TABLE OF ATOMIC NUCLEI

B. Dzhelepov and S. Petrovich

In view of the fact that tables of nuclear constants published in handbooks become obsolete relatively quickly, it seems expedient to publish new data periodically. The present table, owing to the limited space in the journal, cannot duplicate large reference monographs, in which a complete bibliography is given. Therefore it gives references only to works published during the past year.

A summary of various values and a complete bibliography may be found in reference monographs on the physics of the atomic nucleus (G. T. Seaborg and I. Perlman, Reviews of Modern Physics 20, No. 4 (1948). I. Mattauch und A. Flammersfeld, Isotopenbericht, Verlag der Zeitschrift für Naturforschung, Tübingen, 1949).

The present table gives a complete list of all stable and radioactive isotopes and a summary of their most important properties according to data published up to January 1, 1950.

In the first column the atomic number is given.

In the second column are listed the stable isotopes of elements with \(Z < 84\); in the third column—the \(\beta\)-radioactive nuclei (we include in this concept both \(\beta^-\)- and \(\beta^+\)-active nuclei, as well as nuclei that capture atomic electrons) and nuclear isomers of both stable and radioactive nuclei.

After bismuth (\(Z > 83\)) there are no stable nuclei: all nuclei are either \(\alpha\)- or \(\beta\)-radioactive.

In this region the division of nuclei between the second and third columns has been made according to a new principle: in the second column are placed those \(\alpha\)-radioactive nuclei for which, on the basis of the regularity of the construction of the Pleiades, no \(\beta\)-processes can be expected.

In the third column are placed the remaining nuclei, irrespective of whether β-decay has been observed for them experimentally or only α-decay is so far known.

In parentheses are placed the mass numbers of isotopes if they are not reliable, or if one of the two indicated values is possible. When the element is unreliable or the isotope is doubtful, the entire symbol of the nucleus is placed in parentheses. Isomeric nuclei are marked with a circle with a dot, ⊙.

In the fourth column is given the relative abundance of the isotopes, in percent of the total number of all atoms of the given element.

In the fifth column the half-lives are given. The letters following the numerals denote: г and л — years, д — days, ч — hours, м — minutes, с — seconds, мкс — microseconds.

In the sixth column the type of transformation of the nucleus is given, with the following designations:

α — alpha decay of the nucleus,
β− — transformation with emission of a negatively charged electron,
β+ — emission of a positron (positive electron),
K — transformation with capture of an electron from the K-shell of the atom,
L — transformation with capture of an electron from the L-shell of the atom,
I — isomeric transition (transition from an upper energy state to a lower one),
2β− — emission of two electrons simultaneously.

In those cases where the emission of neutrons follows β-decay, we have placed the information on neutrons in one line with β-decay; although in reality the neutron is emitted by the nucleus that is the product of β-decay, it is customary to speak of “delayed neutrons,” assigning to them the decay period of the parent.

In those cases where there is more than one type of transformation and the nucleus can decay alternatively by one method or another, the corresponding designations of the decay types are separated by a comma.

In the seventh column are given the energies of α- and β-particles. For α-radioactive isotopes, the energy values and (in parentheses) the relative intensities of the individual groups are given. For β-particles, besides the limiting energy, there is indicated in percent, in those cases where this is possible, the fraction of all β-particles constituted by the given group. (We note that this quantity is not the fraction of all decays; the latter quantity in most cases of β+-decays cannot be estimated until K-capture has been investigated.)

In the eighth column are indicated the energy values of γ-quanta or the corresponding level differences in those cases where γ-rays ...

fully converted. In addition to the energy of the $\gamma$-rays, in those cases where this is possible, the number of quanta per decay is indicated in percent. In those cases where only the relative intensities of the $\gamma$-lines are known, but their participation in the decay is unknown, the corresponding values are given in parentheses without the percent sign. Annihilation gamma rays are not noted. For half-lives and the energies of $\alpha$- and $\beta$-particles and $\gamma$-quanta, as a rule, one most reliable value is given. In those cases where values obtained by different authors are approximately equivalent and it is not possible to indicate the more probable one, the mean value is given, marked with an asterisk (*). Doubtful data are enclosed in parentheses.

In the last, ninth, column are placed the nuclear reactions by which the radioactive nucleus is obtained. The reactions are written in the following sequence: initial nucleus, incident particle, and resulting particle (or particles). The particles are denoted as follows: $\alpha$ — alpha particle, $t$ — triton, $d$ — deuteron, $p$ — proton, $n$ — neutron, $\gamma$ — gamma rays, $x$ — X-rays. Fission of a nucleus is denoted by a crossed circle $\oplus$.

When a nucleus (e.g. $\mathrm{Te}^{133}$) is formed from another nucleus obtained as a result of fission, the reaction is written as follows:

\[ \mathrm{U}(n,\oplus)\,\mathrm{Sb}^{133}\ (10\ \mathrm{m})\ \beta^-, \]

and for a nucleus (e.g. $\mathrm{Sb}^{133}$) that is the primary product of fission, the reaction is written thus:

\[ \mathrm{U}—n—\oplus. \]

In those cases where the nucleus is obtained as the result of a chain of successive radioactive transformations, only the initial nucleus and the nucleus preceding the given one are indicated. Intermediate radioactive nuclei are not indicated.

In reactions with the emission of a large number of protons and neutrons, these particles are placed in square brackets, since in this case the emission of complex particles ($\alpha$, $d$, etc.) and intermediate radioactive transformations are also possible.

When it is not reliably known from which initial nucleus a radioactive isotope is obtained, the corresponding mass number of the initial nucleus is placed in parentheses. If the number of emitted particles or the type of reaction is uncertain, parentheses or a question mark are likewise used.

Data obtained in 1949 are given in full. After the corresponding value in square brackets a reference to the literature is indicated.

The literature, in accordance with the generally accepted notation (for analogous tables), is given in alphabetical order (by the first letter).

TABLE OF ATOMIC NUCLEI

Atomic number	Stable nucleus	Radioactive nucleus	Abundance in %	Half-life	Type of transformation	Energy of \(\beta^-\), \(\beta^+\), and \(\alpha\)-rays in MeV	Energy of \(\gamma\)-rays in MeV	Nuclear reactions
1	\(\mathrm{H}^1\)		99.9844
1	\(\mathrm{H}^2\)		0.0156
1		\(\mathrm{H}^3\)		12.46 y [J3]	\(\beta^-\)	0.0179 [C2] [G7, C13] [B8, H10]	no \(\gamma\) [C2]	\(\mathrm{H}^2\)-d-p [R8]; \(\mathrm{Li}^6\)-n-\(\alpha\); \(\mathrm{Be}^9\)-d-\(\mathrm{Be}^8\); \(\mathrm{He}^3\)-n-p [J3, F6]; \(\mathrm{H}^2\)-n-\(\gamma\); B-n-Be; N-n-C
2	\(\mathrm{He}^3\)		\(1\cdot 3\times10^{-4}\) [C4]
2	\(\mathrm{He}^4\)		99.9999
2		\(\mathrm{He}^5\)		\(<10^{-8}\) s	\(\alpha+n\)			\(\mathrm{Li}^7\)-d-\(\alpha\); \(\mathrm{He}^4\)-d-p
2		\(\mathrm{He}^6\)		0.85 s	\(\beta^-\)	3.6	no \(\gamma\)	\(\mathrm{Be}^9\)-n-\(\alpha\); \(\mathrm{Li}^6\)-n-p; \(\mathrm{Li}^7\)-\(\gamma\)-p
3	\(\mathrm{Li}^6\)		7.30
3	\(\mathrm{Li}^7\)		92.70
3		\(\mathrm{Li}^8\)		0.89 s	\(\beta^-, 2\alpha\)	12.7	no \(\gamma\)	\(\mathrm{Li}^7\)-d-p [S32]; \(\mathrm{B}^{11}\)-n-\(\alpha\); \(\mathrm{Li}^7\)-n-\(\gamma\); \(\mathrm{Be}^9\)-\(\gamma\)-p; C-d; N-d; Ne-d; Kr-d; Xe-d; C-p; N-p; Ne-p; Ar-p; Kr-p; Xe-p [W21]

4	Be⁹	Be⁷	100	52.9 ± 0.2 d [S1]	K, γ		0.47*	Li⁶-p-γ; Li⁷-p-n [B7, S21, W14]; B¹⁰-p-α [C11]; Li⁶-d-n [M27]
4	Be⁹	Be⁸	100	<1 s	2α	0.055		B¹¹-d-α,n; Be⁹-p-d [T2]; B¹¹-p-α; Li⁷-p-γ; Li⁷-d-n; B¹⁰-d-α; Be⁹-e⁻-e⁻, n; Be⁹-γ-n [M6]; Li⁸ (0.89 s) β⁻; Be⁹-n-2n; Be⁹-d-t; C¹²-γ-α
4	Be⁹	Be¹⁰	100	(2.7 ± 0.4) × 10⁶ y [H3]	β⁻	0.56* [H3, H5, F8, W19, B23]	no γ [H3]	Be⁹-n-γ; Be⁹-d-p; B¹⁰-n-p; C¹³-n-α
5	B¹⁰	B⁹	18.83 ± 0.02	very small	2α + p			Li⁶-α-n; Be⁹-p-n [B33a]
5	B¹¹	B¹²	81.17 ± 0.02	0.027 ± 0.002 s	β⁻	13.43	no or little γ [H24]	N¹⁵-n-α; C¹²-n-p; B¹¹-d-p [H24]
6	C¹²	C¹⁰	98.9	19.1 ± 0.8 s [S2]	β⁺, γ	2.2 [S2]	1.0	C¹²-γ-2n; B¹⁰-p-n
6	C¹²	C¹¹	98.9	20.42 ± 0.06 min	β⁺	0.98	no γ [86]	B¹¹-p-n; B¹⁰-p-γ; N¹⁴-p-α; B¹⁰-d-n; N¹⁴-n-p,3n; O¹⁶-n-α,2n; C¹²-n-2n [H20]; C¹²-γ-n; N¹⁴-γ-(p, 2n); O¹⁶-γ-(2p, 3n); C¹²-p-p, n; C¹²-d-d, n; C¹²-α-α, n; Be⁹-α-2n
6	C¹³	C¹⁴	1.1	5700 y [E4, J6]	β⁻	0.1563 0.155 [F2]	no γ	C¹³-n-γ; O¹⁷-n-α; N¹⁴-n-p; [F6]; B¹¹-α-p [C18]; C¹³-d-p

Atomic number	Stable nucleus	Radioactive nucleus	Abundance in %	Half-life period	Type of transformation	Energy of β−, β+ and α rays in MeV	Energy of γ rays in MeV	Nuclear reactions
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
7	N¹⁴ N¹⁵	N¹²	99.62 0.38	0.0125 ± 0.0010 s [A4]	β⁺	16.6 [A4]		C¹²-p-n [A4]
7	N¹⁴ N¹⁵	N¹³	99.62 0.38	10.0 ± 0.1* min	β⁺	1.21*	no γ	C¹²-p-γ [W11]; B¹⁰-α-n [B15, 16]; C¹²-d-n; N¹⁴-n-2n; N¹⁴-d-t; N¹⁴-γ-n; O¹⁶-n-p,3n; F¹⁹-n-2p,5n; C¹³-p-n
7	N¹⁴ N¹⁵	N¹⁶	99.62 0.38	7.35 ± 0.05 s	β⁻, γ	3.8 (40%), 4.3 (42%), 10.3 (18%)	4; 5; 6.2; 6.7; 7 [M31]	N¹⁵-n-γ; N¹⁵-d-p; F¹⁹-n-α; O¹⁶-n-p [M31]
7	N¹⁴ N¹⁵	N¹⁷	99.62 0.38	4.14 ± 0.04 s 4.5 ± 0.1 s [C16]	β⁻, n	3.7 (β⁻) 1.6 (n) [H9]		C¹⁴-α-p [S7]; F¹⁹-d-3p,n [A1]; F¹⁹-p-3p [A1]; Na-d; Mg-d; Al-d; Si-d; P-d; S-d; Cl-d; K-d
8	O¹⁶ O¹⁷ O¹⁸	O^(14) O¹⁵	99.757 0.039 0.204	76 ± 2 s [S2] 118 ± 1 s [B6, P11]	β⁺, γ β⁺	1.8 [S2] 1.683 [P11]	2.3 [S2]	N¹⁴-p-n C¹²-α-n; N¹⁴-p-γ [W11]; N¹⁴-d-n [B6]; O¹⁶-n-2n; O¹⁶-γ-n; F¹⁹-n-p,4n
8	O¹⁶ O¹⁷ O¹⁸	C¹⁹	99.757 0.039 0.204	27.0 ± 0.5 s	β⁻, γ	4.5 (30%) 2.9 (70%)	1.6	F¹⁹-n-p; O¹⁸-n-γ

9	F¹⁹	F¹⁷		66±1 s [B6]	β⁺	2.1		N¹⁴-α-n; O¹⁶-p-γ; O¹⁶-d-n [B6]; F¹⁹-γ-2n; F¹⁹-n-3n
9	F¹⁹	F¹⁸		107±5 min	β⁺, K	0.635 [B19]	(1.4)	O¹⁸-p-n [B19, B33a, B38]; Ne²⁰-d-α; O¹⁷-d-n; F¹⁹-n-2n [F3]; F¹⁹-d-t; F¹⁹-γ-n; Na²³-γ α, n; O¹⁶-α-p, n; O¹⁶-t-n
9	F¹⁹	F²⁰	100	12±2 s	β⁻, γ	5.0	2.2	F¹⁹-n-γ; F¹⁹-d-p; Na²³-n-α
10	Ne²⁰ Ne²¹ Ne²²	Ne¹⁹	90.51±0.15 0.28±0.02 9.21±0.18	18.2±5.6 s [S2]	β⁺	2.3 [S2]		F¹⁹-p-n [S2]
10	Ne²⁰ Ne²¹ Ne²²	Ne²³	90.51±0.15 0.28±0.02 9.21±0.18	40±1 s [B6]	β⁻	4.2*		Na²³-n-p; Mg²⁶-n-α; Ne²³-d-p [B6]
11	Na²³	Na²¹	100	23±2 s	β⁺	(2.56)		Mg²⁴-p-α; Ne²⁰-p-γ; Ne²¹-p-n; Ne²⁰-d-n
11	Na²³	Na²²	100	2.6 y	β⁺, γ	0.575 1.7 (0.004%) [M29]	1.277 [A6]	F¹⁹-α-n; Mg²⁴-d-α; Ne²¹-d-n; Ne²¹-p-γ; Ne²²-p-n; Na²³-n-2n; Al²⁷-d-3p, 4n Al²⁷-α-4p, 5n
11	Na²³	Na²⁴	100	14.8 h	β⁻, γ	1.39	(1.0); 1.380; (2.0); 2.765; 3.1 [R2]	Na²³-n-γ; Mg²⁴-n-p; Al²⁷-n-α; Na²³-d-p; Mg²⁶-d-α; Al²⁷-d-p, α [H8]; Mg²⁵-γ-p; Al²⁷-γ-2p, n; Si²⁸-γ-3p, n; Al²⁷-α-4p, 3n
11	Na²³	Na²⁵	100	58.2±1.35 s	β⁻	2.7 (45%) 3.7 (55%) 2.8 [M6]		Al²⁷-γ-2p; Mg²⁶-γ-p; Mg²⁵-n-p

