min → stable	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
89	•	•	•	•	•	•	2.6 min → 15.4 min → 53.9 d → stable	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	4.8
90	•	•	•	•	•	•	∼33 s → short → 25 yr → 65 h → stable	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
91	•	•	•	•	•	•	9.8 s → short → 9.7 h → 51 min (∼40%) → 57 d → stable	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	5.9
92	•	•	•	•	•	•	3 s → short → 2.4 h → 3.5 h → stable	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	5.1
…	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	80 s → ?	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
(93)	•	•	•	•	•	•	2.0 s → short → 7 min → 10 h → ? → stable	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
(94)	•	•	•	•	•	•	1.4 s → short → ∼2 min → 20 min → stable	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	∼5
95	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	<1.5 h → 65 d → 35 d → stable; 90 h (∼2%)	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	∼5.4
96	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	stable	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
97	•	•	•	•	•	•	short → short → short → short → 17.0 h → 75 min → stable	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
98	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	stable	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
99	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	67 h → \(4\times10^{8}\) yr → stable; 5.9 h (∼10%)	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	6.2
100	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	stable	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
101	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	14.6 min → 14.0 min → stable	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
(102)	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	12 min → <1 min → stable	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
103	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	56 min (≥97%) → 42 d → stable	•	•	•	•	•	•	3.7
104	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	stable	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
105	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	short → short → 4.5 h → 36.5 h → stable	•	•	•	•	•	•	∼0.9
106	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	1.0 yr → 33 s → stable	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	0.5
107	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	<15 min → 4 min → 21 min → {very short, or \(>3\times10^8\) yr} → stable	•	•	•	•	•	•
108	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	stable	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•
109	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	1 h → 13.4 h → stable; (40.4 s)	•	•	•	•	•	•	0.028
110	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	stable	•	•	•	•	•	•
111	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	26 min → 7.6 d → stable	•	•	•	•	•	•	0.018
112	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	21 h → 3.2 h → stable	•	•	•	•	•	•	0.011
113	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	stable	•	•	•	•
114	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	stable	•	•	•	•
115	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	2.33 d → 4.53 h; 44 h → stable	•	•	•	•	0.011; 0.0007
116	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	stable	•	•	•	•
117	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	2.88 h → 1.95 h → stable	•	•	•	•	0.01
…	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	48.7 min → stable	•	•	•	•
	Zn	Ga	Ge	As	Se	Br	Kr	Rb	Sr	Y	Zr	Cb	Mo	43	Ru	Rh	Pd	Ag	Cd	In	Sn

Table of fission products (chains and yields)
Part II. Heavy group

Mass number	50 Sn	51 Sb	52 Te	53 I	54 Xe	55 Cs	56 Ba	57 La	58 Ce	59 Pr	60 Nd	61	62 Sm	63 Eu	64 Gd	Yield in fission, %
118	stable	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●
119	stable	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●
120	stable	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●
(121)	62 h → stable	stable	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	0.014
(121, 123)	130 d → stable	stable	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	0.0012
122	stable	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●
(123)	10 d → stable	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	0.0044
124	stable	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●
125	(9 min) → ~2.7 yr → stable	●	stable	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	0.023
(125)	~20 min → ?	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●
(126)	10 min → 60 min → stable	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	0.1
127	●	●	98 d; 93 h → 9.3 h → stable	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	0.033
128	●	●	stable	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●
129	●	●	32 d; 4.2 h → 70 min → very long → stable	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	0.19
130	○	●	stable	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●
131	●	●	30 h; 25 min → 8.0 d → stable	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	~0.5; 2.8
(132)	●	~5 min → 77 h → 2.4 h → stable	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	3.6
133	●	<10 min → 60 min → 22 h → 5.3 d → stable	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	~4.5
(134)	●	<10 min → 43 min → 54 min → stable	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	~5.7
…	●	●	~1 min → ?	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●
135	●	●	<2 min → 6.7 h → 9.2 h → 2.5×10⁶ yr → stable; 13 min (~10%)	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	5.9
(136)	●	●	1.8 min → stable ← ~13 d → stable	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	0.01
(137)	●	●	22.0 sec → instant.; → ?	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	0.17
137	●	●	30 sec → 3.4 min → 33 years → stable	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●
138	●	●	17 min → 32 min → stable	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●
139	●	●	41 sec → 7 min → 85 min → stable	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	6.3
140	●	●	16 sec → short → 12.8 d → 40.0 h → stable	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	6.1
…	○	●	●	40 sec → ?	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●
141	●	●	●	3 sec → short → 18 min → 3.7 h → 28 d → stable	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	5.7
(142)	●	●	●	~1–2 min → 6 min → 74 min → stable	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●
143	●	●	●	1 sec → short → <0.5 min → 19 min → 33 h → 13.8 d → stable	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	5.4
144	●	●	●	short → short → short → short → 225 d → 17.5 min → stable	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	5.3
(145)	●	●	●	0.8 sec → short → short → short → 7.8 h → 4.5 h → stable	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●
…	●	●	●	(68 min)	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●
(146)	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	14.6 min → 24.6 min → stable	●	●	●	●	●	●	●
147	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	11.0 d → 3.7 years → stable	●	●	●	●	2.6
148	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	stable	●	●	●	●
149	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	(1.7 h) → 47 h → stable	●	●	●	●	1.4
150	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	stable	●	●	●	●
(151)	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	(short) → 12 min → 5 min → stable	●	●	●	●
152	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	stable	●	●
153	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	<5 min → 47 h → stable	●	●	●	0.15
154	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	stable	●	●
155	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	25 min → 2 years → stable	●	●	●	~0.03
156	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	<5 min → ~10 h → 15.4 h → stable	●	●	●	0.013
157	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	15.4 h → stable	●	0.0074
(158)	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	60 min → stable	●	0.003

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(B115) N. E. Ballou, W. H. Burgus, J. B. Dial, L. E. Glendenin, H. Finston, M. F. Ravely, B. Schloss and N. Sugarman, CC—920, p. 24, Sept. (1943).

(B116) E. L. Brady, CC—529, p. 43, Mar. (1943); (B117) CC—920, p. 49, Sept. (1943).

(B118) E. L. Brady, W. H. Burgus, D. W. Engelkemier, L. E. Glendenin, T. B. Novey and N. Sugarman, CC—465—B, pp. 14—18, Febr. (1943); PPR Vol. 9B, 7. 5.2 (1946).

(B119) E. L. Brady and E. Creutz, CC—529, pp. 28—30, Mar. (1943).

(B120) E. L. Brady and A. Turkevich, MUC—NS—220, Aug. (1944); CL—697, 111D, 2, Nov. (1944).

(B121) E. L. Brady, D. W. Engelkemier and E. P. Steinberg, PPR Vol. 9B, 7. 15.2 (1946).

(B122) W. H. Burgus, CC—465—B, pp. 13—25, Feb. (1943); (B124) CC—2310, pp. 210—211, Jan. (1945).

(B125) M. J. Burgy, E. O. Wollan, L. A. Pardue and H. B. Willard, private communication, June (1946).

(C1) E. P. Clancy, Phys. Rev. 58, 88 (1940); (C2) ibid. 60, 87 (1941), 59, 686 (1941).

(C3) G. B. Collins, B. Waldman, E. M. Stubblefield and M. Goldhaber, ibid. 55, 507 (1939).

(C4) J. M. Cork and J. L. Lawson, ibid. 56, 291 (1939).
(C5) B. R. Curtis and J. M. Cork, ibid. 53, 681 (1938).
(C6) N. R. Campbell and H. W. Wood, Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 14, 15 (1906); N. R. Campbell, ibid., 211 (1907); 557 (1908).
(C101) M. Camac, CC—2409, Oct. 1944.
(C102) G. W. Campbell, CC—529, p. 48, Mar. 1943; (C103) CC—724, p. 10, June 1943.
(C104) C. D. Coryell, CC—1112, p. 15, Dec. 1943; (C105) CC—1204, pp. 12—15, Jan. 1944.
(C106) C. D. Coryell and N. E. Ballou, CC—529, pp. 70—73, Mar. 1943.
(C107) C. D. Coryell and co-workers, CC—238—D, pp. 2—3, Aug. 1942; (C108) CC—258—D, p. 5, Sept. 1942; (C109) CC—298—D, pp. 1—2, Oct. 1942; (C110) CC—389 B, pp. 1—4, Dec. 1942.
(C112) C. D. Coryell and K. Way, CC—1204, p. 23, Jan. 1944.
(C115) C. D. Coryell, MUC—CDC—No. 10, Mar. 1943.
(C116) C. D. Coryell and E. L. Brady, MUC—CDC—80, Sept. 1943.
(D1) M. Deutsch, Phys. Rev. 59, 940 (1941).
(D2) H. Devries and J. Veldkamp, Physica 5, 249 (1938).
(D3) R. W. Dodson and R. D. Fowler, Phys. Rev. 55, 880 (1939); (D4) ibid. 57, 966 (1940).
(D5) Doran and Henderson, private communication to K. G. Gardner, cited by G. T. Seaborg, Cl—697, 1110, 3. 1, Dec. 1944.
(Di) J. R. Downing, M. Deutsch and A. Roberts, Phys. Rev. 61, 339—686 (1942).
(D4) M. Dode and B. Pontecorvo, Compt. rend. 207, 287 (1938).
(D5) J. R. Downing and A. Roberts, Phys. Rev. 59, 940 (1941).
(D9) M. Deutsch, ibid. 61, 672 (1942).
(D10) M. Deutsch and A. Roberts, ibid. 60, 362 (1941).
(D101) T. H. Davies, M—CN—1421, p. 12, Apr. 1944.
(D102) M. Deutsch, LAMS—142, Oct. 1944.
(D103) C. Dillard, R. M. Adams, H. Finston and A. Turkevich, CC—1142, p. 23, Dec. 1943; CC—1805, July 1944; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.5.3 (1946); (D104) CC—310, p. 55, Jan. 1944; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.12 (1946); (D107) C. Dillard, H. Finston, R. M. Adams and A. Turkevich, CC—2310, p. 198, Jan. 1945; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.44.2 (1946); (D103) MUC—NS—No. 280, Jan. 1945; (D109) C. Dillard, R. M. Adams, H. Finston and A. Turkevich, CC—2310, pp. 55—62, 167—169, Jan. 1945; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.5.5 (1946).
(E101) R. R. Edwards and H. Gest, CN—2809, p. 8, Apr. 1945; (E102) MonN—2, p. 7, July 1945.
(E103) N. Elliott, CC—342, p. 6, Nov. 1942; CC—465—B, p. 13, Feb. 1943; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.33.1 (1946).
(E104) D. W. Engelkemeir, CC—339—B, pp. 1—4, 6, Dec. 1942.
(E105) CN 1911, pp. 7—3, July 1944; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.15.6 (1946); (E106) CC—1950, Aug. 1944; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.45.2 (1946); (E107) CC—2310, p. 195, Jan. 1945; CC—2485, p. 3, Dec. 1944; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.40.2 (1946).
(E108) D. W. Engelkemeir and E. L. Brady, CC—418—B, pp. 9—13, Jan. 1943; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.15.9 (1946).
(E109) D. W. Engelkemeir, M. S. Freedman, J. A. Seiler, E. P. Steinberg and L. Winsberg, CN—2329, p. 2, Apr. 1945.
(E110) D. W. Engelkemeir, T. B. Novey and D. S. Schover, CC—793, pp. 6—16, July 1943.
(E111) D. W. Engelkemeir, J. A. Seiler, E. P. Steinberg and L. Winsberg, PPR Vol. 9B, 7.57.18 (1946).
(E112) D. W. Engelkemeir and N. Sugarman, CC—2310, pp. 170—184, Jan. 1945; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.38.2 (1946); (E113) CC—298—D, p. 5, Oct. 1942.