Atomic number	Stable nucleus	Radioactive nucleus	Abundance in %	Half-life period	Type of transformation	Energy of β⁻, β⁺ and α-rays in MeV	Energy of γ-rays in MeV	Nuclear reactions
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
12	Mg²⁴ Mg²⁵ Mg²⁶	Mg²³	78.60 ± 0.13 10.11 ± 0.05 11.29 ± 0.008	11.9 ± 0.3 s	β⁺	2.82		Na²³-p-n; Mg²⁴-γ-n [M6]
12	Mg²⁴ Mg²⁵ Mg²⁶	Mg²⁷	78.60 ± 0.13 10.11 ± 0.05 11.29 ± 0.008	9.7 ± 0.3* min	β⁻, γ	0.79 (20%); 1.80 (80%)	0.64; 0.85; 1.03; 1.3	Mg²⁶-d-p; Mg²⁶-n-γ; Al²⁷-n-p [B4]
13	Al²⁷	Al²⁵	100	7.3 s	β⁺	2.99?		Mg²⁵-p-n
13	Al²⁷	Al²⁶	100	6.56 ± 0.06 s	β⁺	2.99		Al²⁷-γ-n [M6]; Na²³-α-n; Mg²⁵-p-γ; Mg²⁶-p-n; Mg²⁵-d-n
13	Al²⁷	Al²⁸	100	2.30 ± 0.03 min	β⁻, γ	3.05	1.81; (2.2)	Al²⁷-n-γ; Si²⁸-n-p; P³¹-n-α; Al²⁷-d-p; Mg²⁵-α-p; Si²⁹-γ-p
13	Al²⁷	Al²⁹	100	6.56 ± 0.06 min	β⁻	1.4 (25%); 2.5 (75%) [S20]	1.25; 1.35 [S20]	Mg²⁶-α-p; Si²⁹-n-p; Si³⁰-γ-p; P³¹-γ-2p
14	Si²⁸ Si²⁹ Si³⁰	Si²⁷	92.16 ± 0.06 4.71 ± 0.08 3.13 ± 0.04	4.92 ± 0.1 s	β⁺	3.64*		Si²⁸-γ-n [M6]; Al²⁷-p-n; Mg²⁴-α-n
14	Si²⁸ Si²⁹ Si³⁰	S³¹	92.16 ± 0.06 4.71 ± 0.08 3.13 ± 0.04	2.7* h	β⁻	1.80	no γ	Si³⁰-n-γ; P³¹-n-p [B4]; S³⁴-n-α; Si³⁰-d-p

No.	Element/isotopes	Nuclide	Abundance	Half-life	Radiation	Energy	γ	Reactions
15		P³⁰		\(2.55 \pm 0.05\) min	β⁺	3.6*		Si²⁸-He³-p; Al²⁷-α-n; S³³-d-α; P³¹-n-2n; P³¹-γ-n [M6]; Si³⁰-p-n; Si²⁹-d-n; (S³²-n-p, \(\alpha\)n)?; P³¹-d-t [K5]
15	P³¹	P³³	100	\(14.295 \pm 0.009\) d	β⁻	1.689 [L9]; 1.71 [W18]; 1.718 [S31]	no γ	P³¹-d-p; P³¹-n-γ; S³³-n-p; Cl³⁵-n-α; Si³⁰-α-p; S³⁴-d-α
15	P³¹	P³⁴	100	\(12.4 \pm 0.1\) s	β⁻, γ	3.2 (25%), 5.1 (75%)		Cl³⁵-d-p; Cu⁽⁶³,⁶⁵⁾-d-[15p, (16,18)n]; S³⁴-n-p; Cl³⁷-n-x
16	S³²	S³¹	95.06	\(3.18 \pm 0.04\) s	β⁺	3.85		S³³-n-2n; P³¹-p-n; S³³-γ-n [M6]; Si²⁸-α-n
16	S³³	S³⁵	0.74	\(87 \pm 1\) d	β⁻, γ	0.1691; 0.1670 [P9a]; 0.170 [S31]		Cl³⁷-d-α; Cl³⁵-n-p [W17]; S³⁴-d-p; S³⁴-n-γ
16	S³⁴	S³⁷	4.18	\(5.04 \pm 0.02\) min	β⁻, γ	1.6 (90%); 4.3 (10%)	2.7*	Cl³⁷-n-p; S³⁶-n-γ
16	S³⁶		0.014
17	Cl³⁵	Cl³³	75.43	\(2.4 \pm 0.2\) s	β⁺	\(4.13 \pm 0.07\)	3.4	S³²-d-n; S³³-p-n
17	Cl³⁵	Cl³⁴	75.43	\(33.2 \pm 0.5\) min	β⁺, γ	2.4 (20%), 5.1 (80%)	3.4	P³¹-α-n; S³³-d-n; Cl³⁵-n-2n; Cl³⁵-γ-n; S³²-t-n; S³²-α-p, n
17	Cl³⁵	Cl³⁶	75.43	\((4.4 \pm 0.5)\times 10^{5}\) y [W16]	β⁻, no β⁺ [W16]	0.65* (β⁻)		Cl³⁵-n-γ; Cl³⁵-d-p
17	Cl³⁷	Cl³⁸	24.57	\(38.5 \pm 0.5\) min	β⁻	1.19 (36%), 2.79 (11%), 4.94 (53%), see next page	1.63, 2.15	Cl³⁷-n-γ [L15]; K⁴¹-n-α; Cl³⁷-d-p; Cu⁽⁶³,⁶⁵⁾-d-[13p (14, 16)n]; Cu⁽⁶³,⁶⁵⁾-α-[14p, (15, 17)n]; A⁴⁰-d-α

Atomic number	Stable nucleus	Radioactive nucleus	Abundance in %	Half-life period	Type of transformation	Energy of $\beta^-$, $\beta^+$ and $\alpha$ rays in MeV	Energy of $\gamma$ rays in MeV	Nuclear reactions
		$\mathrm{Cl}^{39}$		$55.5 \pm 0.2$ min [H21]	$\beta^-$	1.11 (30.8%), 2.77 (15.8%), 4.81 (53.4%) [L15] 2.5 [H21]		$\mathrm{A}^{40}$-$\gamma$-p [H21]; $\mathrm{S}^{36}$ $\alpha$-p; $\mathrm{Cu}^{65}$-d- [13 p 15 n]; $\mathrm{Cu}^{65}$-$\alpha$-[14, 16 n]; $\mathrm{As}^{75}$-d- [17 p, 21 n]
18	$\mathrm{A}^{36}$	$\mathrm{A}^{35}$	0.307	$1.83 \pm 0.04$ s	$\beta^+$	4.4*	no $\gamma$	$\mathrm{S}^{33}$-$\alpha$-n; $\mathrm{Cl}^{35}$-p-n
18	$\mathrm{A}^{36}$	$\mathrm{A}^{37}$	0.307	$34.1 \pm 1.3$ d	$K$ (92%) $L$ (8%) [P5]		no $\gamma$	$\mathrm{Ca}^{40}$-n-$\alpha$; $\mathrm{K}^{39}$-d-$\alpha$, $\mathrm{S}^{34}$-$\alpha$-n; $\mathrm{Cl}^{37}$-d-2n; $\mathrm{Cl}^{37}$-p-n; $\mathrm{A}^{36}$-d-p [D16]
18	$\mathrm{A}^{38}$	$\mathrm{A}^{39}$	0.061	long [H21]	$\beta^-$			$\mathrm{Cl}^{39}$ (55.5 m) $\beta^-$ [H21]
18	$\mathrm{A}^{40}$	$\mathrm{A}^{41}$	99.632	$109 \pm 1$ m $107 \pm 3$ [B11]	$\beta$	1.245 [B11]	1.4*	$\mathrm{K}^{41}$-n-p; $\mathrm{A}^{40}$-n-$\gamma$; $\mathrm{A}^{40}$-d-p [B11]
19	$\mathrm{K}^{39}$	($\mathrm{K}^{37}$)	93.305	$1.3 \pm 0.1$ s	$\beta^+$			$\mathrm{K}^{39}$-$\gamma$-2n
19	$\mathrm{K}^{39}$	$\mathrm{K}^{38}$	93.305	$7.6 \pm 0.1$* m	$\beta^+$, $\gamma$	2.5*	2.1*	$\mathrm{Cl}^{35}$-$\alpha$-n; $\mathrm{Ca}^{40}$-d-$\alpha$, $\mathrm{K}^{39}$-n-2n; $\mathrm{K}^{39}$-$\gamma$-n [M6]

Z	Element	Nuclide	Abundance, %	Half-life	Radiation	Energy	Additional value	Production
		\(K^{40}\)	0.011	\(4.5 \pm 10^{8}\) y	\(\beta^{-}\) (60%), \(K\) (40%), \(\gamma\) [S 30]	1.350; 1.45 [F5] 1.40 [A3]	1.54*	\(K^{39}\)-d-p; \(A^{40}\)-p-n; \(K^{39}\)-n-\(\gamma\) [H 18]
	\(K^{41}\)		6.683
		\(K^{42}\)		\(12.4 \pm 0.1\) h	\(\beta^{-}, \gamma\) [S30]	2.07 (25%), 3.58 (75%)	1.51; 2.1	\(A^{40}\)-\(\alpha\)-p, n; \(K^{41}\)-n-\(\gamma\); \(Sc^{45}\)-n-\(\alpha\); \(Ca^{42}\)-n-p; \(K^{41}\)-d-p; \(Ca^{44}\)-d-\(\alpha\)
		\(K^{(43)}\)		22.4 h	\(\beta^{-}, \gamma\)	0.24; 0.81	0.4	\(A^{40}\)-\(\alpha\)-p [O 1]
		\(K^{(43,44)}\)		27 min	\(\beta^{-}\)			\(Ca^{(43,44)}\)-n-p
		\(K^{(43,44)}\)		\(18 \pm 1\) min	\(\beta^{-}\)			\(Ca^{(43,44)}\)-n-p
20	\(Ca^{40}\)	\(Ca^{(39)}\)	\(96.92 \pm 0.03\)	\(1.06 \pm 0.03\) s	\(\beta^{+}\)			\(Ca^{40}\)-\(\gamma\)-n [M 6]
		\((Ca^{41})?\)		—	\((K)\) [S 16]			\(Sc^{41}\) (0.83 s) \(\beta^{+}\)
	\(Ca^{42}\)		\(0.64 \pm 0.01\)
	\(Ca^{43}\)		\(0.129 \pm 0.004\)
	\(Ca^{44}\)		\(2.13 \pm 0.04\)
		\(Ca^{45}\)		152 d	\(\beta^{-}\)	0.24*; 0.22 [M 21]	no \(\gamma\)	\(Ti^{48}\)-n-\(\alpha\); \(Ca^{44}\)-d-p; \(Ca^{44}\)-n-\(\gamma\) [M21]; \(Sc^{45}\)-n-p; \(Sc^{45}\)-d-2p; \(Bi^{209}\)-d-\(\bigcirc\)
	\(Ca^{46}\)		0.0032
		\((Ca^{47})\)		5.8 d	\(\beta^{-}, \gamma\)	1.1	1.3	\((Ca^{46}\)-d-p)
	\(Ca^{48}\)		\(0.179 \pm 0.001\)
		\(Ca^{49}\)		\(2.5 \pm 0.1\) h	\(\beta^{-}, \gamma\)	2.3	0.8	\(Ca^{48}\)-d-p; \(Ca^{48}\)-n-\(\gamma\)
		\(Ca^{49}\)		\(30 \pm 1\) min	\(\beta^{-}\)			\(Ca^{48}\)-d-p; \(Ca^{48}\)-n-\(\gamma\)
21		\(Sc^{41}\)		0.87 s	\(\beta^{+}\)	4.94		\(Ca^{40}\)-d-n
		\(Sc^{43}\)		\(3.92 \pm 0.02\) h	\(\beta^{+}, \gamma\)	1.13	1.0, 1.65	\(Ca^{40}\)-\(\alpha\)-p; \(Ca^{42}\)-d-n; \(Ca^{43}\)-p-n
		\(Sc^{44}\)		\(3.92 \pm 0.03\) h	\(\beta^{+}, K, \gamma\)	1.40*	1.33, (1.80)	\(Sc^{45}\)-n-2n; \(Sc^{45}\)-\(\gamma\)-n; \(K^{41}\)-\(\alpha\)-n; \(Ca^{42}\)-d-n; \(Ca^{44}\)-p-n; \(Sc^{44}\) (58 h) I; \(Ti^{46}\)-d-\(\alpha\)
		\(^{\circ}Sc^{44}\)		58.56 h	\(I, \gamma, e^{-}\)		0.269	\(K^{41}\)-\(\alpha\)-n; \(Ti^{46}\)-d-\(\alpha\); \(Ca^{43}\)-d-n; \(Sc^{45}\)-n-2n; \(Sc^{44}\)-p-n; \(Sc^{45}\)-\(\gamma\)-n
	\(Sc^{45}\)		100

Atomic number	Stable nucleus	Radioactive nucleus	Abundance, %	Half-life	Type of transformation	Energy of β−, β+ and α rays, MeV	Energy of γ-rays, MeV	Nuclear reactions
		°Sc^46		20 s	I, γ, e−		0.18	Sc^45-n-γ
		Sc^46		85±1 d	β−, (K)	0.36 (98%); 1.49 (2%)	0.89, 1.12	Ti^48-d-α; Sc^45-d-p; Ti^46-n-p; Sc^45-n-γ; Ca^43-α-p
		Sc^47		3.43±0.02 d [K 2]	β−, γ	0.52* 0.61 [K 10]	no γ	Ca^46-d-n; Ca^46-p-γ; Ca^44-α-p; Ti^47-n-p; Ti^49-d-α [K 2]
		Sc^48		1.83 d [K 2]	β−, (K) γ	0.64*	0.93; 1.34*	Ca^48-p-n; Ca^48-d-2 n; V^51-n-α; Ti^48-n-p; Ti^50-d-α [K 10]
		Sc^49		57±2 m	β−	1.8	no γ	Ca^48-d-n; Ti^49-n-p; Ti^50-γ-p; Ca^49 (2.5 h); Ca^49 (30 m) β−; (Ca^48-p-γ)
22		(Ti^43)		0.58±0.04 s	—			Ca-α-n
22		Ti^(44,45)		21 d	—			Sc^45-p-(2)n
22		Ti^45		3.08±0.06 h	β+	1.2	0.51; 0.82 [K 18]	Sc^45-p-n; Sc^45-d-2 n; Ca^42-α-n; Ti^46-n-2 n; Ti^46-γ-n; Cu-d
22	Ti^46		7.95
22	Ti^47		7.75
22	Ti^48		73.45
22	Ti^49		5.51
22	Ti^50		5.34
22		Ti^51		72±2 d	β−, γ	0.45	1.02	Ti^50-d-p; Ti^50-n-γ; Cu-d
22		°Ti^51		6 m	β−, γ, (I)	1.6		Ti^50-n-γ; Ti^50-d-p; V^(51)-n-p

Table of atomic nuclei

Atomic no.	Element	Nuclide	Abundance, %	Half-life	Radiation	β energy	γ energy	Reactions
23	V	V^47		33.0 ± 0.5 min	β^+, γ	1.65 [R 10]		Ti^46-d-n; Ti^47-p-n [K 2, K 10]; Ti^46-p-γ [K 2, K 10]
23	V	V^48		16.0 ± 0.2 d	β^+ (58%), K (42%)	0.716	0.99; 1.32	Ti^47-d-n; Sc^45-α-n; Cr^50-d-α; Ti^48-p-n; Cu-d
23	V^50	V^(49)	0.23 [L 17, H 26]	600 d	β^+	(0.5)	no γ	Ti-d; V^51-n-2 n; Ti^49-d-n; Ti^47-α-p; Cr^50-n-p
23	V^51	V^(52)	99.77 [L 17, H 26]	3.74 ± 0.01 min	β^−	2.05	1.46; 1.3	V^51-n-γ; V^51-d-p; Cr^53-n-p; Mn^55-n-α; Cr^53-γ-p
23	V^51	V^52	99.77 [L 17, H 26]	635 d [C 9]			0.0805; 0.1193 [C 9]	V^51-n-γ [C 9]
24	Cr	Cr^49		41.9 ± 0.3 min	β^+, γ	1.45	0.19, 1.55	Cr^50-n-2 n; Ti^46-α-n; Cr^50-γ-n [P 6]; Cu^(63,65)-d- [6 p, (10,12) n]
24	Cr^50	Cr^51	4.31 ± 0.04	26.5 ± 1 d	K, γ	no β	0.267, 0.323 [K 11]	Ti^48-α-n; Cr^50-d-p; Cr^50-n-γ; Cr^52-n-2 n; V^51-p-n; As^75-d- [10 p, 16 n]; Cu^(63,65)-d- [6 p, (8, 10) n]
24	Cr^52		83.76 ± 0.14		—
24	Cr^53		9.55 ± 0.09		—
24	Cr^54	Cr^55	2.38 ± 0.02	1.3 h	—			Cr^54-d-p; Cr^54-n-γ; U-α-⊕
25	Mn	Mn^51		46 ± 2 min	β^+	2*		Cr^50-d-n; Cr^50-p-γ; Cu^(63,65)-d- [5 p, (9, 11) n]
25	Mn	Mn^52		5.8 d	β^+ (65%), K (35%)	0.582	0.734, 0.940; 1.46	Cr^52-d-2 n; Cr^53-p-n; Fe^54-d-α; Cu^(63,65)-d- [5 p, (8.10) n]; As^75-d-9 p, 16 n