(E114) H. B. Evans, CN—2799, p. 3, Mar. 1945; reported in PPR Vol. 9B, 7.41 (1946).

(E115) R. R. Edwards, H. Gest and T. H. Davies, CC—3390, June 1946.

(E116) D. W. Engelkemier, M. S. Freedman and L. E. Glendenin, reported in PPR Vol. 9B, 7.45.1 (1946).

(E117) D. W. Engelkemier, E. L. Brady and E. P. Steinberg, PPR Vol. 9B, 7.5.5 (1946).

(F1) N. Feather and J. V. Dunworth, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), A—168, 566 (1938).

(F2) J. R. Feldmeier and G. B. Collins, Phys. Rev. 59, 937 (1941).

(F3) A. Flammersfeld, Naturwiss. 32, 36 (1944).

(F4) N. Feather, Phys. Rev. 55, 1559 (1930); (F5) Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 27, 430 (1931); (F6) ibid. 34, 599 (1938).

(F102) B. Finkle, E. Hoagland, S. Katcoff, R. P. Metcalf, E. P. Steinberg, N. Sugarman and L. Winsberg, CN—1998, p. 6, Aug. 1944.

(F103) B. Finkle, E. Hoagland, S. Katcoff and N. Sugarman, CN—1958, Aug. 1944; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.57.17 (1946); (F104) CN—2126, pp. 8—9, Sept. 1944.

(F105) B. Finkle and N. Sugarman, CC—2310, pp. 74—84, Jan. 1945; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.9.1 (1946); (F106) CC—2310, pp. 193—194, Jan. 1945; CC—2379, p. 9, Nov. 1944; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.40.1 (1946); (F107) CN—2499, p. 4, Mar. 1945.

(F108) M. S. Freedman and D. W. Engelkemier, CC—1331, pp. 4—9, Feb. 1944.

(F110) H. W. Fulbright, CP—1811, p. 36, July 1944.

(F111) B. Finkle, D. W. Engelkemier and N. Sugarman, PPR Vol. 9B, 7.42.1 (1946).

(F112) M. H. Feldman, L. E. Glendenin and R. R. Edwards, MonC—137, Aug. 1946; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.3.7 (1946).

(F113) M. H. Feldman and L. E. Glendenin, MonC—133, Aug. 1946; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.7 (1946).

(G1) G. N. Glasoe and J. Steigman, Phys. Rev. 57, 566 (1940); (G2) ibid. 58, 1 (1940).

(G3) M. Goldhaber, R. D. Hill and L. Szilard, ibid. 55, 47 (1939).

(G4) H. Götte, Naturwiss. 28, 449 (1940); (G5) ibid. 30, 103 (1942); (G6) ibid. 29, 496 (1941); (G7) private communication of O. Hahn and F. Strassmann, ibid. 31, 499 (1943).

(G8) A. V. Grosse and E. T. Booth, Phys. Rev. 57, 664 (1940).

(G101) H. Gest, W. H. Burgus and O. K. Neville, CN—2559—B, p. 4, Jan. 1945.

(G103) H. Gest and R. R. Edwards, CN—2809, April 1945; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.46 (1946).

(G104) L. E. Glendenin, CC—298, p. 2, Oct. 1942; CC—529, pp. 52—54, Mar. 1943; (G107) CC—579, pp. 11—15, Apr. 1943; (G108) CC—920, pp. 35—42, Sept. 1943; (G110) CC—1040, p. 9, Nov. 1943; (G112) M—CN—1634, p. 9, June 1944; (G113) M—CN—1844, p. 13, Aug. 1944; (G115) CC—2596, pp. 10—11, Mar. 1945; (G116) M—CN—2184, p. 11, Sept. 1944; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.18.4 (1946); (G117) CN—2839, p. 0, June 1945; MonN—15, pp. 12—13, Sept. 1945; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.3.1 (1946); (G118) MonN—6, p. 9, August (1945); (G119) PPR Vol. 9B, 7.22.2 (1946); (G120) private communication.

(G121) L. E. Glendenin and E. L. Brady, reported in MUC—CDC—No. 80, Sept. 1943.

(G122) L. E. Glendenin, PPR Vol. 9B, 7.3.6 (1946).

(G123) L. E. Glendenin and K. P. Metcalf, CC—2219, Feb. 1945; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.33.2 (1946).

(G126) L. S. Goldring, M—CN—1404, p. 14, March 1944.

(G127) L. E. Glendenin and E. P. Steinberg, CC—579, p. 11, Apr. 1943; CC—533, p. 9, May 1943; CC—920, p. 43, Sept. 1943; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.18.2 (1946).

(G128) B. L. Goldschmidt and I. Perlman, CC—295, Sept. 1942; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.15.1 (1946); (G129) CC—293, Sept. 1942; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.18.1 (1946).

(G130) B. L. Goldschmidt and F. Morgan, M?—11, Aug. 1943.