Atomic number	Stable nucleus	Radioactive nucleus	Abundance in %	Half-life	Type of transformation	Energy of β⁻, β⁺ and α rays in MeV	Energy of γ-rays in MeV	Nuclear reactions
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
	Mn⁵⁵	°Mn⁵²	100	21 ± 2 min	β⁺, γ (≈100%), I(0.05%)	2.66	1.46(≈100%), 0.392(0.05%)	Fe⁵² (7.8 h) β⁺; Cr⁵² p-n; Fe⁵⁴-d-α
	Mn⁵⁵	Mn⁵³? Mn⁵⁴	100	long. 310 ± 20 d	K (≈100%), β⁻ (0.1%)	1.0 (β⁻) no β⁺	0.835	Fe⁵³ (8.9 min) β⁺ Cr⁵³-d-n; Fe⁵⁶-d-α [E5a]; V⁵¹-α-n; Cr⁵⁴-p-n
	Mn⁵⁵	Mn⁵⁶	100	2.59 ± 0.02 h	β⁻, γ	0.75 (20%), 1.04 (30%), 2.81 (50%)	0.822 (50%), 1.77 (30%), 2.06 (20%)	Fe⁵⁷-γ-p; Mn⁵⁵-n-γ; Mn⁵⁵-d-p; Fe⁵⁸-d-α; Fe⁵⁶-n-p; Co⁵⁹-n-α; Cr⁵³-α-p; As⁷⁵-d-[9 p, 12 n]; Cu⁽⁶³,⁶⁵⁾-d-[5 p, (4,6) n]
26	Fe⁵⁴	Fe⁵²	5.81 ± 0.01	7.8 h	β⁺	0.55		Cu⁽⁶³,⁶⁵⁾-d-[4 p, (7,9) n] Cr⁵⁰-α-n; Fe⁵⁴-n-2 n; Fe⁵⁴-γ-n [P6, H6];
26	Fe⁵⁴	Fe⁵³	5.81 ± 0.01	8.9 ± 0.2 min	β⁺ [P6]	0.55		Cu⁽⁶³,⁶⁵⁾-d-[4 p, (8, 10) n]
26	Fe⁵⁴	Fe⁵⁵	5.81 ± 0.01	≈ 4 h	K	no β⁺	no γ (γ continuous, to 150 keV); 0.02%	Mn⁵⁵-p-n; Co⁵⁵ (18.2 h) β⁺; Fe⁵⁴ d-p; Mn⁵⁵-d-2n; Fe⁵⁴-n-γ
26	Fe⁵⁶		91.64 ± 0.02
26	Fe⁵⁷		2.21 ± 0.01
26	Fe⁵⁸		0.34 ± 0.01

		Fe$^{55}$		$46 \pm 1$ days	$\beta^-$, $\gamma$	$(0.257), 0.460$	1.10, 1.30 (S 31)	Cu$^{(63,65)}$-d-[4 p, (2,4) n]; As$^{75}$-d-[8 p, 10 n]; Fe$^{56}$-n-$\gamma$; Fe$^{58}$-d-p; Co$^{58}$-n-p; Co$^{59}$-d-2 p; Bi$^{209}$-d-① [G 11]
27		Co$^{55}$		18.2 h	$\beta^+$	1.01 (50%), 1.50 (50%) [D7]	0.477 (15%), 0.935 (70%), 1.41 (15%) [D 7]	Fe$^{54}$-d-n; Fe$^{54}$-p-$\gamma$; As$^{75}$-d-[7 p, 15 n]; Cu$^{(63,65)}$-d-[3 p, (7,9) n]
		Co$^{56}$		$79 \pm 5$ days	$\beta^+$, $K$, $\gamma$	0.48, 1.50	0.845 (100%), 1.26 (50%), 1.74 (20%), 2.01 (10%), 2.55 (20%), 3.25 (20%)	Fe$^{56}$-d-2 n; Fe$^{54}$-$\alpha$-p, n; Fe$^{56}$-p-n; As$^{75}$-d-[7 p,14 n]; Cu$^{(63,65)}$-d-[3 p, (6,8) n]
		Co$^{57}$		270 days	$\beta^+$, $K$, $\gamma$	0 26	0.117, 0.130, 0.202, 0.215, (0.6), 0.805	Fe$^{56}$-d-n, Fe$^{56}$-p-$\gamma$
		Co$^{58}$		$69 \pm 7^{*}$ days	$K$ (85%), $\beta^+$(15%)	0.470, 1.36		Fe$^{57}$-d-n; Mn$^{55}$-$\alpha$-n; Fe$^{56}$-$\alpha$-n, p; Fe$^{57}$-p-$\gamma$; Ni$^{58}$-n-p; Fe$^{58}$-p-n; Ni$^{60}$-d-$\alpha$; Cu$^{(63,65)}$-d-[3 p, (4, 6) n]
	Co$^{59}$		100
		Co$^{60}$		5.08 y [S1]	$\beta^-$	0.309*	1.1715(100%), 1.3316(100%) [L11] [A6,J1]	*Co$^{59}$-d-p; Co-59-n-$\gamma$; Ni-$^{62}$-d-$\alpha$; Cu$^{63}$-n-$\alpha$; °Co$^{60}$ (10.7 min) I
		°Co$^{60}$		10.7 min	$I$ (90%), $\beta^-$(10%), $\gamma$	1.42	0.056 (90%), 1.3 (10%)	Co$^{59}$-n-$\gamma$; Ni$^{60}$-n-p; Co$^{59}$-d-p
		Co$^{61}$		$1.75 \pm 0.05$ h	$\beta^-$	1.1	no $\gamma$	Cu$^{65}$-n-$\alpha$, n [P3]; Ni$^{64}$-d-$\alpha$, n [P3]; Ni$^{64}$-p-$\alpha$ [P 3]; Ni$^{62}$-$\gamma$-p; Cu$^{(63,65)}$-d-[3 p, (1, 3) n]; Cu$^{63}$-$\gamma$-2 p; Co$^{59}$-t-p; Ni$^{61}$-n-p [P 3]; As$^{75}$-d-[7p, 9n]
		Co$^{62}$		$13.9 \pm 0.2$ min	$\beta^-$, $\gamma$	2.4*	1.3	Ni$^{62}$-n-p [P3]; Cu$^{65}$-n-$\alpha$, Cu$^{65}$-d-$\alpha$, p

Atomic number	Stable nucleus	Radioactive nucleus	Abundance in %	Half-life	Type of transformation	Energy of $\beta^-$, $\beta^+$ and $\alpha$ rays in MeV	Energy of $\gamma$ rays in MeV	Nuclear reactions
		$\mathrm{Co}^{(62)}$		$1.6 \pm 0.2$ min [P3]	—			$\mathrm{Ni}^{62}$-n-p [P 3]; $\mathrm{Ni}^{64}$-d-$\alpha$ [P 3] $\mathrm{Ni}^{64}$-n-(p) [P 3]
		$\mathrm{Co}^{64}$		4–5 min	—
28		$\mathrm{Ni}^{57}$		[[unclear: sign]] $6 \pm 1^{*}$ h [M26]	$\beta^{+},\ \gamma$	0.72 [M26]	1.97 (100%) [M26]	$\mathrm{Ni}^{58}$-$\gamma$-n [P 6]; $\mathrm{Fe}^{54}$-$\alpha$-n [M26]; $\mathrm{Ni}^{58}$-n-2n; $\mathrm{As}^{75}$-d-[$6\,\mathrm{p},14\,\mathrm{n}$]; $\mathrm{Cu}^{(63,65)}$-d-[$2\,\mathrm{p},(6,8)\,\mathrm{n}$]
28	$\mathrm{Ni}^{58}$	$\mathrm{Ni}^{59}$	$67.76 \pm 0.22$	$5 \times 10^{4}$ yr	$K,\ \gamma$		0.007, 0.015; 0.045; 0.075 [T14]	$\mathrm{Fe}^{56}$-$\alpha$-n; $\mathrm{Ni}^{58}$-n-$\gamma$; $\mathrm{Ni}^{58}$-d-p (?); $\mathrm{Co}^{59}$-d-2n
28	$\mathrm{Ni}^{60}$		$26.16 \pm 0.66$
28	$\mathrm{Ni}^{61}$		$1.25 \pm 0.03$
28	$\mathrm{Ni}^{62}$		$3.66 \pm 0.01$
28		$\mathrm{Ni}^{(63)}$		300 yr	$\beta^{-}$	0.063 [W9]	no $\gamma$ [W9]	$\mathrm{Ni}^{62}$-n-$\gamma$ [W 9]
28	$\mathrm{Ni}^{64}$	$\mathrm{Ni}^{65}$	$1.16 \pm 0.0$	$2.564 \pm 0.005$ h [S 22]	$\beta^{-}$	0.60 (29%), 1.01 (14%), 2.10 (57%) [S19]	0.37 (15%), 1.12 (29%), 1.49 (15%) [S19]	$\mathrm{Ni}^{64}$-d-p; $\mathrm{Ni}^{64}$-n-$\gamma$; $\mathrm{Cu}^{65}$-n-p [B4]; $\mathrm{Zn}^{68}$-n-$\alpha$; $\mathrm{Bi}^{209}$-d-$\oplus$ $\mathrm{As}^{75}$-d-[$6\,\mathrm{p},6\,\mathrm{n}$]; U-$\alpha$-$\oplus$;
28		$\mathrm{Ni}^{66}$		56 h	$\beta^{-}$		0.280	$\mathrm{Bi}^{209}$-d-$\oplus$; $\mathrm{As}^{75}$-d-[$6\,\mathrm{p},5\,\mathrm{n}$]

Z	Stable isotope	Abundance, %	Radioactive isotope	Half-life	Decay	Radiation energy	γ-rays	Production reactions
29			\((\mathrm{Cu}^{57,59})\)	\(81 \pm 2\) s	\(\beta^+\)			\(\mathrm{Ni}^{58}\)-p-?
29			\(\mathrm{Cu}^{(58)}\)	3 s	—			\(\mathrm{Ni}^{58}\)-p-(n)
29			\(\mathrm{Cu}^{(58)}\)	\(7.9 \pm 0.5\) min	\(\beta^+\)			\(\mathrm{Ni}^{58}\)-p-(n)
29			\(\mathrm{Cu}^{60}\)	\(24.6 \pm 0.3\) min	\(\beta^+,\ \gamma\)	\(1.8\ (95\%),\ 3.3\ (5\%)\)	1.50	\(\mathrm{Ni}^{60}\)-p-n; \(\mathrm{Ni}^{60}\)-d-2n; \(\mathrm{Ni}^{58}\)-α-p, n; \(\mathrm{As}^{75}\)-d-[5p, 12n]; \(\mathrm{Cu}^{(63,65)}\)-d-[p,(4,6)n]
29			\(\mathrm{Cu}^{61}\)	3.33 h	\(\beta^+, K\) [O5]	1.205	no \(\gamma\)	\(\mathrm{Ni}^{60}\)-d-n; \(\mathrm{Ni}^{61}\)-d-2n [O5]; \(\mathrm{Ni}^{61}\)-p-n; \(\mathrm{Ni}^{58}\)-α-p; \(\mathrm{Cu}^{63}\)-γ-2n; \(\mathrm{As}^{75}\)-d-[5p, 11n]; \(\mathrm{Cu}^{(63,65)}\)-d-[p,(3,5)n]; \(\mathrm{Ni}^{61}\)-d-2n [O5]
29			\(\mathrm{Cu}^{62}\)	\(9.9 \pm 0.1\) min	\(\beta^+,\ \gamma\)	2.92 [H 28]	0.56	\(\mathrm{Co}^{59}\)-α-n; \(\mathrm{Ni}^{62}\)-p-n; \(\mathrm{Ni}^{61}\)-p-γ; \(\mathrm{Cu}^{63}\)-n-2n; \(\mathrm{Cu}^{63}\)-γ-n [M 6]; \(\mathrm{Cu}^{63}\)-e\(^{-}\)-e\(^{-}\), n; \(\mathrm{Zn}^{68}\) (9.5 h) \(K,\ \beta^+\) [H 28]; \(\mathrm{Cu}^{(63,65)}\)-d-[p,(2,4)n]
29	\(\mathrm{Cu}^{63}\)	\(68.94 \pm 0.19\)
29			\(\mathrm{Cu}^{64}\)	\(12.88 \pm 0.03\) h	\(\beta^-\ (31\%),\ \beta^+\ (15\%),\ K\ (54\%)\) [L18, O6]	\(0.571\ (\beta^-),\ 0.657\ (\beta^+)\)	\(1.35\ (0.4\%),\ (1.20)\ (1.5\%)\)	\(\mathrm{Cu}^{63}\)-n-γ [O6]; \(\mathrm{Cu}^{65}\)-n-2n; \(\mathrm{Cu}^{63}\)-d-p; \(\mathrm{Zn}^{64}\)-n-p [O6]; \(\mathrm{Ni}^{64}\)-p-n; \(\mathrm{Cu}^{65}\)-γ-n; \(\mathrm{Zn}^{66}\)-d-α; \(\mathrm{Cu}^{65}\)-p-p, n; \(\mathrm{Cu}^{65}\)-d-[p, 2n]; \(\mathrm{As}^{75}\)-d-[5p, 8n]
29	\(\mathrm{Cu}^{65}\)	\(31.06 \pm 0.19\)
29			\(\mathrm{Cu}^{66}\)	\(4.34 \pm 0.03\) min [S 22]	\(\beta^-,\ \gamma\)	2.58	1.32	\(\mathrm{Cu}^{65}\)-n-γ; \(\mathrm{Zn}^{65}\)-n-p; \(\mathrm{Ga}^{69}\)-n-α; \(\mathrm{Cu}^{65}\)-d-p; \(\mathrm{Ni}^{66}\)(56 h) \(\beta^-\)
29			\(\mathrm{Cu}^{(67)}\)	56 h	\(\beta^-\)	0.56		\(\mathrm{Zn}^{68}\)-γ-p; \(\mathrm{Bi}^{209}\)-d-(O); \(\mathrm{As}^{75}\)-d-[5p, 5n]

Atomic number	Stable nucleus	Radioactive nucleus	Abundance in %	Half-life	Type of transformation	Energy of $\beta^-$, $\beta^+$ and $\alpha$ rays in MeV	Energy of $\gamma$ rays in MeV	Nuclear reactions
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
30		$\mathrm{Zn}^{62}$		9.5 h	$K$, $\beta^+$, $\gamma$	0.665 [H28]	0.0418 [H28]	$\mathrm{Cu}^{(63,65)}$-d-(3,5) n; $\mathrm{As}^{75}$-d-[4 p, 11 n]
30		$\mathrm{Zn}^{63}$		38.3 min	$\beta^+$ (93%), $K$ (7%), $\gamma$	0.46 (4%), 1.40 (8%), 2.36 (88%)	0.960 (8%), 1.89 (4%), 2.60 (0.5%)	$\mathrm{Cu}^{63}$-d-2 n; $\mathrm{Ni}^{60}$-$\alpha$-n; $\mathrm{Cu}^{63}$-p-n; $\mathrm{Zn}^{64}$-n-2 n; $\mathrm{Zn}^{64}$-$\gamma$-n [P6, H19]; $\mathrm{As}^{75}$-d-[4 p, 10 n]; $\mathrm{Cu}^{(63,65)}$-d-(2, 4) n
30	$\mathrm{Zn}^{64}$	$\mathrm{Zn}^{65}$	48.89	250±5 d	$\beta^+$ (2.2%), $K$ (97.8%)	0.36*; 0.15; 0.325 [M 33]	1.118 (45%) [J 1, M 33] (0.45), (0.65)	$\mathrm{Zn}^{64}$-n-$\gamma$; $\mathrm{Zn}^{64}$-d-p; $\mathrm{Ca}^{65}$-p-n; $\mathrm{Cu}^{65}$-d-2 n; $\mathrm{Ga}^{69}$ (15 min) $K$
30	$\mathrm{Zn}^{66}$		27.81
30	$\mathrm{Zn}^{67}$		4.07
30	$\mathrm{Zn}^{68}$		18.61
30		$^\circ\mathrm{Zn}^{69}$		13.8±0.4 h	$I$		0.439	$\mathrm{Zn}^{68}$-n-$\gamma$; $\mathrm{Zn}^{68}$-d-p; $\mathrm{Ga}^{71}$-d-$\alpha$; $\mathrm{Ga}^{69}$-n-p; $\mathrm{As}^{75}$-d-[4p, 4n]
30		$\mathrm{Zn}^{69}$		57±2 min	$\beta^-$	0.86	no $\gamma$	$\mathrm{Zn}^{68}$-n-$\gamma$; $\mathrm{Zn}^{68}$-d-p; $\mathrm{Ga}^{71}$-d-$\alpha$; $\mathrm{Ga}^{69}$-n-p; $\mathrm{Zn}^{69}$ (13.8 h) $I$; $\mathrm{As}^{75}$-d-[4 p, 4 n]; $\mathrm{Zn}^{70}$-$\gamma$-n [H 19]
30	$\mathrm{Zn}^{70}$		0.620
30		$\mathrm{Zn}^{(71)}$		2.2 min	$\beta^-$, $\gamma$	2.1		$\mathrm{Zn}^{70}$-n-$\gamma$; $\mathrm{Ge}^{74}$-n-$\alpha$; U-n-(○); $\mathrm{Bi}^{209}$-d-(○);
30		$\mathrm{Zn}^{72}$		49 h	$\beta^-$, $\gamma$	$\simeq 0.3$ (95%), $\simeq 1.6$ (5%)		$\mathrm{As}^{75}$-d-[4p, n]; $\mathrm{Th}^{232}$-$\alpha$-(○) [N1]
30		$(\mathrm{Zn}^{73})$		<2 min	$\beta^-$			U-n-(○)

Z	Isotope	Nuclide	Abundance	Half-life	Radiation	Energy	γ-lines	Production reactions
31		Ga\(^{(64)}\)		\(48\pm2\) min	\(\beta^+\)			Zn\(^{(64)}\)-p-n
31		Ga\(^{65}\)		15 min	\(K,\ e^-\)		\(0.051;\ 0.117\)	Zn\(^{64}\)-d-n; Zn\(^{64}\)-p-γ
31		Ga\(^{66}\)		\(9.4\pm0.2\) h	\(\beta^+\)	3.5*	\(0.093^*;\ 0.174,\) \(0.183^*;\ 0.297^*\)	Cu\(^{63}\)-α-n; Zn\(^{66}\)-p-n; Ge\(^{66}\) (\(\simeq 140\) min); As\(^{75}\)-d-[3 p, 8 n]
31		Ga\(^{67}\)		\(78.2\pm0.7\) h	\(K,\ \gamma,\ e^-\)			Zn\(^{66}\)-d-n; Zn\(^{64}\)-α-p; Zn\(^{67}\)-p-n; Ge\(^{67}\) (23 min) \(\beta^+\); As\(^{75}\)-d-[3p, 7n]
31		Ga\(^{68}\)		\(66\pm2\) min	\(\beta^+\)	1.9		Cu\(^{65}\)-α-n; Zn\(^{68}\)-p-n; Zn\(^{67}\)-p-γ (?); Ga\(^{69}\)-n-2 n; Ga\(^{69}\)-γ-n; Zn\(^{67}\)-d-n; Ge\(^{70}\)-d-α; Ge\(^{70}\)-γ-p, n [P 6]; As\(^{75}\)-d-[3 p, 6 n]; Ge\(^{68}\)(250 d)
31	Ga\(^{69}\)		60.16
31		Ga\(^{70}\)		20.3 min	\(\beta^-,\ \gamma,\) (\(\beta^+<0.5\%\))	1.65		Ge\(^{69}\)-n-γ; Ga\(^{71}\)-n-2n; Ga\(^{71}\)-γ-n; Zn\(^{67}\)-α-p; Zn\(^{70}\)-p-n; Ge\(^{72}\)-d-α; Ge\(^{70}\)-n-p
31	Ga\(^{71}\)		39.84
31		Ga\(^{72}\)		\(14.25\pm0.2\) h	\(\beta^-,\ \gamma\)	\(0.64\ (40\%),\) \(0.95\ (32\%),\) \(1.48\ (10.5\%),\) \(2.52\ (8\%),\) \(3.15\ (9.5\%)\)	\(0.63\ (24\%),\) \(0.84\ (100\%),\) \(1.05\ (4.5\%),\) \(1.59\ (4.5\%),\) \(1.87\ (7.8\%),\) \(2.21\ (33\%),\) \(2.51\ (26.5\%)\) no γ	Ga\(^{71}\)-n-γ; Ga\(^{71}\)-d-p; Ga\(^{72}\)-n-p; Bi\(^{209}\)-α-\(\bigcirc\); As\(^{75}\)-d-α, p; U (n, \(\bigcirc\)); Zn\(^{72}\)(49 h) β; Tl-α-\(\bigcirc\); U-α-\(\bigcirc\); Bi\(^{209}\)-d-\(\bigcirc\); Zn\(^{72}\)(49 h) \(\beta^-\) [G11]; Ge-74-d-α
31		Ga\(^{(73)}\)		4.94 h [G11]	\(\beta^-\)	1.4		Ge\(^{73}\)-n-p; Ge\(^{74}\)-γ-p; U-n-\(\bigcirc\); Bi\(^{205}\)-α-\(\bigcirc\) [G11]
32		Ge\(^{66}\)		\(\simeq 140\) min	—			Ge\(^{70}\)-d-p, 5 n
32		Ge\(^{67}\)		23 min	\(\beta^+\)			Ge\(^{70}\)-d-p, 4 n
32		Ge\(^{68}\)		250 d	—			As\(^{75}\)-d-[2 p, 7 n]; (Zn\(^{70}\)-α-2 n)
32		Ge\(^{69}\)		39.6 h	\(\beta^+(33\%),\) \(K\ (67\%),\ \gamma\)	1.0 [M30]	1.22 [M30]	Ga\(^{69}\)-d-2n; Zn\(^{65}\)-α-n; Ge\(^{70}\)-d-2n; Ge\(^{70}\)-γ-n; As\(^{75}\)-d-[2 p, 6 n]; As\(^{69}\) (52 min) \(\beta^+\)
32	Ge\(^{70}\)		\(20.65\pm0.04\)

Atomic number	Stable nucleus	Radioactive nucleus	Abundance in %	Half-life	Type of transformation	Energy of β−, β+ and α rays in MeV	Energy of γ rays in MeV	Nuclear reactions
		$\mathrm{Ge}^{71}$		$11.4 \pm 0.1$ d	$\beta^+, K$	no $\beta^+$	no $\beta^+$	$\mathrm{Ga}^{71}$-d-2n; $\mathrm{Ga}^{71}$-p-n; $\mathrm{Ge}^{70}$-d-p; $\mathrm{Ge}^{70}$-n-$\gamma$; $\mathrm{As}^{75}$-d-[2p, 4n]; $\mathrm{As}^{71}$ (49.9 h) $K$
		${}^{\circ}\mathrm{Ge}^{72}$		$0.5 \pm 0.05\,\mu\text{s}$; $0.29 \pm 0.06\,\mu\text{s}$ [M 16]	$I$ (exc. $>50\%$)		0.7	$\mathrm{Ga}^{72}$ (14.25 h) $\beta^-$ (1%) [M 16]
	$\mathrm{Ge}^{72}$; $\mathrm{Ge}^{73}$; $\mathrm{Ge}^{74}$		$27.43 \pm 0.02$; $7.86 \pm 0.04$; $36.34 \pm 0.05$
		$\mathrm{Ge}^{75}$		$82 \pm 1$ min	$\beta^-$	1.15*	no $\gamma$ [M30]	$\mathrm{Ge}^{74}$-n-$\gamma$; $\mathrm{Ge}^{76}$-n-2n; $\mathrm{Ge}^{76}$-$\gamma$-n [P6]; $\mathrm{Ge}^{74}$-d-p; $\mathrm{As}^{75}$-n-p; $\mathrm{Se}^{78}$-n-$\alpha$
	$\mathrm{Ge}^{76}$		$7.72 \pm 0.01$
		$\mathrm{Ge}^{77}$		12 h	$\beta^-, \gamma$	1.8* [M14]	0.5 [M14]	$\mathrm{Se}^{80}$-n-$\alpha$; $\mathrm{Ge}^{76}$-n-$\gamma$ [W4]; $\mathrm{Ge}^{76}$-d-p; U-n-①; $\mathrm{U}^{232}$-n-①; $\mathrm{Th}^{232}$-$\alpha$-① [N1]
		${}^{\circ}\mathrm{Ge}^{(77)}$		$59 \pm 2$ s	$\beta^-$	2.8		$\mathrm{Ge}^{(76)}$-n-$\gamma$
		$\mathrm{Ge}^{(78)}$		2.1 h	$\beta^-, \gamma$	0.9		U-n-①
33		$\mathrm{As}^{(69)}$		5.2 min	$\beta^+$			$\mathrm{Ge}^{(70)}$-d-(3)n; $\mathrm{Se}^{(69)}$ (44 min) $\beta^+$; $\mathrm{As}^{75}$-d-[p, (7)n]
33		${}^{?}\mathrm{As}^{71}$		49.9 h	$\beta^+$ (33%), $K$ (67%)	0.6		$\mathrm{Ge}^{70}$-d-n

		Isotope	Abundance	Half-life	Radiation	β energy	γ energy	Production
		As⁷²		26 h	β⁺ (33%), $K$ (67%)	2.78	0.6, 1.4, (2.4)	Ga⁶⁹-α-n; Ge⁷²-p-n; Se⁷⁴-d-α; Se⁷³ (9.5 d) $K$; As⁷⁵-d-[p, 4n]
		As⁷³		76±3 d [M30]	$K$, γ	no β⁺	0.10	Ge⁷⁰-α-p; Ge⁷²-d-n; Se⁷³ (6.9 h) $K$
		As⁷⁴		17.5±0.1 d	β⁻, β⁺	0.9 (β⁺); 1.25 (β⁻)	0.582	Ga⁷¹-α-n; As⁷⁵-n-2n; Ge⁷³-d-n; Se⁷⁶-d-α, Ge⁷⁴-p-n; Ge⁷²-α-p, n (?); As⁷⁵-d-[p, 2n]; Bi²⁰⁹-d-(D)[G11]
	As⁷⁵		100
		As⁷⁶		26.75±0.15 h	β⁻, ($K$)[G11] (β⁺<0.03%)	1.29 (15%), 2.49 (25%), 3.04 (60%)	0.553 (38%), 1.21 (13%), 1.75 (1.5%), (2.1, 3.2)	As⁷⁵-n-γ; As⁷⁵-d-p; Br⁷⁹-n-α; Se⁷⁶-n-p; Se⁷⁸-d-α; Ge⁷⁶-p-n;
		As⁷⁷		40 h	β⁻	0.8		Ge⁷⁷ (12 h) β⁻ [M14, N1]; Ge⁷⁷(59 s) β⁻; U (n, D)Ge⁷⁷ (12 h) β⁻; Th²³²-α-(D); U-n-(D); Bi²⁰⁹-d-(D); Th²³³ (α-(D))Ge⁷⁷ (12 h) β⁻ [N1]
		As⁷⁸		65 min		1.4,	0.27	Br⁸¹-n-α; Se⁷⁸-n-p;
		As⁷⁸?		90 min		1.4(30%) 4.1 (70%)		U (n-(D))Ge⁷⁸ (2.1 h) β⁻
34		Se⁽⁶⁹⁾		44 min	β⁺			As⁷⁵-d-8 n
		Se⁷²		9.5 d	$K$			As⁷⁵-d-5 n
		Se⁽⁷³⁾		6.9* h	β⁺ (50%), $K$ (50%)	1.29		Ge⁷⁰-α-n; As⁷⁵-d-4 n
	Se⁷⁴		0.87±0.01
		Se⁷⁵		127±2 d	$K$, γ	no β⁺	0.077,0.099, 0.123,0.138, 0.267,0.282, 0.404* [T 4]	As⁷⁵-p-n; Se⁷⁴-n-γ [T 4]; As⁷⁵-d-2 n; (Ge⁷²-α-n); Br⁷⁵ (106m) β⁺, $K$
	Se⁷⁶		9.02±0.07
	Se⁷⁷	Se⁷⁷	7.58±0.07	17.5±0.3 s	$I$, γ, e⁻		0.15	Se⁷⁶-n-γ; Se⁷⁷-x

Atomic number	Stable nucleus	Radioactive nucleus	Abundance in %	Half-life	Type of transformation	Energy of β−, β+ and α-rays in MeV	Energy of γ-rays in MeV	Nuclear reactions
	Se78	Se(79)	23.52±0.02	7×106 y	I, γ, e−		0.104 [B35]	U-n-○ (?)
	Se80	°Se81	49.82±0.20	57±1 min [B35]	I, γ, e−		0.104 [B35]	Se80-d-p; Se80-n-γ; Br81-n-p; Se82-γ-n; U-n-○; Bi209-d-○ [G 11]
		Se81		13.6 min; 19 min [B35]	β−	1.38 [B35]	no γ	Se80-d-p [B35]; Se80-n-γ; Br81-n-p; Se81-γ-n; Se81 (57 min) I; U (n, ○) °Se(81) (57 min) I
	Se82	Se83	9.19±20	25 min	β−, γ	1.5	0.17, 0.37, 1.1	Se82-n-γ; Se82-d-p; U-n-○; Th232-n-○
		°Se83		67±3 s	β−, γ	3.4		Se82-n-γ; U-n-○
		Se84		≈2.5 min	β−			U-n-○
35		Br75		106 min	β+ (18%), K (82%)	1.6	no γ	Se74-d-p; Se74-p-γ
35		Br(76)		15.7 h	β+, γ	3.15	0.19; 2	As75-α-3 n
35		Br(77)		57.2 h	β+ (5%), K (95%), γ	0.36	0.7	Se76-p-γ; Se76-d-n; Se74-α-p; As75-α-2 n

	Br^79	Br^(78)	50.51±0.06	6.4±0.1 min	β^+	2.35*	0.046, 0.108	Br^79-n-2n; As^75-α-n; Br^79-γ-n [M 6]; Se^77-d-n; Se^78-p-n
	Br^79	°Br^80	50.51±0.06	4.5 h	I, γ, e^−		0.049, 0.037	Br^79-n-γ [K7]; Br^79-d-p; Br^81-n-2n; Se^80-p-n; Br^81-γ-n; Se^77-α-p; (Th^232-n-○)
	Br^79	Br^80	50.51±0.06	18 min	β^− (99%), β^+ (1%), γ	2.0 (β^−), 1.0 (β^+) [D5]	(0.5)	Br^79-n-γ [K 7]; Br^81-n-2n; Br^79-d-p; Se^80-p-n; Br^81-γ-n [M 6]; Bi^80 (4.5 h) I, Se^80-d-2n
	Br^81	Br^82	49.49±0.06	33.9±0.3 h	β^−, γ, (β^+ < 0.4%)	0.465	0.55, 0.61, 0.69, 0.77, 0.83, 1.04, 1.315 [S 24]	Br^81-n-γ; Br^81-d-p; Se^82-d-2n; Se^82-p-n; Rb^85-n-α; Bi^209-α-(○); Bj^209-d-(○); U-n-(○); U-α-(○); Pb-α-(○); Tl-α-(○); Th^232-α-(○) [N 1]
	Br^81	Br^83	49.49±0.06	144 min	β^−	~1.2*	no γ	Se^83-d-n; Se^83 (25 min) β^−; Se^83 (67 s) β^−; Bi^209-α-(○); Bi^209-d-(○); U-n-(○); Th^232-n-(○); U^233-n-(○); U-α-(○); Th^232-α-(○) [N1]; Pu^239-n-(○); Pb-α-(○)
	Br^81	Br^84	49.49±0.06	35±5 min*	β^−, γ	4.9*		U-n-(○); Th^232-n-(○); U (n, ○); Se^84 (2.5 min) β^−; Bi^209-d-(○); Rb^87-n-α
		Br^85		3.0±0.5 min	β^−	2.5	no γ	U-n-(○)
		Br^87		56.1±0.7 s [S10]	β^−, n	0.25 (average) (n)		U-n-(○); Pu^239-n-(○)
		Br^(87)		4.51 s	β^−, n	0.43 (average) (n)		U-n-(○)
		Br^(88)		15.5±0.3 s	β^−			U-n-(○)