(G131) B. L. Goldschmidt and I. Perlman, CC—295, Sept. 1942.

(G132) A. Goldstein, CN—279, p. 4, March 1945; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.43 (1946).

(G133) A. Goldstein, R. P. Schuman and W. Rubinson, CN—2929, pp. 3—4, Apr. 1945; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.50.2 (1946).

(G134) L. E. Glendenin and C. D. Coryell, CC—529, pp. 31—33, March 1943; CC—1112, p. 15, Dec. 1943; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.11.2 (1946).

(G135) L. E. Glendenin, PPR Vol. 9B, 7.33.3 (1946).

(G136) L. E. Glendenin and R. P. Metcalf, PPR Vol. 9B, 7.33.1 (1946).

(G137) L. E. Glendenin, PPR Vol. 9B, 7.42.2 (1946); (G138) reported in PPR Vol. 9B, 7.10 (1946).

(G139) L. E. Glendenin and R. P. Metcalf, CC—2219, Feb. 1945; reported in PPR Vol. 9B, 7.41 (1946); (G140) reported in PPR Vol. 9B, 7.39.2 (1946).

(G141) L. E. Glendenin, PPR Vol. 9B, 7.24.3 (1946); (G142) PPR Vol. 9B, 7.35 (1946); (G143) PPR Vol. 9B, 7.13.3 (1946); (G144) PPR Vol. 9B, 7.17.1 (1946).

(G145) L. E. Glendenin and C. D. Coryell, CL—CDC—No. 10, Feb. 1945.

(G146) L. E. Glendenin, J. M. Siegel and C. D. Coryell, CD—CDC—No. 8, July 1945.

(G147) L. E. Glendenin, C. D. Coryell and R. R. Edwards, CL—LEG—No. 1, July 1946.

(H1) E. Haggestrom, Phys. Rev. 62, 144 (1942).

(H2) O. Hahn and F. Strassmann, Naturwiss. 27, 11 (1939); (H3) ibid., 451 (1939); (H4) ibid., 529 (1939); (H5) ibid. 28, 54 (1940); (H6) ibid. 61 (1940); (H7) ibid., 455 (1941); (H8) ibid., 543 (1941); (H9) ibid. 29, 235 (1941); (H10) ibid., 369 (1941); (H11) Zschr. f. Physik 117, 73 (1941); (H12) Naturwiss. 30, 324 (1942); (H13) ibid. 31, 249 (1943); (H14) ibid. 499 (1943); (H15) Zschr. f. Physik 121, 729 (1943).

(H16) O. Hahn, F. Strassmann and H. Götte, Abhandl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss., Math.-naturw. Klasse, No. 3 (1942).

(H17) A. C. Helmholz, Phys. Rev. 60, 415 (1941); (H18) private communication to G. T. Seaborg (S19).

(H19) G. V. Hevesy and H. Levi, Nature 137, 185 (1935); (H20) Kgl. Danske Videnskab. Selskab. Math. fys. Medd. 14, No. 5 (1936).

(H21) F. A. Heyn, Nature 139, 842 (1937).

(H22) F. A. Heyn, A. H. W. Aten, Jr., and C. J. Bakker, ibid. 143, 516 (1939).

(H23) O. Haber, O. Leinhard and H. Wäffler, Helv. Phys. Acta 17, 195 (1944).

(H24) O. Hahn, F. Strassmann and S. Flügge, Naturwiss. 27, 544 (1939).

(H25) A. C. Helmholz, Phys. Rev. 60, 160 (1941).

(H26) A. C. Helmholz, C. Pecher and P. R. Stout, ibid. 59, 902 (1941).

(H27) J. G. Hamilton, private communication to G. T. Seaborg in (S19).

(H101) R. J. Hayden, CP—3344, p. 5, Nov. 1945; (H102) CP—3338, p. 4, Dec. 1945.

FRAGMENTS FORMED IN THE FISSION OF URANIUM NUCLEI

(H103) E. J. Hoagland and S. Katcoff, CC—2310, p. 83, Jan. 1945; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.8.2 (1946).

(H104) E. J. Hoagland and N. Sugarman, CC—2310, pp. 63—69, Jan. 1945; (H105) CC—2310, pp. 185—192, Jan. 1945; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.37.2 (1946); (H106) CC—2379, p. 8, Nov. 1944; (H103) CN—2799, p. 5, March 1945; CC—2931, Apr. 1945 PPR Vol. 9B, 7.7 (1946); (H109) CC—3007, Apr. 1946; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.37.3 (1945); (H110), PPR Vol. 9B, 7.6 (1946).

(H111) D. J. Hughes, J. Dabbs and O. Cohn, CP—3094, July 1945.

(H112) D. J. Hughes, and D. Hall, CP—3099, pp. 12—16, July 1945.

(H113) R. J. Hayden and M. G. Inghram, CP—3509, May 1946.

(J101) L. Jacobson and R. Overstreet, CC—2315, Dec. 1944; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.15.8 (1946).

(J102) E. T. Jurrey and E. O. Wollan, CP—1576, p. 13, Apr. 1944.

(K1) D. C. Kalbfell, Phys. Rev. 51, 543 (1933).

(K2) D. C. Kalbfell and R. A. Cooley, ibid. 53, 91 (1940).

(K3) O. Klemperer, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A—148, 631 (1935).

(K4) J. D. Kraus and J. M. Cork, Phys. Rev. 52, 703 (1937).

(K5) J. D. Kurbatov, D. C. Macdonald, M. L. Pool and L. L. Quill, ibid. 61, 106 (1942).

(K6) J. D. Kurbatov and M. L. Pool, Phys. Rev. 63, 463 (1943).