Atomic number	Stable nucleus	Radioactive nucleus	Abundance in %	Half-life period	Type of transformation	Energy of \(\beta^-\), \(\beta^+\), and \(\alpha\)-rays in MeV	Energy of \(\gamma\)-rays in MeV	Nuclear reactions
36	\(\mathrm{Kr}^{78}\)	\(\mathrm{Kr}^{77}\)	0.342	1.1 h	\(K\) (70%), \(\beta^+\) (30%), \(\gamma\)	1.7		\(\mathrm{Se}^{74}\)-\(\alpha\)-n
36	\(\mathrm{Kr}^{78}\)	\(\mathrm{Kr}^{79}\)	0.342	34.5 h	\(\beta^+\) (2%), \(K\) (98%), \(\gamma\)	0.6 (70%), 0.9 (30%)	0.2	\(\mathrm{Br}^{79}\)-p-n; \(\mathrm{Kr}^{78}\)-d-p; \(\mathrm{Se}^{76}\)-\(\alpha\)-n; \(\mathrm{Br}^{79}\)-d-2 n; \(\mathrm{Kr}^{78}\)-n-\(\gamma\)
36	\(\mathrm{Kr}^{80}\)	\(\mathrm{Kr}^{(79,81)}\)	2.228	\(18 \pm 1\) s	\(I\) (?), \(e^-\)		0.187	\(\mathrm{Br}^{(79,81)}\)-p-n; \((\mathrm{Se}-\alpha\)-n) ?
36	\(\mathrm{Kr}^{80}\)	\(\mathrm{Kr}^{(79,81)}\)	2.228	\(55 \pm 2\) s	\(I\) (?), \(e^-\)		0.127	\(\mathrm{Br}^{(79,81)}\)-p-n;
36	\(\mathrm{Kr}^{82}\)	\({}^{\circ}\mathrm{Kr}^{83}\)	11.500	113 m	\(I, e^-\)		0.029, 0.046, (0.035)	\(\mathrm{Se}^{88}\) (25 m) \(\beta^- \to \mathrm{Br}^{88}\) (140 m) \(\beta^-\); \(\mathrm{Se}^{80}\)-\(\alpha\)-n; \(\mathrm{Kr}^{83}\)-d-p; U-n-\(\bigcirc\); Th-n-\(\bigcirc\); \(\mathrm{Kr}^{83}\)-n-\(\gamma\); \(\mathrm{Kr}^{83}\)-x
36	\(\mathrm{Kr}^{83}\)		11.480					U-n-\(\bigcirc\)
36	\(\mathrm{Kr}^{84}\)		57.020					U-n-\(\bigcirc\)
36		\(\mathrm{Kr}^{85}\)		9.4 h	\(\beta^-\)	0.74	no \(\gamma\)	\(\mathrm{Kr}^{84}\)-n-\(\gamma\); U-n-\(\bigcirc\); U(n,\(\bigcirc\))
36		\(\mathrm{Kr}^{85}\)		\(4.4 \pm 0.2\) h	\(\beta^-\)	0.9*	0.17, 0.37	\(\mathrm{Kr}^{84}\)-d-p; \(\mathrm{Se}^{83}\)-\(\alpha\)-n; \(\mathrm{Sr}^{88}\)-n-\(\alpha\); \(\mathrm{Rb}^{85}\)-n-p; \(\mathrm{Kr}^{84}\)-n-\(\gamma\); \(\mathrm{Kr}^{86}\)-n-2n; U(n,\(\bigcirc\)) \(\mathrm{Br}^{85}\) (3 m) \(\beta^-\)
36	\(\mathrm{Kr}^{86}\)		17.430
36	\(\mathrm{Kr}^{86}\)	\(\mathrm{Kr}^{87}\)	17.430	78 m [K13]	\(\beta^-\)	3.2 [K13]		\(\mathrm{Kr}^{86}\)-d-p; \(\mathrm{Kr}^{86}\)-n-\(\gamma\); \(\mathrm{Rb}^{87}\)-n-p; U(n,\(\bigcirc\)) \(\mathrm{Br}^{87}\) (50 s) \(\beta^-\)
36	\(\mathrm{Kr}^{86}\)	\(\mathrm{Kr}^{88}\)	17.430	166 m	\(\beta^-\)	2.4*		U-n-\(\bigcirc\); Th-n-\(\bigcirc\); U(n,\(\bigcirc\)) \(\mathrm{Br}^{88}\) (15.5 s) \(\beta^-\) [S14]

		Kr89		2.6 min	β−			U-n-⊕; U-d-⊕; Pu239-n-⊕
		Kr90		33 s	β−			U-n-⊕; Pu239-n-⊕
		Kr(91)		7.5* s	β−			U-n-⊕; Th-n-⊕; U-d-⊕; Pu239-n-⊕
		Kr(92)		2.3 s	β−			U-n-⊕; Th232-n-⊕; Pu239-n-⊕
		Kr(93)		2.2 s	β−			U-n-⊕; U-d-⊕; Pu239-n-⊕
		Kr(94)		1.4 s	β−			U-n-⊕
		Kr97		short.	β−			U-n-⊕; Pu239-n-⊕
37		Rb81		5.0 h	β+, γ	0.9 [R1]	0.2, 0.8 [R1]	Br79-α-2n [R1]
		Rb82		6.4* h	β+, γ	0.9 [R1]	1.0 [R1]	Br79-x-n [B1]; Kr83-d-2n
		Rb(82)		20 min	—			Br(79)-α-n
	Rb85	Rb(84)	72.8	40 d	β+, γ			Sr86-d-α; Rb85-n-2n
		Rb(86)		19.5 d	β−, γ (β+<0.3%)	0.716 (20%), 1.822 (80%)	1.08?	Sr88-d-α; Rb85-n-γ; Rb87-γ-n; Bi209-d-⊕; U-n-⊕
		Rb87	27.2	6×1010 yr	β−, γ	0.131*; (0.560)	0.034, 0.053, 0.082, 0.102, 0.129
		Rb88		17.5 min	β−	4.9*		Rb87-n-γ; Sr88-n-p (?); Pa231-n-⊕ U (n, ⊕) Kr88 (170 min) β−; Th (n, ⊕) Kr88 (170 min) β−;
		Rb89		15.4±0.2 min	β−	4.2*		U (n, ⊕) Kr89 (2.6 min) β−
		Rb90		short.	β−			U (n, ⊕) Kr90 (33 s) β−

Atomic number	Stable nucleus	Radioactive nucleus	Abundance in %	Half-life period	Type of transformation	Energy of β−, β+ and α rays in MeV	Energy of γ rays in MeV	Nuclear reactions
		Rb⁹¹ Rb⁹² Rb⁹³ Rb⁹⁴ Rb⁹⁷		short 80 s short short short	β− β− β− β− β−			U (n, Ⓕ) Kr⁹¹ (9.3 s) β− U (n, Ⓕ) Kr(β−); Th²³²-n-Ⓕ U (n, Ⓕ) Kr⁹³ (2.2 s) β− U (n, Ⓕ) Kr⁹⁴ (1.4 s) β U (n, Ⓕ) Kr⁹⁷ (short) β−
38	Sr⁸⁴	Sr⁸⁵	0.55±0.01	66 d	K, γ		0.510 [T13a]	Rb⁸⁵-p-n; Rb⁸⁵-d-2n
38	Sr⁸⁴	⊙Sr⁸⁶	0.55±0.01	70 m	I, γ, e−		0.170	Rb⁸⁵-p-n
38	Sr⁸⁶	⊙Sr⁸⁷	9.75±0.04	2.8 h	I, γ, e−		0.386, (0.55), (1.10)	Sr⁸⁶-d-p; Zr⁹⁰-n-α (?); Sr⁸⁷-p-p (?); Y⁸⁷ (80 h) K; Sr⁸⁸-γ-n; Sr⁸⁷-e−-e−; Sr⁸⁷-γ; U-n-Ⓕ
38	Sr⁸⁷	Sr⁸⁹	6.96±0.01	54.5 d	β−	1.463 [P9, L9]; (1.6) [G11]	no γ	Zr⁹²-n-α (?); Sr⁸⁸-d-p; Sr⁸⁸-n-γ; Y⁸⁹-n-p; U (n, Ⓕ) Kr⁸⁹ (2.6 m) β−; Rb⁸⁹ (15.4 m) β−; U-α-Ⓕ; U-d-Ⓕ; U²³⁸-n-Ⓕ; Bi²⁰⁹-d-Ⓕ; Bi²⁰⁹α-Ⓕ; Th-n-Ⓕ; Th-α-Ⓕ [N11]; Pu²³⁹-n-Ⓕ; Pt-α-Ⓕ; Pb-α-Ⓕ
38	Sr⁸⁸	Sr⁸⁹	82.74±0.06	54.5 d	β−	1.463 [P9, L9]; (1.6) [G11]	no γ	Zr⁹²-n-α (?); Sr⁸⁸-d-p; Sr⁸⁸-n-γ; Y⁸⁹-n-p; U (n, Ⓕ) Kr⁸⁹ (2.6 m) β−; Rb⁸⁹ (15.4 m) β−; U-α-Ⓕ; U-d-Ⓕ; U²³⁸-n-Ⓕ; Bi²⁰⁹-d-Ⓕ; Bi²⁰⁹α-Ⓕ; Th-n-Ⓕ; Th-α-Ⓕ [N11]; Pu²³⁹-n-Ⓕ; Pt-α-Ⓕ; Pb-α-Ⓕ

Z	Element	Nuclide	Abundance, %	Half-life	Radiation	β energy	γ energy	Production
		Sr^90		30 y	β^−	0.61	no γ	U-n-\(\bigcirc\); Th^232-α-\(\bigcirc\) [N1]; Bi^209-d-\(\bigcirc\) [G11]
		Sr^91		9.7 h	β^−, γ	1.3 (40%); 3.2 (60%)	1.3	Zr^94-n-α; U (n, \(\bigcirc\)) Rb^91 (short-lived) β^−; U-γ-\(\bigcirc\); Th^232-n-\(\bigcirc\); Th^232-α-\(\bigcirc\); Pu^239-n-\(\bigcirc\); Bi^209-α-\(\bigcirc\); Pt-α-\(\bigcirc\); Pb-α-\(\bigcirc\); Bi^209-d-\(\bigcirc\) [G11]
		Sr^(92)		2.7 h	β^−			U (n, \(\bigcirc\)) Rb^(92) (80 s) β^−; U (n, \(\bigcirc\)) Kr^92 (2.3 s) β^−; U-γ-\(\bigcirc\); Th^232-n-\(\bigcirc\); Th^232-α-\(\bigcirc\) [N1]
		Sr^93		7 min	β^−			U (n, \(\bigcirc\)) Kr^93 (2 s) β^−... ...Rb^93 (short-lived) β^−
		Sr^(94)		≈2 min	β^−			U (n, \(\bigcirc\)) Kr^94 (1.4 s) β^−
		Sr^97		short-lived	β^−			U (n, \(\bigcirc\)) Kr^(97) (short-lived) β^−... ...Rb^(97) (short-lived) β^−;
		Sr		6–10 d	β^−			U-n-\(\bigcirc\)
39	Y	Y^84 [S17]		3.7±0.14	β^+, K, γ	2.0 [S17]		Sr^84-d-2n [S17]
39	Y	○Y^(87) Y^87		14±2 h 80±3 h	β^+, I, γ, e^− K	1.1 [S17] 0.7 [S17]	0.5	Sr^(86)-d-n; Sr^(87)-p-n
39	Y	Y^88		105 d	β^+ (0.19%), K	0.83	0.908, 1.853, 2.76 (1%) [S17]	Sr^86-p-n; Sr^87-p-n; Rb^85-α-?n? Sr^88-d-2n; Sr^88-p-n; Y^89-n-2n; Rb^85-α-n [S17]
39	Y^89	Y^90	100	60.5±0.2 h	β^−	2.180 [L9, P9]	no γ	Y^89-n-γ; Y^89-d-p; Nb^93-n-α; Zr^90-n-p; Zr^92-d-α; Rb^87-α-n; U (n, \(\bigcirc\)) Sr^90 (25 y) β^−; Bi^209-α-\(\bigcirc\); Pt-α-\(\bigcirc\); Tl-α-\(\bigcirc\); Th^232 (α, \(\bigcirc\)) Sr^90 (25 y) β^− [N1]

Atomic number	Stable nucleus	Radioactive nucleus	Abundance in %	Half-life	Type of transformation	Energy of β⁻, β⁺ and α-rays in MeV	Energy of γ-rays in MeV	Nuclear reactions
		\(^{\circ}Y^{91}\)		51.0 min	\(I,\ \gamma,\ e^{-}\)		0.61	\(Zr^{91}\)-n-p; \(U(n,\Phi)\ Kr^{91}\) (7.5 s) \(\beta^{-}\) ... ...\(Sr^{91}\) (9.7 h) \(\beta^{-}\) (40%); \(Th^{232}\)-α-\((\Phi)\)
		\(Y^{91}\)		61 d	\(\beta^{-}\)	1.537 [L9, P9, O4]	no \(\gamma\)	\(Zr^{91}\)-n-p; \(U(n,\Phi)\ Kr^{91}\) (7.5 s) \(\beta^{-}\) ... ...\(Sr^{91}\) (9.7 h) \(\beta^{-}\) (60%); \(U\)-n-\((\Phi)\); \(U\)-d-\((\Phi)\); \(U^{238}\)-n-\((\Phi)\); \(^{\circ}Y^{91}\) (51 min) \(I,\ \gamma\); \(Th^{232}\)-n-\((\Phi)\); \(Pu^{239}\)-n-\((\Phi)\); \(Bi^{209}\)-d-\((\Phi)\)
		\(Y^{92}\)		3.5 h	\(\beta^{-},\ \gamma\)	3.5	1.0	\(U(n,\Phi)\ Kr^{92}\) (2.3 s) \(\beta^{-}\) ... ...\(Sr^{92}\) (2.7 h) \(\beta^{-}\); \(Th^{232}\)-n-\((\Phi)\); \(Pu^{239}\)-n-\((\Phi)\); \(Zr^{92}\)-n-p; \(Th^{232}\)-α-\((\Phi)\)
		\(Y^{93}\)		10.0 h	\(\beta^{-},\ \gamma\)	3.1	0.7	\(U(n,\Phi)\ Kr^{93}\) (2 s) \(\beta^{-}\) ... ...\(Sr^{93}\) (7 min) \(\beta^{-}\); \(U\)-α-\((\Phi)\); \(Th\)-n-\((\Phi)\); \(Pu^{239}\)-n-\((\Phi)\)
		\(Y^{(94)}\)		20 min	\(\beta^{-},\ \gamma\)			\(Zr^{(94)}\)-n-p; \(U(n,\Phi)\) \(Kr^{(94)}\) (1.4 s) \(\beta^{-}\) ... ...\(Sr^{(94)}\) (2 min) \(\beta^{-}\); \(Pu^{239}\)-n-\((\Phi)\)
		\(Y^{(95)}\)		1.5 h				\(U\)-n-\((\Phi)\)
		\(Y^{97}\)		short	\(\beta^{-}\)			\(U(n,\Phi)\), \(Kr^{(97)}\) (short) \(\beta^{-}\) ... ...\(Sr^{(97)}\) (short) \(\beta^{-}\)
		\(Y\)		\(>100\) d	—			\(U(n,\Phi)\ Sr\) (7—10 d) \(\beta^{-}\)

Table of Atomic Nuclei

Z	Isotope	Abundance	Half-life	Radiation	Energy	γ-rays	Production and notes
40	\(\mathrm{Zr}^{87}\) [S17]		\(2.04 \pm 0.1\) h	\(\beta^{+}, K, \gamma\)	2.0 [S17]	0.35; 0.65 [S17]	\(\mathrm{Sr}^{84}\)-\(\alpha\)-n [S17]
40	\({}^{\circ}\mathrm{Zr}^{89}\)		4.5 min	\(I, \gamma, e^{-}\)		0.555	\(\mathrm{Y}^{89}\)-p-n; \(\mathrm{Zr}^{90}\)-n-2n; \(\mathrm{Zr}^{90}\)-\(\gamma\)-n [H19]
40	\(\mathrm{Zr}^{89}\)		80.1 h	\(\beta^{+}\)	1.1	no \(\gamma\)	\(\mathrm{Y}^{89}\)-d-2n; \(\mathrm{Zr}^{90}\)-n-2n; \(\mathrm{Y}^{89}\)-p-n; \(\mathrm{Mo}^{92}\)-n-\(\alpha\); \(\mathrm{Y}^{89}\)-d-n
40	\(\mathrm{Zr}^{90}\)	51.46
40	\(\mathrm{Zr}^{91}\)	11.23
40	\(\mathrm{Zr}^{92}\)	17.11
40	\(\mathrm{Zr}^{93}\) (?)		long				\(\mathrm{Y}^{93}\) (10 h) \(\beta^{-}\); \((\mathrm{Nb}^{93}\)-n-p)?
40	\(\mathrm{Zr}^{94}\)	17.40
40	\(\mathrm{Zr}^{95}\)		65 d	\(\beta^{-}, \gamma\)	0.394 (98%), 1.0 (2%)	0.23 (93%), 0.73 (33%), 0.92 (7%)	\(\mathrm{Zr}^{94}\)-n-\(\gamma\); \(\mathrm{Zr}^{94}\)-d-p; \(\mathrm{Mo}^{98}\)-n-\(\alpha\); \(\mathrm{Zr}^{96}\)-n-2n (?); U-n-\(\bigcirc\); U-\(\alpha\)-\(\bigcirc\); \(\mathrm{U}^{238}\)-n-\(\bigcirc\); \(\mathrm{Pu}^{239}\)-n-\(\bigcirc\); \(\mathrm{Th}^{232}\)-\(\alpha\)-\(\bigcirc\); \(\mathrm{Bi}^{209}\)-d-\(\bigcirc\); U (n, \(\bigcirc\)) \(\mathrm{Y}^{(95)}\) (<1.5 h) \(\beta^{-}\)
40	\(\mathrm{Zr}^{96}\)	2.80
40	\(\mathrm{Zr}^{97}\)		\(17.0 \pm 0.2\) h	\(\beta^{-}, \gamma\)	2.1*	0.8	\(\mathrm{Zr}^{96}\)-n-\(\gamma\); \(\mathrm{Mo}^{100}\)-n-\(\alpha\); U (n, \(\bigcirc\)) \(\mathrm{Kr}^{(97)}\) (short) \(\beta^{-}\) ... ...\(\mathrm{Y}^{(97)}\) (short) \(\beta^{-}\); U-\(\alpha\)-\(\bigcirc\) [N1, C16a]; Th-n-\(\bigcirc\); Th-\(\alpha\)-\(\bigcirc\); \(\mathrm{Pu}^{239}\)-n-\(\bigcirc\)
41	\(\mathrm{N}^{90}\)		15.6 h	\(\beta^{+}, \gamma\)	1.19 [K9]	2.03 [K9]	\(\mathrm{Zr}^{90}\)-p-n (?); \(\mathrm{Zr}^{90}\)-d-2n [K9]; \(\mathrm{Mo}^{93}\)-d-(\(\alpha\)) [K9]
41	\({}^{\circ}\mathrm{Nb}^{91}\)		62 d	\(I, \gamma, e^{-}\)		0.15, 0.94	\(\mathrm{Mo}^{92}\)-n-p, n; \(\mathrm{Mo}^{94}\)-d-\(\alpha\), n; \(\mathrm{Zr}^{90}\)-d-n
41	\((\mathrm{Nb}^{91})\)		long				\(\mathrm{Nb}^{91}\) (62 d) \(I\) (?)
41	\(\mathrm{Nb}^{92}\)		21.6 h	\(\beta^{-}\)	1.2	0.6	\(\mathrm{Nb}^{93}\)-d-t; \(\mathrm{Mo}^{94}\)-d-\(\alpha\)
41	\(\mathrm{Nb}^{92}\)		\(9.8 \pm 0.7\) d	\(\beta^{-}, (K), \gamma\)	1.38 (0.29, 0.59)	1.0	\(\mathrm{Nb}^{93}\)-n-2n; \(\mathrm{Nb}^{93}\)-\(\gamma\)-n; \(\mathrm{Zr}^{92}\)-p-n; \(\mathrm{Nb}^{95}\)-d-t; \(\mathrm{Y}^{89}\)-\(\alpha\)-n; \(\mathrm{Mo}^{94}\)-d-\(\alpha\)

Atomic number	Stable nucleus	Radioactive nucleus	Abundance in %	Half-life period	Type of transformation	Energy of $\beta^-$, $\beta^+$ and $\alpha$ rays in MeV	Energy of $\gamma$ rays in MeV	Nuclear reactions
	$\mathrm{Nb}^{93}$	${}^{\circ}\mathrm{Nb}^{93}$	100	42 d	$I$			$\mathrm{Nb}^{93}$-x
	$\mathrm{Nb}^{93}$	$\mathrm{Nb}^{94}$	100	$>10^4$ y				$\mathrm{Nb}^{93}$ (n, $\gamma$); $\mathrm{Nb}^{94}$ (6.6 m) $I$
	$\mathrm{Nb}^{93}$	${}^{\circ}\mathrm{Nb}^{94}$	100	$6.6 \pm 0.3$ m	$\beta^-$ (0.1%), $I$ (99.9%), $e^-$, $\gamma$	1.3	0.0415 [C7], (0.058), 1.0	$\mathrm{Nb}^{93}$-d-p; $\mathrm{Nb}^{93}$-n-$\gamma$
	$\mathrm{Nb}^{93}$	${}^{\circ}\mathrm{Nb}^{95}$	100	37 d	$\beta^-$, $\gamma$	0.146 [H1]	0.758 [H1] 0.92	U (n, $\bigcirc$) ${}^{\circ}\mathrm{Nb}^{95}$ (90 h) $I$; U (n, $\bigcirc$) $\mathrm{Zr}^{95}$ (65 d) $\beta^-$ (98%) [H1]; $\mathrm{Th}^{232}$ ($\alpha$, $\bigcirc$); $\mathrm{Zr}^{95}$ (65 d) $\beta^-$; $\mathrm{Mo}^{97}$-d-$\alpha$; $\mathrm{Bi}^{209}$-d-($\bigcirc$) [G11]
	$\mathrm{Nb}^{93}$	$\mathrm{Nb}^{95}$	100	90 h	$I$ (100%), $e^-$	1	0.216 [H1]	U (n, $\bigcirc$) $\mathrm{Zr}^{95}$ (65 d) $\beta^-$ (62%); $\mathrm{Mo}^{97}$-d-$\alpha$; Zr-p
	$\mathrm{Nb}^{93}$	$\mathrm{Nb}^{96}$	100	23.3 h	$\beta^-$, $\gamma$	0.67 [K9]	1.03 [K9]	$\mathrm{Zr}^{96}$-p-n; $\mathrm{Zr}^{96}$-d-2n; $\mathrm{Mo}^{98}$-d-$\alpha$
	$\mathrm{Nb}^{93}$	$\mathrm{Nb}^{97}$	100	68 m [D14]	$\beta^-$, $\gamma$	1.3*	0.78	$\mathrm{Mo}^{97}$-n-p; $\mathrm{Mo}^{98}$-$\gamma$-p [D14]; $\mathrm{Mo}^{100}$-d-$\alpha$,n; U (n, $\bigcirc$) $\mathrm{Kr}^{97}$ (corr.)... $\mathrm{Zr}^{97}$ (17 h) $\beta^-$
	$\mathrm{Nb}^{93}$	$\mathrm{Nb}^{98}$	100	30 m	$\beta^-$	—		$\mathrm{Th}^{232}$ ($\alpha$, $\bigcirc$) $\mathrm{Zr}^{97}$ (17 h) $\beta^-$; $\mathrm{Mo}^{100}$-d-$\alpha$
42		$\mathrm{Mo}^{(9’)}$		$75 \pm 5$ s	—			$\mathrm{Mo}^{(92)}$-$\gamma$-n [D14] [H19]
42		$\mathrm{Mo}^{91}$		15.5 m	$\beta^+$	3.7 [D14]	no $\gamma$ [D14]	$\mathrm{Mo}^{92}$-$\gamma$-n [D14]; $\mathrm{Mo}^{92}$-n-2n [K9]

Table of atomic nuclei

Z	Nuclide	Nuclide	Abundance	Half-life	Decay	Energy	γ energies	Production reactions
	Mo\(^{92}\)	Mo\(^{93}\)	15.84	15.5 min	\(\beta^+\)	2.65		Mo\(^{94}\)-n-2n; Mo\(^{94}\)-γ-n; Mo\(^{92}\)-d-p; Nb\(^{93}\)-d-2n
		\({}^{\circ}\)Mo\((^{93})\)		\(6.70\pm0.05\) h	\(I\)		0.3, 0.7, 1.7 [K17a]	Nb\(^{93}\)-p-n; Mo\(^{92}\)-d-p; Nb\(^{93}\)-d-2n; Zr\(^{90}\)-α-n; Zr\(^{91}\)-α-2n [K17a]; Mo\(^{94}\)-n-2n [K17a]
		Mo\(^{93}\)		long [K17a]	—			Mo\(^{93}\) (6.7 h) \(I\) [K17a]
	Mo\(^{94}\)		9.04
	Mo\(^{95}\)		15.72
	Mo\(^{96}\)		16.53
	Mo\(^{97}\)		9.46
	Mo\(^{98}\)	Mo\(^{99}\)	23.78	67* h	\(\beta^-\), γ	1.25	0.1396, 0.1676, 0.1793 [C9], 0.24, 0.4, 0.770, 0.815, 0.840	Mo\(^{98}\)-n-γ; Mo\(^{98}\)-d-p; Mo\(^{100}\)-n-2n; Zr\(^{96}\)-α-n; Mo\(^{100}\)-γ n; U-n-\(\bigcirc\); U\(^{238}\)-n-\(\bigcirc\); Th\(^{232}\)-n-\(\bigcirc\); Pu\(^{239}\)-n-\(\bigcirc\); Th\(^{232}\)-α-\(\bigcirc\) [N]; Bi\(^{209}\)-d-\(\bigcirc\); Bi\(^{209}\)-α-\(\bigcirc\); Tl-α-\(\bigcirc\); Pt-α-\(\bigcirc\)
	Mo\(^{100}\)	Mo\(^{101}\)	9.63	\(14.6\pm0.3\) min	\(\beta^-\), γ	1.0, 2.2	0.3, 0.9	Mo\(^{100}\)-n-γ; U-n-\(\bigcirc\)
		Mo\((^{102})\)		12 min	\(\beta^-\)			U-n-\(\bigcirc\)
		Mo\(^{105}\)		short	\(\beta^-\)			U-n-\(\bigcirc\)
43		Tc\((^{92,93})\)		\(4.5\pm0.5\) min	\(\beta^+\), γ	4.3	1.3	Mo\(^{92}\)-d-(2)n
		Tc\(^{93}\)		\(2.75\pm0.05\) h	\(\beta^+\) (7%), \(K\) (93%)	1.0*	2.4, 2.0	Mo\(^{92}\)-d-(n); Mo\((^{93})\)-p-n; Mo\((^{92})\)-p-γ
		Tc\((^{92,93})\)		47 min				Mo\(^{92}\)-p-(n); Mo\(^{92}\)-d-(2)n
		Tc\(^{94}\)		<53 min	\(\beta^+\) (35%), \(K\) (65%), γ	2	0.38), 0.869, 1.48, 1.87, 2.79*	Mo\(^{94}\)-p-n; Mo\(^{94}\)-d-2n; Tc\(^{94}\) (53 min) \(I\)
		\({}^{\circ}\)Tc\(^{94}\)		53 min	\(I\), \(e^-\)		0.0334	Mo\(^{94}\)-p-n; Mo\(^{94}\)-d-2n

Atomic number	Stable nucleus	Radioactive nucleus	Abundance, %	Half-life period	Type of transformation	Energy of \(\beta^-\), \(\beta^+\), and \(\alpha\)-rays, MeV	Energy of \(\gamma\)-rays, MeV	Nuclear reactions
		\(\mathrm{Tc}^{95}\)		\(20\pm0.5\) h	\(K,\ \gamma\)	no \(\beta\)	0.762, 0.932, 1.071	\(\mathrm{Ru}^{95}\) (1.65 h) \(\beta^+\); \(\mathrm{Mo}^{95}\)-p-n; \(\mathrm{Mo}^{95}\)-d-2n; \(\mathrm{Mo}^{94}\)-d-n; \(\mathrm{Mo}^{92}\)-\(\alpha\)-p
		\(\mathrm{Tc}^{95}\)		56 d	\(\beta^+\) (0.8%), \(K\) (99.2), \(\gamma\)	0.4	0.210 (21), 0.570 (9), 0.810 (12), 1.017 (1)	\(\mathrm{Mo}^{94}\)-d-n; \(\mathrm{Mo}^{95}\)-d-2n; \(\mathrm{Mo}^{95}\)-p-n; \(\mathrm{Mo}^{92}\)-\(\alpha\)-p (?)
		\({}^{*}\mathrm{Tc}^{97}\)		\(>100\) y				\(\mathrm{Mo}^{97}\) (d, 2n) \({}^{*}\mathrm{Tc}^{97}\) (90 d) \(I\)
		\(\mathrm{Tc}^{97}\)		\(90\pm2\) d	\(I\)		0.097	\(\mathrm{Mo}^{97}\)-d-2n; \(\mathrm{Mo}^{(96)}\)-d-(n, [[unclear: symbol]]); \(\mathrm{Mo}^{97}\)-p-n; \(\mathrm{Ru}^{97}\) (2.8 y) \(K\)
		\(\mathrm{Tc}^{(98)}\)		\(2.8\pm0.1\) d	\(\beta^-\), \(K\) (?), \(\gamma\)	(0.8) 1.3	1.0	\(\mathrm{Ru}^{98}\)-n-p; \(\mathrm{Mo}^{98}\)-d-(2)n
		\(\mathrm{Tc}^{(98)}\)		\(40\pm5\) min	\(\beta^-\)		2.0	Mo-d
		\({}^{*}\mathrm{Tc}^{99}\)		6.0 h	\(\beta^-\), \(I\), \(\gamma\), \(e^-\)	1.215 [M39]	0.136; 0.1412; (0.181); 0.360; 0.726 [M39]	\(\mathrm{Ru}^{99}\)-n-p; \(\mathrm{Mo}^{99}\) (67 h) \(\beta^-\); U (n, \(\bigcirc\))\(\mathrm{Mo}^{99}\) (67 h) \(\beta^-\); \(\mathrm{Th}^{232}\)-n-\(\bigcirc\)
		\(\mathrm{Tc}^{99}\)		\(4.7\times10^{5}\) y	\(\beta^-\)	0.32	no \(\gamma\)	\(\mathrm{Mo}^{99}\) (6.7 h) \(\beta^-\); \(\mathrm{Tc}^{99}\) (6 h) \(I\); U-n-\(\bigcirc\)
		\(\mathrm{Tc}^{100}\)		\(80+10\) s	\(\beta^-\)	2.3	0.6	\(\mathrm{Mo}^{100}\)-d-2n; \(\mathrm{Tc}^{99}\)-n-\(\gamma\)
		\((\mathrm{Tc}^{<101})\)		36.5 h	\(\beta^-\)			Mo-p-n (?)
		\((\mathrm{Tc}^{<101})\)		18 s	\(\beta^-\)			Mo-p-n (?)