(K7) B. V. Kurchatov, I. Kurchatov, L. Muisovski and L. Rusinov, Compt. rend. 200, 1201 (1935).

(K8) E. J. Konopinski and G. E. Uhlenbeck, Phys. Rev. 48, 7 (1935).

(K101) S. Katcoff, CC—2310, p. 52, Jan. 1945; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.3.2 (1946); (K102) CC—2310, pp. 70—74, Jan. 1945; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.9.1 (1946); (K103) CC—2310, p. 102, Jan. 1945; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.15.1 (1945); (K104) CC—2310, p. 156, Jan. 1945; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.31 (1946); (K105) CC—2310, p. 206, Jan. 1945; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.47 (1946); (K106) CC—2310, pp. 224—226, Jan. 1945; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.43.2 (1946).

(K108) S. Katcoff, C. Dillard, H. Finston, B. Finkle, J. A. Seiler and N. Sugarman, CN—2379, p. 8, Nov. 1944; CC—2310, p. 157, Jan. 1945; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.33 (1946).

(K109) S. Katcoff and B. Finkle, CC—2310, pp. 90—94, Jan. 1945; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.14.2 (1946).

(K110) S. Katcoff, B. Finkle, C. Dillard and H. Finston, CC—2485, p. 5, Dec. 1944.

(K111) S. Katcoff, B. Finkle and E. J. Hoagland, CN—2126, p. 5, Sept. 1944.

(K112) S. Katcoff, B. Finkle, E. J. Hoagland and N. Sugarman, CC—1546, p. 5, Apr. 1944.

(K113) S. Katcoff, B. Finkle and N. Sugarman, CC—1331, p. 10, Feb. 1944; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.44.1 (1946); (K114) CC—1331, pp. 10—15, 21, Feb. 1944; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.49.2 (1946); (K115) CC—1331, p. 14, Feb. 1944; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.3.3 (1946); (K116) CC—1331, p. 18, Feb. 1944.

(K118) T. P. Kohman and A. Turkevich, CN—1044, pp. 4—8, Nov. 1943.

(K119) S. Katcoff and collaborators, 1A—548, private communication to N. Zuckerman.

(L1) A. Langsdorf, Jr., Phys. Rev. 56, 205 (1933).

(L2) A. Langsdorf, Jr., and E. Segré, ibid. 57, 105 (1940).

(L3) K. Lark-Horovitz, R. Risser and R. N. Smith, ibid. 55, 878 (1939).

(L4) H. B. Law, M. L. Pool, J. D. Kurbatov and L. L. Quill, ibid. 59, 936 (1941).

(L5) J. L. Lawson, ibid. 56, 131 (1939).

(L6) J. L. Lawson and J. M. Cork, ibid. 57, 356 (1940); (L7) ibid. 932 (1940).

(L8) W. F. Libby and D. D. Lee, ibid. 55, 245 (1939).
(L9) C. Lieber, Naturwiss. 27, 421 (1939).
(L10) J. J. Livingood, Phys. Rev. 50, 425 (1936).
(L11) J. J. Livingood and G. T. Seaborg, ibid. 54, 51 (1938); (L12) ibid. 775 (1938); (L13) ibid. 55, 667 (1939).
(L101) G. R. Leader, (H)—CN—3464, Jan. 1946; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.26.2 (1946).
(L102) G. R. Leader and W. H. Sullivan, (H)—CN—3465, Jan. 1946; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.23.2 (1946).
(L103) W. B. Leslie, private communication, Mar. 1946.
(L104) J. S. Levinger, CC—2775, Mar. 1945; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.15.11 (1946).
(L105) J. S. Levinger, E. P. Meiners, M. B. Sampson, A. H. Snell and R. Wilkinson, CP—1967, July 1944; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.4 (1946).
(L106) H. A. Lévy and L. G. Stang, Jr., CC—1204, p. 9, Jan. 1944.
(L107) P. W. Levy, CP—1811, p. 15, June 1944.
(L108) L. G. Lewis and R. J. Hayden, CP—2929, Apr. 1945; (L109) CP—3221, pp. 3–4, Sept. 1945; (L110) CP—3295, Oct. 1945.
(L111) D. C. Lincoln and W. H. Sullivan, (H)—CN—3449, Jan. 1946; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.17.2 (1946).
(L112) G. R. Leader and W. H. Sullivan, (H)—CN—3466, Jan. 1946; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.36 (1946).
(L113) P. W. Levy, MonP—104, p. 13, Apr. 1946.
(L114) J. S. Levinger, M. B. Sampson and A. H. Snell, CP—1014, Oct. 1943; CP—1954, July 1944.
(L115) G. R. Leader and W. H. Sullivan, (H)—CN—3463, Jan. 1946; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.22.3 (1946).
(M1) C. E. Mandeville, Phys. Rev. 63, 387 (1943); (M2) ibid. 64, 147 (1943).
(M3) C. E. Mandeville and H. W. Fulbright, ibid. 64, 265 (1943).
(M4) J. K. Marsh and S. Sugden, Nature 136, 102 (1935).
(M5) W. Maurer and W. Ramm, Naturwiss. 29, 368 (1941); (M6) Zschr. f. Physik, 119, 334 (1942).
(M7) L. Meitner, Arkiv. Mat. Astron. Fysik. 27A, No. 17, 18 (1940).
(M8) A. C. G. Mitchell, Phys. Rev. 51, 995 (1937).
(M9) W. D. Mounce, M. L. Pool and J. D. Kurbatov, ibid. 61, 389 (1942).
(M10) A. Moussa and L. Goldstein, ibid. 60, 534 (1941).
(M101) J. A. Marinsky, reported in PPR Vol. 9B, 7.9.2 (1946).
(M102) J. A. Marinsky and L. E. Glendenin, CN—2809, p. 9, Apr. 1945; (M103) CC—2829, June 1945; (M104) CC—2829, pp. 7–8, 12, June 1945; (M105) CN—2833, p. 10, June 1945; (M106) MonN—2, p. 7, July, 1945.
(M107) E. E. Motta and G. E. Boyd, MonC—99, Aug. 1946.
(M108) J. A. Marinsky and L. E. Glendenin, MonN—15, pp. 12–13, Sept. 1945.
(M109) R. P. Metcalf, CN—1911, p. 3, July 1944; (M111) CC—2310, pp. 131–139, Jan. 1945; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.24.4 (1946); (M112) CC—2310, pp. 140–144, Jan. 1945; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.25 (1946).
(M113) R. P. Metcalf, W. Rubinson, J. A. Seiler, E. P. Steinberg and L. Winsberg, MUC—NS—No. 230, Sept. 1944.
(M114) L. C. Miller and L. P. Curtiss, CP—3102, June 1945; (M115) CP—3102, June 1945; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.45.6 (1946).
(M116) A. C. G. Mitchell and L. J. Brown, CC—826, p. 2, July 1943.

(M117) A. C. G. Mitchell, L. M. Langer and L. J. Brown, CP — 318, Oct. 1942.

(M118) R. P. Metcalf, CC — 2310, pp. 126—130, Jan. 1945; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.24.2 (1946).

(M119) J. A. Marinsky and L. E. Glendenin, PPR Vol. 9B, 7.54.3 (1946); (M120) PPR Vol. 9B, 7.54.4 (1946); (M121) PPR Vol. 9B, 7.54.5 (1946); (M122) MonN — 6, p. 9, Aug. 1945; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.54.6 (1946).

(N1) A. O. Nier, Phys. Rev. 50, 1041 (1939).

(N2) Y. Nishina, K. Kimura, T. Yasaki and M. Ikawa, Z. Physik, 119, 195 (1942).

(N3) Y. Nishina, T. Yasaki, H. Ezoe, K. Kimura and M. Ikawa, Nature, 146, 24 (1940).

(N4) Y. Nishina, T. Yasaki, K. Kimura and M. Ikawa, Phys. Rev. 58, 660 (1940); (N5) ibid. 59, 323 (1941); (N6) ibid. 677 (1941).

(N101) V. A. Nedzel, CC — 2283, Oct. 1944.

(N102) V. A. Nedzel and E. C. Barker, CP — 1728, May 1944; CP — 1811, June 1944.

(N103) V. A. Nedzel, CC — 2283, Oct. 1944; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.15.4 (1946).

(N104) V. A. Nedzel, L. J. Brown and E. P. Meiners, CC — 2299, Oct. 1944.

(N105) V. A. Nedzel, CC — 2283, Oct. 1944; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.52.4 (1946); (N106) CC — 2283, Oct. 1944; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.15.7 (1946).

(N107) A. S. Newton, A. Kant and R. E. Hein, CC — 418 — C, pp. 7—11, Jan. 1943; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.52.2 (1946).

(N108) R. W. Nottorf, CC — 521, p. 2, March 1943; (N110) CC — 725, p. 5, June 1943; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.11.1 (1946).

(N111) T. B. Novey, CC — 680, p. 22, May 1943; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.30.1 (1946).

(N112) T. B. Novey, D. W. Engelkemeir and E. L. Brady, CC — 920, pp. 4—8, Sept. 1943; (N113) CC — 1331, Feb. 1944.

(N115) T. B. Novey, W. H. Sullivan, C. D. Coryell, A. S. Newton, N. Sleight and O. Johnson, CC — 763, May 1943; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.29 (1946).

(N116) T. B. Novey, PPR Vol. 9B, 7.37.4 (1946).

(O1) Z. Ollano, Nuovo cimento 18, 11 (1946).

(O2) R. K. Osborne and W. C. Peacock, Phys. Rev. 69, 679 (1946).

(O101) R. Overstreet and L. Jacobson, CH — 1460, Sec. A, Feb. 1943; (O102) CH — 1460, p. 77, Feb. 1944; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.5.4 (1946).

(P1) N. A. Perfilov, Compt. rend. acad. sci. URSS 33, 485 (1941).

(P2) A. E. Polesitskii and N. Nemerovskii, ibid., 28, 217 (1940).

(P3) A. E. Polesitskii and M. Orbeli, ibid. 28, 215 (1940).

(P4) B. Pontecorvo and A. Lazar, Compt. rend. 208, 999 (1938).

(P5) M. L. Pool, Phys. Rev. 53, 116 (1938).

(P6) M. L. Pool and J. M. Cork, ibid., 51, 1010 (1937).

(P7) M. L. Pool, J. M. Cork and R. L. Thornton, ibid., 52, 233 (1937).

(P8) M. L. Pool and J. E. Edwards, ibid., 67, 60 (1944); Bull. APS 19, No. 5, 7 (1944).

(P9) M. L. Pool and J. D. Kurbatov, Bull. APS 18, No. 2, 9 (1943); Phys. Rev. 63, 463 (1943).

(P10) M. L. Pool and L. L. Quill; ibid. 53, 437 (1938).

(P101) W. C. Peacock, Ph. D. thesis, M. I. T. (Quoted by M. Deutsch in LAMS — 142, Oct. 1944).