		Tc$^{101}$ Tc$^{(102)}$ (Tc$^{<104}$) Tc$^{105}$		14.5 min <1 min 60 d short	$\beta^-\gamma$ $\beta^-$ $K$ (?), $\gamma$ $\beta^-$	1.2*	0.30	Mo$^{101}$ (14.6 min) $\beta^-$; Mo$^{100}$-d-n; Ru$^{102}$-$\gamma$-p; U (n, Ⓓ) Mo$^{101}$ (14.6 min) $\beta^-$ U (n, Φ) Mo$^{(102)}$ (12 min) $\beta^-$ Ru-n-p U (n, Ⓓ) Mo$^{105}$ (short) $\beta^-$
44	Ru$^{96}$	(Ru$^{95}$) Ru$^{95}$ Ru$^{97}$	5.68	24 min 1.65±0.05 h 2.8±0.1 d	$\beta^+$, $K$, $\gamma$ $K$, $\gamma$	1.1	0.95 0.23	Ru-n-2n (?) Mo$^{92}$-$\alpha$-n; Ru$^{96}$-d-2n; Ru$^{96}$-$\gamma$-n Ru$^{96}$-d-p; Ru$^{96}$-n-$\gamma$; Mo$^{95}$-$\alpha$-2n [E1]; Mo$^{94}$-$\alpha$-n; Ru$^{98}$-n-2n; Ru$^{98}$-$\gamma$-n; (U-n-Φ)
44	Ru$^{98}$ Ru$^{99}$ Ru$^{100}$ Ru$^{101}$ Ru$^{102}$	Ru$^{103}$	2.22 12.81 12.70 16.98 31.34	45±1 d	$\beta^-$, $\gamma$	0.3 (95%), 0.8 (5%)	0.4; 0.56	Ru$^{102}$-n-$\gamma$; Ru$^{102}$-d-p; Ru$^{104}$-n-2n; Ru$^{104}$-$\gamma$-n; U-n-Ⓓ; U$^{238}$-n-Ⓓ; Th$^{232}$-n-Ⓓ; Pu$^{239}$-n-Ⓓ; Bi$^{209}$-d-Ⓓ; Pb-$\alpha$-Ⓓ
44	Ru$^{104}$	Ru$^{105}$	18.27	4.5 h	$\beta^-$, $\gamma$	1.35*	0.76	Ru$^{104}$-n-$\gamma$; Ru$^{(104)}$-d-p; U (n, Ⓓ) Tc$^{(105)}$ (short) $\beta^-$; U-$\alpha$-Ⓓ; Bi$^{209}$-$\alpha$-Ⓓ; U$^{238}$-n-Ⓓ; Th$^{232}$-n-Ⓓ; Pb-$\alpha$-Ⓓ; Ti-$\alpha$-Ⓓ; Pt-$\alpha$-Ⓓ
44		Ru$^{106}$		290 d	$\beta^-$	0.03	no $\gamma$	Bi$^{209}$-d-Ⓓ; U-n-Ⓓ; U$^{238}$n-Ⓓ; U-d-Ⓓ; U-$\alpha$-Ⓓ; Th$^{232}$-n-Ⓓ; Th$^{232}$-$\alpha$-Ⓓ [NI]; Pu$^{239}$-n-Ⓓ
44		Ru$^{(107)}$		4 min	$\beta^-$	∼4		U-n-Ⓓ

Atomic number	Stable isotope	Radioactive isotope	Abundance, %	Half-life	Type of transformation	Energy of $\beta^-$, $\beta^+$ and $\alpha$ rays, MeV	Energy of $\gamma$ rays, MeV	Nuclear reactions
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
45		Rh		32 min	$\beta^+, \gamma$	1.65		Ru-p-(n) [E1]; Ru-d-(2)n [E1]
45		Rh		5 h	$\beta^+, K, \gamma$	0.6		Ru-p-(n); Ru-$\alpha$-p [E1]; U-n-ⓕ-[E1]
45		$\mathrm{Rh}^{(100)}$		19.4 h	$\beta^+$ (5%), $K$ (95%), $\gamma$	3.0; 1.3 [E1]	1.2, 1.8, 1.55 [E1]	$\mathrm{Pd}^{(100)}$ (4 d) $K$; $\mathrm{Ru}^{(99)}$-d-n
45		$\mathrm{Rh}^{(101)}$		4.7 d	$K, \gamma$		0.35	$\mathrm{Pd}^{(101)}$(9 h) $\beta^+$ [E1]; $\mathrm{Ru}^{(100)}$-d-n; $\mathrm{Ru}^{98}$-$\alpha$-p [E1]; $\mathrm{Ru}^{101}$-p-n [E1]
45		$\mathrm{Rh}^{102}$		$210 \pm 6$ d	$\beta^+$ (45%), $\beta^-$ (55%), $K, \gamma$	1.04 ($\beta^-$), 1.13 ($\beta^+$)	(0.46)	$\mathrm{Rh}^{103}$-n-2n; $\mathrm{Ru}^{101}$-d-n; $\mathrm{Rh}^{103}$-t-p, -3n; $\mathrm{Rh}^{103}$-$\gamma$-n
45		${}^{\circ}\mathrm{Rh}^{103}$		$45 \pm 1$ min	$I, e^-$		0.0631, 0.0659, (0.0019)	$\mathrm{Rh}^{103}$-n-n; $\mathrm{Rh}^{103}$-$\alpha$; $\mathrm{Rh}^{103}$-$e^-$-$e^-$; $\mathrm{Rh}^{103}$-p-p; $\mathrm{Rh}^{103}$d-p,n; U(n, ⓕ) $\mathrm{Ru}^{103}$ (45d) $\beta^-$; ${}^{\circ}\mathrm{Rh}^{103}$ (17d) $I$
45		${}^{\circ}\mathrm{Rh}^{103}$		17 d	$I$			$\mathrm{Rh}^{103}$-d-d; $\mathrm{Ru}^{102}$-d-n; $\mathrm{Rh}^{103}$-p-p
45	$\mathrm{Rh}^{103}$	${}^{\circ}\mathrm{Rh}^{104}$	100	$4.37 \pm 0.05$ min	$I, e^-$ (100%)		0.092	$\mathrm{Rh}^{103}$-n-$\gamma$; $\mathrm{Ru}^{104}$-p-n; $\mathrm{Pd}^{105}$-$\gamma$-p
45	$\mathrm{Rh}^{103}$	$\mathrm{Rh}^{104}$	100	$41.8 \pm 0.7$ s	$\beta^-, \gamma$	2.60	0.041, 0.18, 0.95	$\mathrm{Rh}^{103}$-n-$\gamma$; ${}^{\circ}\mathrm{Rh}^{104}$ (4.37 min) $I$; $\mathrm{Rh}^{104}$-p-n

Table of atomic nuclei

$Z$	Stable isotopes	Nuclide	Abundance (%)	Half-life	Radiation	Energy	$\gamma$	Production
		$\mathrm{Rh}^{105}$		36.5 h	$\beta^-,\ \gamma$	0.72*	0.33	$\mathrm{Ru}^{104}$-d-n; $\mathrm{U}(n,\bigcirc)\ \mathrm{Ru}^{105}$ (4 h) $\beta^-$; $\mathrm{Ru}^{105}$ (4 h) $\beta^-$; $\mathrm{Rh}^{103}$-t-p; $\mathrm{Pu}^{239}$-n-$\bigcirc$; $\mathrm{Pd}^{106}$-γ-p; $\mathrm{Th}^{232}$-n-$\bigcirc$
		$\mathrm{Rh}^{106}$		30 s	$\beta^-,\ \gamma$	2.30 (18%) 3.55 (82%)	0.51 (17%), 0.73 (17%), 1.25 (1.5%)	$\mathrm{U}(n,\bigcirc)\ \mathrm{Ru}^{106}$ (1 yr) $\beta^-$; $\mathrm{Pu}^{239}$-n-$\bigcirc$
		$\mathrm{Rh}^{(107)}$ ($\mathrm{Rh}$)		24 min 9 h	$\beta^-,\ \gamma$ $\beta^-$	1.2 $\simeq 1.3$	0.8	$\mathrm{U}(n,\bigcirc)\ \mathrm{Ru}^{(107)}$ (4 min) $\beta^-$ $\mathrm{U}$-n-$\bigcirc$
46		$\mathrm{Pd}^{(100)}$		4.0 d	$K,\ \gamma$		0.09, 1.8	$\mathrm{Rh}^{103}$-d-5n; $\mathrm{Sb}^{(121,123)}$-d-[6p (15, 17)n]
46		$\mathrm{Pd}^{(101)}$		9 h	$\beta^+$ (10%), $K$ (90%)	0.53 [E1]	no $\gamma$	$\mathrm{Sb}^{(121,123)}$-d-[6p (16, 18)n]; $\mathrm{Ru}^{98}$-$\alpha$-n [E1]; $\mathrm{Rh}^{103}$-d-4n
46	$\mathrm{Pd}^{102}$		0.8
46	$\mathrm{Pd}^{104}$		9.3
46	$\mathrm{Pd}^{105}$		22.6
46	$\mathrm{Pd}^{106}$		27.2
46		$\mathrm{Pd}^{107}$		$8.6\times 10^7$ yr	—			$\mathrm{Rh}^{107}$ (24 min) $\beta^-$
46	$\mathrm{Pd}^{108}$		26.8
46		$\mathrm{Pd}^{109}$		$14.1\pm0.3$ h	$\beta^-$	1.06*	no $\gamma$	$\mathrm{Pd}^{108}$-n-γ; $\mathrm{Pd}^{108}$-d-p; $\mathrm{Ag}^{109}$-n-p; $\mathrm{Ag}^{109}$-d-2p; $\mathrm{Ag}^{109}$-t-$\mathrm{He}^{3}$; $\mathrm{Pd}^{110}$-γ-n; $\mathrm{U}$-n-$\bigcirc$; $\mathrm{U}^{233}$-n-$\bigcirc$; $\mathrm{Th}^{232}$-$\alpha$-$\bigcirc$ [N1]; $\mathrm{Pu}^{239}$-n-$\bigcirc$; $\mathrm{Sb}^{(121,123)}$-d-[6p (8,10)n] $\mathrm{Bi}^{209}$-d-$\bigcirc$ [G11]
46	$\mathrm{Pd}^{110}$		13.5
46		$\mathrm{Pd}^{111}$		26 min	$\beta^-$	3.5		$\mathrm{Pd}^{110}$-n-γ; $\mathrm{Pd}^{110}$-d-p; $\mathrm{U}$-n-$\bigcirc$; $\mathrm{Th}^{232}$-n-$\bigcirc$; $\mathrm{Sb}^{(121,123)}$-d-[6p (6,8)n]
46		$\mathrm{Pd}^{112}$		21 h	$\beta^-$	0.2	no $\gamma$	$\mathrm{U}$-n-$\bigcirc$; $\mathrm{U}$-$\alpha$-$\bigcirc$ [W2]; $\mathrm{Th}^{232}$-$\alpha$-$\bigcirc$; $\mathrm{Bi}^{209}$-d-$\bigcirc$; $\mathrm{Sb}^{(121,123)}$-d-[6p, (5,7)n]

Atomic number	Stable nucleus	Radioactive nucleus	Abundance in %	Half-life period	Type of transformation	Energy of β⁻, β⁺ and α-rays in MeV	Energy of γ-rays in MeV	Nuclear reactions
47		\((\mathrm{Ag}^{102,104})\)		\(16.3 \pm 0.7\) min	—			(Pd-p-n)
47		\((\mathrm{Ag}^{102,104})\)		\(73 \pm 10\) min	\(\beta^+, K\)			\(\mathrm{Pb}^{(102,104)}\)-p-n; Sb-d
47		\((\mathrm{Ag}^{105})\)		\(45 \pm 5\) d	\(K, \gamma\)		\(0.286^*, 0.345,\) \(0.425^*, 0.50,\) \(0.635^*, >1.0\)	\((\mathrm{Rh}^{103}\)-α-2n); (Pd\(^{105}\)-p-n) Pd-d-(1,2)n [G8]
47		\(\mathrm{Ag}^{106}\)		\(8.2 \pm 0.3\) d	\(K, \gamma\)	no \(\beta\)	\(0.70^*, 1.06^*,\) \(1.63; (0.3)\)	Rh\(^{103}\)-α-n [G8]; Pd\(^{105}\)-d-n; Ag\(^{107}\)-n-2n; Pd\(^{106}\)-p-n; Cd\(^{106}\)-n-p; Sn-d; Ag\(^{(107)}\)-d-p, (2)n
47		\(\mathrm{Ag}^{106}\)		24.3 min	\(\beta^+\)	2.04	no \(\gamma\)	Rh\(^{103}\)-α-n; Pd\(^{105}\)-d-n; Ag\(^{107}\)-n-2n; Pd\(^{106}\)-p-n; (Pd\(^{105}\)-p-γ); Cd\(^{106}\)-n-p; Sn-d; Ag\(^{107}\)-γ-n; Ag\(^{107}\)-e⁻-e⁻, n; Ag\(^{(107)}\)-d-p, (2n);
47	\(\mathrm{Ag}^{107}\)	\({}^{\circ}\mathrm{Ag}^{107}\)	\(51.35 \pm 0.07\)	44.3 s	\(I, \gamma\)		\(0.0935^*\)	Ag\(^{107}\)-e⁻-e⁻; Ag\(^{107}\)-x; Ag\(^{107}\)-n-n; Cd\(^{107}\) (6.7 h)\(K\)
47	\(\mathrm{Ag}^{107}\)	\(\mathrm{Ag}^{108}\)		\(2.44 \pm 0.06\) min	\(\beta^-\), \((\beta^+ < 0.5\%)\)	2.8		Ag\(^{107}\)-n-γ; Ag\(^{109}\)-n-2n; Ag\(^{109}\)-γ-n; Pd\(^{108}\)-p-n; Cd\(^{108}\)-n-p; Ag\(^{107}\)-d-p; Ag\(^{109}\)-n-e⁻, n
47	\(\mathrm{Ag}^{109}\)		\(48.65 \pm 0.07\)