(P102) PPR, Vol. 9B, 7.8.1; (P103) ibid., 7.9.2; (P104) ibid., 7.10; (P105), ibid., 7.14.1; (P106) ibid., 7.32; (P107) ibid., 7.34; (P108) ibid., 7.35; (P109) ibid.;

7.41; (P110) ibid., 7.45.1; (P111) ibid., 7.45.3; (P112) ibid., 7.49.1; (P113) ibid., 7.49.5; (P114) ibid., 7.50.1; (P115) ibid., 7.52.1, all 146 compilations.

(R1) W. Riezler, Naturwiss. 31, 326 (1943).

(R2) J. Roberts and J. W. Irvine, Phys. Rev. 59, 933 (1941).

(R3) R. Roberts, J. R. Downing and M. Deutsch, ibid., 60, 544 (1941).

(R4) J. Rotblat, Nature 148, 371 (1941).

(R5) R. B. Roberts, L. R. Hafstad, R. C. Meyer and P. Wang, Phys. Rev. 55, 510, 664 (1939).

(R101) C. Redman and D. Saxon, CP—1965, July 1944.

(R102) W. Rubinson, reported by J. H. Goldstein, PPR, Vol. 9B, 7.52.1 (1946).

(R103) W. Rall, CP—3462, p. 3, March 1946.

(S1) R. Sagane, Phys. Rev. 55, 31 (1939); (S2) ibid., 64, 147 (1943).

(S3) R. Sagane, S. Kojima and C. Miyamoto, Proc. Phys. Math. Soc. Japan 21, 728 (1939).

(S4) R. Sagane, S. Kojima, G. Miyamoto and M. Ikawa, Phys. Rev. 54, 543 (1938); (S5) ibid., 970 (1938); (S6) Proc. Phys. Math. Soc. Japan 21, 660 (1939); (S7) ibid., 22, 174 (1940); (S8) Phys. Rev. 57, 750 (1940); (S9) ibid., 1180 (1940).

(S10) R. Sagane, G. Miyamoto and M. Ikawa, ibid., 59, 904 (1941).

(S11) G. T. Seaborg, J. J. Livingood and G. Friedlander, ibid., 59, 320 (1941).

(S12) G. T. Seaborg, J. J. Livingood and J. W. Kennedy, ibid., 57, 333 (1940).

(S13) G. T. Seaborg and E. Segrè, ibid., 55, 808 (1939).

(S14) Seelmann-Eggebert W., Naturwiss. 28, 451 (1940).

(S15) H. Scheichenberger, Anz Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math. naturw. Klass. 75, 108 (1938).

(S16) W. Seelmann-Eggebert, Naturwiss. 31, 491 (1943); (S17) ibid., 510 (1943).

(S18) W. Seelmann-Eggebert and H. J. Born, ibid., 59 (1943).

(S19) G. T. Seaborg, Rev. Mod. Phys. 16, 1 (1944).

(S20) E. Segrè and G. T. Seaborg, Phys. Rev. 59, 212 (1941).

(S21) E. Segrè and C. S. Wu, ibid., 57, 552 (1940).

(S22) A. H. Snell, ibid., 52, 1007 (1937).

(S23) D. W. Stewart, J. L. Lawson and J. M. Cork, ibid., 52, 901 (1937); (S24) ibid., 56, 629 (1939).

(S25) F. Strassmann and O. Hahn, Naturwiss. 28, 817 (1940).

(S26) F. Strassmann and E. Walling, Ber. Deutsch. Chem. Ges. 71, 1 (1938).

(S27) G. T. Seaborg and M. Melhase, private communication to C. D. Cornell (1941).

(S101) R. P. Schuman, CN—2799, p. 4, March 1945; (S102) CN—2929, p. 5, Apr. 1945; (S103) CN—2929, p. 6, Apr. 1945; (S104) CN—3434, Feb. 1946; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.17.3 (1946).

(S107) J. A. Seiler, CC—2310, pp. 110—124, Jan. 1945; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.21 (1946); (S108) CC—2310, pp. 145—154, Jan. 1945; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.26.1 (1946); (S109) CC—2379, pp. 3—4, Nov. 1944; (S110) CN—2929, p. 5, Apr. 1945.

(S111) J. A. Seiler and L. Winsberg, CC—2310, pp. 213—223, Jan. 1945; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.52.3 (1946); (S112) CC—2310, pp. 227—230, Jan. 1945; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.54.2 (1946); (S113) PPR Vol. 9B, 7.54.2 (1946).

(S114) B. Selikson and J. M. Siegel, PPR Vol. 9B, 7.13.2 (1946).

(S115) L. Seren, CP—964, Sept. 1943.

(S116) L. Seren, D. W. Engelkemier and W. Sturm, CP—1903, July 1944.

(S117) L. Seren, H. N. Friedlander and S. H. Turkel, CF—2161, Sept. 1944, Addendum CP—1903, July 1944.

(S118) J. M. Siegel and L. E. Glendenin, CN—2586, p. 7, Feb. 1945.

(S120) CN—2809, p. 9, 1945; (S121) CC—2835, June 1945; PFR Vol. 9B, 7.1 (1946).

(S122) N. R. Sleight, CC—664, May 1943; (S123) CC—1776, July 1944.

(S124) N. R. Sleight and W. H. Sullivan, CC—725, p. 6, June 1943; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.27 (1946).

(S125) N. R. Sleight, W. H. Sullivan and E. M. Gladrow, CC—1244, p. 7, Jan. 1944.

(S126) A. H. Snell and co-workers, CP—1011, p. 4, Oct. 1943.

(S127) C. W. Stanley and L. E. Glendenin, MonN—63, Apr. 1946; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.28.3 (1946).

(S128) E. P. Steinberg, CC—1142, p. 5, Dec. 1943; (S129) CC—1331, p. 23, Feb. 1944; E. P. Steinberg and L. E. Glendenin, PFR Vol. 9B, 7.23 (1946).

(S130) E. P. Steinberg, CN—1911, July 1944; (S131) CC—2310, pp. 95–101, Jan. 1945; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.15.10 (1946); (S132) CC—2310, p. 106, Jan. 1945.

(S133) E. P. Steinberg and D. W. Engelkemeir, CN—2126, p. 3, Sept. 1944; (S134) CC—2310, pp. 31–46, Jan. 1946; PFR Vol. 9B, 7.2.1 (1946).

(S135) E. P. Steinberg, L. Winsberg, J. A. Seiler and D. W. Engelkemeir, CC—2485, p. 4, Dec. 1944.

(S136) N. Sugarman, CN—2126, p. 5, Sept. 1944; (S137) CC—2310, p. 201, Jan. 1945; (S138) private communication.

(S139) N. Sugarman and N. E. Ballou, CC—196—E, p. 2, July 1942.

(S140) N. Sugarman, CC—2310, pp. 201–205, Jan. 1945; PFR Vol. 9B, 7.45.8 (1946).

(S141) N. Sugarman and co-workers, CC—2310, p. 10, Jan. 1945.

(S142) N. Sugarman, B. Finkle E. J. Hoagland and S. Katcoff, CK—1806, June 1944.

(S143) N. Sugarman, M. P. Ravely, L. E. Glendenin and H. Finston, CC—763, p. 17, July 1943.

(S144) W. H. Sullivan, O. Johnston and R. W. Nottorf, CC—465—C, pp. 4–8, Feb. 1943.

(S145) W. H. Sullivan, N. R. Sleight and E. M. Gladrow, CC—1493, March 1944.

(S147) E. P. Steinberg and M. S. Freedman, PFR Vol. 9B, 7.57.20 (1946).

(S149) G. T. Seaborg and T. P. Kohman, CL—697, Ill., C, 3.1 Dec. 1944.

(S150) H. D. Smyth, A General Account of the Development of Methods of Using Atomic Energy for Military Purposes, U. S. Government Printing Office, 1945; Princeton University Press 1945; Rev. Mod. Phys. Oct. 1945.

(S151) E. P. Steinberg and D. W. Engelkemeir, PPR Vol. 9B, 7.2.1 (1946).

(S152) R. P. Schuman, PFR Vol. 9B, 7.50.3 (1946).

(S153) E. P. Steinberg, PFR Vol. 9B, 7.16.2 (1946).

(S154) A. H. Snell, A. V. Nedzel and H. W. Ibser, C—81, May 1942.

(T1) G. R. Tape, Phys. Rev. 56, 965 (1939).

(T2) G. R. Tape and J. M. Cork, ibid., 53, 676 (1938).

(T3) J. J. Thomson, Phil. Mag. (6) 10, 584 (1905).
(T4) L. A. Turner, Rev. Mod. Phys. 12, 1 (1940).
(T101) H. G. Thode and R. L. Graham, MX—129, Apr. 1945.
(T102) A. Turkevich, E. P. Steinberg, B. Finkle and N. Sugarman, CC—2310, p. 196, Jan. 1945; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.33.3 (1946).
(V1) G. E. Valley and R. L. McCreary, Phys. Rev. 56, 853 (1939).
(W1) B. Waldman and M. L. Wiedenbeck, ibid., 63, 60 (1943).
(W2) G. L. Weil, ibid., 62, 229 (1942).
(W3) K. E. Weimer, M. L. Pool and J. D. Kurbatov, ibid., 63, 59 (1943); (W4) ibid., 67 (1943).
(W5) M. L. Wiedenbeck, ibid., 67, 92 (1945).
(W6) M. L. Wiedenbeck, ibid., 267 (1945).
(W7) C. S. Wu, ibid., 58, 926 (1940).
(W8) C. S. Wu and E. Segrè, ibid., 61, 203 (1942); (W9) ibid. 67, 142 (1945).
(W10) M. L. Wiedenbeck, ibid. 68, 33 (1944); 67, 92 (1945).
(W101) D. E. Waters and D. N. Hume, CN—1312, pp. 21—22, May 1945; PPR Vol. 9B, 8 8.6 (1946).
(W103) R. G. Wilkinson and W. Rall, CP—1811, June 1944; (W104) CP—2590, Feb. 1945; (W105) CP—2590, Feb 1945; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.45.5 (1946); (W106) CP—2490, Feb. 1945; PPR Vol. 9B, 7.45.6 (1946).
(W107) R. G. Wilkinson, W. Rall, L. S. Miller and L. F. Curtiss. CP—2589, p. 4, Feb. 194?.
(W108) L. Winsberg, CC—1331, pp. 26—29, Feb. 1944; (W109) PPR Vol. 9B, 7.33.5 (1946); (W110) CC—2000, Aug. 1944; (W111) CN—2126, p. 4, Sept. 1944; (W112) CC—2310, pp. 210—212, Jan. 1945; (W113) CC—2310, pp. 231—244, Jan. 1945; PPR Vol. 9B 7.56.1, 7.55.2 (1946); (W115) CN—2799, March 1945; (W116) CC—2966, April 1945; PPR Vol. 9B 7.55.1 (1945); (W117) PPR Vol. 9B. 7.56.4 (1946); (W118) PPR Vol. 9B, 7.55.2 (1946); (W119) PPR Vol. 9B, 7.56.3 (1946); (W120) CC—308, May 1945.
(W121) L. Winsberg and N. Sugarman, CC—2310, pp. 7—10, Jan. 1945.