Z	Element	Nuclide	Abundance	Half-life	Radiation	β energy	γ energy	Production methods
		\(^{\circ}\mathrm{Ag}^{109}\)		\(39.2 \pm 0.2\ \mathrm{s}\)	\(I,\ \gamma\)		0.0890	\(\mathrm{Pd}^{109}\) (13 h) \(\beta^{-}\); \(\mathrm{Cd}^{109}\) (158 d) \(K\); \(\mathrm{Ag}^{109}\)-n-n; \(\mathrm{Ag}^{109}\)-e-e-\(\gamma\); \(\mathrm{Ag}^{109}\)-x
		\(\mathrm{Ag}^{110}\)		\(24.5 \pm 0.3\ \mathrm{s}\)	\(\beta^{-},\ \gamma\)	2.7		\(\mathrm{Cd}^{111}\)-\(\gamma\)-p; \(\mathrm{Ag}^{109}\)-n-\(\gamma\); \(\mathrm{Cd}^{110}\)-n-p
		\(\mathrm{Ag}^{110}\)		\(270\ \mathrm{d}\) [G 8]	\(\beta^{-}\), \((\beta^{+}<0.2\%)\), [E2], \(\gamma,\ K\) \((<3\%)\)	0.087 (58%), 0.560* (>37%), 2.79 (<5%) [S 14, E2]	0.116, 0.656, 0.676, 0.706, 0.759, 0.814, 0.885, 0.935, 1.389, 1.516 [S14]	\(\mathrm{Ag}^{109}\)-n-\(\gamma\); \(\mathrm{Ag}^{109}\)-d-p; \(\mathrm{Cd}^{110}\)-n-p; \(\mathrm{Pd}^{110}\)-d-2 n [G8]; \(\mathrm{Bi}^{209}\)-d-\(\odot\) [G 11]
		\(\mathrm{Ag}^{111}\)		\(7.6\ \mathrm{d}\) [D2]	\(\beta^{-}\)	1.06 [H6]	no \(\gamma\)	\(\mathrm{Pd}^{110}\)-d-n; \(\mathrm{Pd}^{108}\)-α-p; \(\mathrm{Cd}^{111}\)-n-p; U (n, \(\odot\)) \(\mathrm{Pd}^{111}\) (26 m) \(\beta^{-}\); \(\mathrm{Cd}^{112}\)-\(\gamma\)-p; (\(\mathrm{Ag}^{109}\)(t-p); \(\mathrm{Th}^{232}\)-n-\(\odot\); \(\mathrm{U}^{238}\)-n-\(\odot\); U-α-\(\odot\); \(\mathrm{Th}^{232}\)-α-\(\odot\); \(\mathrm{Pu}^{239}\)-n-\(\odot\); \(\mathrm{Bi}^{209}\)-d-\(\odot\); Sb-d-[6p, (6,8)n]; \(\mathrm{Pd}^{111}\) (26 m) \(\beta^{-}\)
		\(\mathrm{Ag}^{112}\)		\(3.2\ \mathrm{h}\) [D2]	\(\beta^{-},\ \gamma\)	3.6	0.86•	\(\mathrm{Cd}^{112}\)-n-p; \(\mathrm{In}^{115}\)-n-α; U (n, \(\odot\)) \(\mathrm{Pd}^{112}\) (2 h) \(\beta^{-}\); \(\mathrm{Cd}^{113}\)-\(\gamma\)-p [D2]; \(\mathrm{U}^{238}\)-n-\(\odot\); U-α-\(\odot\); \(\mathrm{Th}^{232}\)-α-\(\odot\); \(\mathrm{Bi}^{209}\)-d-\(\odot\) [G 8]
		\(\mathrm{Ag}^{113}\)		\(5.3\ \mathrm{h}\)	\(\beta^{-}\)	2.2	no \(\gamma\)	\(\mathrm{Cd}^{114}\)-\(\gamma\)-p; U-n-\(\odot\)
		\(\mathrm{Ag}^{115}\)		\(20\ \mathrm{m}\) [D2]	\(\beta^{-},\ \gamma\)	3.0 [D2]		U-n-\(\odot\); \(\mathrm{Cd}^{116}\)-\(\gamma\)-p [D 2]
		Ag		\(\simeq 3\ \mathrm{m}\)	\(\beta^{-}\)	\(\simeq 2\)		U-n-\(\odot\)
48		\(\mathrm{Cd}^{(105)}\)		\(57\ \mathrm{m}\)	\(\beta^{+}\)	1.5 [G8]		Cd-n-2 n [G8]; Cd-\(\gamma\)-n; \(\mathrm{Pd}^{102}\)-α-n [G 8]
	\(\mathrm{Cd}^{106}\)	\(\mathrm{Cd}^{107}\)	1.215	\(6.7\ \mathrm{h}\)	\(\beta^{+}\) (0.31%), \(K\) (\(\simeq 100\%\)), \(\gamma,\ e^{-}\)	0.320	0.846 (0.42%)	\(\mathrm{Ag}^{107}\)-p-n; \(\mathrm{Ag}^{107}\)-d-2 n; \(\mathrm{Cd}^{106}\)-n-\(\gamma\); \(\mathrm{Ag}^{107}\)-α-3n; Sn-d-?; \(\mathrm{Sb}^{(121,123)}\)-d-[4p, (12,14)n]
	\(\mathrm{Cd}^{108}\)		0.875

Atomic number	Stable nucleus	Radioactive nucleus	Abundance, %	Half-life period	Type of transformation	Energy of β−, β+ and α rays, MeV	Energy of γ rays, MeV	Nuclear reactions
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
		Cd¹⁰⁹		470 d	$K,\ \gamma$	no β	0.0863, 0.3369, 0.086 [H7]	Ag¹⁰⁹-d-2 n [G 8]; Ag¹⁰⁷-α-p, n; Cd¹⁰⁸-n-γ; Sb(¹²¹, ¹²³)-d-[4 p, (10,12) n]; Pd-d [G8]; Ag¹⁰⁹-p-n
	Cd¹¹⁰ Cd¹¹¹	°Cd	12.39 12.75	48.7 ± 0.3 min	$I,\ e^{-}$		0.147 (100%), 0.241 (100%)	Cd¹¹⁰-n-γ; Cd¹¹²-γ-n; Cd¹¹¹-x; U-n-○; Pd¹⁰⁸-α-n; Ag¹⁰⁹-α-p, n; Cd¹¹¹-e⁻-e⁻; In¹¹¹ (2.84 d) $K$; Cd¹¹¹-n-n
	Cd¹¹² Cd¹¹³	°Cd¹¹³	24.07 12.26	2.3 min	$I$			Cd¹¹³-n-n
	Cd¹¹⁴	Cd¹¹⁵	28.86	2.39 d	β⁻, γ	0.60 (60%), 1.13 (40%), 1.10 [H7]	0.65, (0.337), 0.520 [H7]	Cd¹¹⁴-d-p; Cd¹¹⁴-n-γ; Cd¹¹⁶-n-2n; U-n-○; U-α-○; Th²³²-α-○ [N 1]; Cd¹¹⁶-γ-n; Sb(¹²¹,¹²³)-d-[4 p, (4,6) n]; Bi²⁰⁹-d-○ [G 11]
		°Cd¹¹⁵		43 ± 3 d	β⁻, γ	1.67 [H7]	0.5	Cd¹¹⁴-n-γ; In¹¹⁵-n-p; Cd¹¹⁴-d-p; U-n-○; U-α-○; U²³⁸-n-○; Th²³²-α-○ [N 1]; Pu²³⁹-n-○; Bi²⁰⁹-d-○; Sn-n-α?

TABLE OF ATOMIC NUCLEI

Z	Isotope	Nuclide	Value	Half-life	Radiation	Energy	γ-rays	Production reactions
	Cd¹¹⁶	Cd¹¹⁷	7.58	2.72 h	β⁻	1.5*		Cd¹¹⁶-d-p; Cd¹¹⁶-n-γ; U-n-①
49		In¹⁰⁷		33±2 min	β⁺, γ	2.2	0.65	Cd¹⁰⁶-d-p; Cd¹⁰⁶-p-γ
49		In¹⁰⁸		55 min	K, γ, β⁺ [M15]			Sb-d→Sn¹⁰⁸ (4.5 h) K [M18]
49		In¹⁰⁹		4.30±0.15 h	β⁺ (2%), K (98%), γ	75 [M18]	0.5	Ag¹⁰⁷-α-2n; Cd¹⁰⁶-α-p [M18]; Cd¹⁰⁸-d-n [M18]; Cd¹⁰⁸-p-γ [M18]
49		In¹¹⁰		65 min	β⁺	1.6		Ag¹⁰⁷-α-n; Ag¹⁰⁹-α-3n; Cd¹¹⁰-p-n; Cd¹¹⁰-d-2n
49		In¹¹¹		2.84±0.03 d	K, γ	no β	0.173 (100%), 0.247 (100%)	Ag¹⁰⁹-α-2n; In¹¹³-n-3n; Cd¹¹¹-p-n [B5]; Cd¹¹⁰-d-n [M18]
49		°In¹¹²		23 min	I, γ, e⁻		0.16	Ag¹⁰⁹-α-n; Cd¹¹¹-d-n; Cd¹¹²-p-n; In¹¹³-n-2n
49		In¹¹²		9 min	β⁺, β⁻ (?), K	1.7* (β⁺), 1.0, (0.47) (β⁻)		Ag¹⁰⁹-α-n; In¹¹³-n-2n; °In¹¹² (23 min) I
49		°In¹¹³		105 min	I, γ, e⁻		0.39	Cd¹¹²-d-n; Cd¹¹³-p-n; Sn¹¹³ (105 d) K; In¹¹³-x
49	In¹¹³		4.23±0.03
49		°In¹¹⁴		49±3 d	I		0.1909, 0.81* (≃5%) [M24, M26]	In¹¹³-d-p; In¹¹³-n-γ; In¹¹⁵-n-2n; Cd¹¹⁴-p-n [B5]; Cd¹¹³-d-n; Sn-d-α; In¹¹⁵-γ-n
49		In¹¹⁴		72 s	β⁻, e⁻ (≃100%), γ	1.98, 2.05 [M26], 1.89 [M24]	0.81(≃5%)?; 0.830 [B27]?; 0.552 (47.9); 0.722 (47.7); 1.27 (3.2) [M38]	°In¹¹⁴ (50 d) I; In¹¹⁵-γ-n; In¹¹⁵-n-2n; Cd¹¹⁴-p-n; In¹¹³-n-γ; In¹¹⁵-γ-n

Atomic number	Stable nucleus	Radioactive nucleus	Abundance, %	Half-life	Type of transformation	Energy of $\beta^-$, $\beta^+$ and $\alpha$ rays, MeV	Energy of $\gamma$ rays, MeV	Nuclear reactions
	$\mathrm{In}^{115}$	${}^{\circ}\mathrm{In}^{115}$	$95.77 \pm 0.03$	$4.5$ h	$\beta^-$, $I$, $e^-$ ($\simeq 100\%$)		$0.337$ [H7]	$\mathrm{Cd}^{114}$-d-n; $\mathrm{In}^{115}$-n-n; $\mathrm{In}^{115}$-p-p; $\mathrm{In}^{115}$-$\alpha$-$\alpha$; $\mathrm{In}^{115}$-x [M 4]; $\mathrm{Cd}^{115}$ (2.39 d) $\beta^-$; $\mathrm{In}^{115}$-e$^-$-e$^-$; $\mathrm{Bi}^{209}$ (d,①) $\mathrm{Cd}^{115}$ (2.39 d) $\beta^-$ [G 11]
	$\mathrm{In}^{115}$	$\mathrm{In}^{116}$	$95.77 \pm 0.03$	$53.93 \pm 0.13$ m [S 22]	$\beta^-$, $\gamma$ ($\beta^+ < 0.1\%$)	$0.85$	$0.428,\ 1.12,\ 1.31,\ 2.32$ $(0.17,\ 0.36,\ 0.57,\ 1.02,\ 1.8,\ 2.08)$	$\mathrm{Cd}^{116}$-p-n; $\mathrm{In}^{115}$-n-$\gamma$; $\mathrm{In}^{115}$-d-p; $\mathrm{Sn}^{117}$-$\gamma$-p
	$\mathrm{In}^{115}$	$\mathrm{In}^{116}$	$95.77 \pm 0.03$	$13$ s	$\beta^-$	$2.95$	no $\gamma$	$\mathrm{Cd}^{116}$-p-n; $\mathrm{In}^{115}$-d-p; $\mathrm{In}^{115}$-n-$\gamma$; $\mathrm{Sn}^{117}$-$\gamma$-p
	$\mathrm{In}^{115}$	$\mathrm{In}^{117}$	$95.77 \pm 0.03$	$117 \pm 3$ m	$\beta^-$	$1.73$	no $\gamma$	$\mathrm{Cd}^{116}$-d-n; $\mathrm{Cd}^{117}$ (3.75 h) $\beta^-$; $\mathrm{U}$ (n,①) $\mathrm{Cd}^{117}$ (3.75 h) $\beta^-$; $\mathrm{Pu}^{139}$-n-①
	$\mathrm{In}^{115}$	$\mathrm{In}^{118}$ [D 11]	$95.77 \pm 0.03$	$4.5 \pm 0.5$ m	$\beta^-$, $\gamma$	$1.5$		$\mathrm{Sn}^{119}$-$\gamma$-p [D 11]
	$\mathrm{In}^{115}$	$\mathrm{In}^{119}$ [D 11]	$95.77 \pm 0.03$	$17.5 \pm 1.0$ m	$\beta^-$	$2.7$	no $\gamma$	$\mathrm{Sn}^{120}$-$\gamma$-p [D 11]
50	$\mathrm{Sn}^{112}$	$\mathrm{Sn}^{108}$ [M18]	$0.90 \pm 0.003$	$4.5$ h	$K$			$\mathrm{Sb}$-d-?
50	$\mathrm{Sn}^{112}$	$\mathrm{Sn}^{111}$	$0.90 \pm 0.003$	$35.0 \pm 0.5$ m	$\beta^+$ (4%), $K$ (96%), $\gamma$	$1.45$ [H17]		$\mathrm{Gd}^{108}$-$\alpha$-n [H17]

		Sn113		105±15 d	K		0.085	In113-p-n; Sn112-d-p; Cd110-α-n; Sn112-n-γ; Sn114-γ-n; In113-d-2n; Sb(121, 123)-d-[2p, (8, 10)n]
	Sn114 Sn115 Sn116 Sn117	· °Sn117	0.61±0.01 0.35±0.006 14.07±0.08 7.54±0.03	14.5 d [M35]	I		0.159; 0.162 [M35] 0.175 [M36]	Sn116-n-γ [M35]; Cd114-α-n; Sn116-d-p; Sn118-n-2n; Sn117-n-n; Cd-116-d-n [M36]
	Sn118	°Sn119	23.98±0.03	>100 d	I, γ, e−		0.069 [M35]	Cd116-α-n; Sb121-d-α
	Sn119 Sn120	Sn121	8.62±0.003 33.03±0.12	1.1±0.5 d [L10]	β−	0.385 [D19], 0.35 [L10]	no γ	Sn120-d-p; Sn120-n-γ; Th232-α-① [N1]; Sn122-d-2n [L10]
	Sn122	Sn123		40±1 min	β−, γ	1.20 [L10, D19]	0.153 [D19]	Sn122-d-p; Sn122-n-γ [L10, D19]; Sn124-n-2n [L10]; Sn124-d-t;
		Sn123		130±5 d	β−	1.3 [L10]	0.394 [M35]	Sn122-d-p; In122-n-γ; Sn124-n-2n [L10]; U-n-①; U238-n-①; Th232-α-① [N1]
	Sn124		6.11±0.006	(0.4–0.9)·1016 yr	(2β−) [F1]	(1.0–1.5) [F1]
		Sn125		9.8±0.2 min [L10]	β−, γ	1.3 [L10] 0.51; 1.17; 20.4 [D19a]	≈0.74	Sn124-d-p; Sn124-n-γ [L10]
		Sn125		1.0±0.3 d [L10]	β−	2.1 [L10]		Sn124-d-p [L10]; Sn124-n-γ [L10]; U-n-①; U238-n-①; Th232-α-① [N1]
		Sn>125 (Sn)		≈20 min 17.5 d	β− β−	1.7		U-n-① U-n-①; U238-n-①
		Sn>120 Sn(126, 128)		≈45 h 70 min	β− β−, γ	0.76 0.7	1.2	U-n-①; U-α-① U-n-①

Atomic number	Stable nucleus	Radioactive nucleus	Abundance in %	Half-life	Type of transformation	Energy of β⁻, β⁺, and α rays in MeV	Energy of γ rays in MeV	Nuclear reactions
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
51		\(Sb^{(116)}\)		60 min	\(\beta^{+}, \gamma\)	1.45 [T3]	0.156, 0.7 [T3], 0.49	\(In^{115}\)-α-(3) n [T3]
51		\(Sb^{(117)}\)		2.8 h	\(K, e^{-}\)			\(Sn^{117}\)-p-n; \(Sn^{116}\)-d-(n)
51		\(Sb^{(118)}\)		\(5.1 \pm 0.3\) h	\(K, \gamma, e^{-}\)		0.230 [T8], 1.5	\(In^{115}\)-γ-n; \(Sn^{(117)}\)-d-(n)
51		\(Sb^{(118)}\)		3.3 min	\(\beta^{+}, \gamma\)	3.1		\(In^{(115)}\)-α-n [T8]; \(Sn^{(118)}\)-p-n; \(Te^{(118)}(6.0\ \text{d})\ K\) [G 11]
51		\(Sb^{(119)}\)		\(39 \pm 1\) h	\(K\)	no \(\beta\)	no \(\gamma\)	\(Sn^{118}\)-d-(n); \(Sn^{119}\)-p-n; \(Te^{119}(4.5\ \text{d})\ K\); \(Sb^{(121,123)}\)-d-[p, (3,5) n]
51		\(Sb^{(120)}\)		6.0 d	\(K, \gamma, e^{-}\)		1.1	\(Bi^{209}\)-d-(I) [G11]; \(Sn^{120}\)-d-2 n; \(Sb^{(121)}\)-d-p,(2)n
51	\(Sb^{121}\)	\(Sb^{120}\)	\(57.25 \pm 0.03\)	16.6 min	\(\beta^{+}\)	1.53		\(Sn^{119}\)-d-n; \(Sn^{120}\)-p-n; \(Sn^{120}\)-d-2 n; \(Sb^{121}\)-n-2 n; \(Sb^{121}\)-γ-n [M 6]; \(Sb^{122}\)-p-p, n; \(Sb^{121}\)-d-t
51	\(Sb^{121}\)	\(^{\circ}Sb^{122}\)	\(57.25 \pm 0.03\)	3.5 min	\(I, e^{-}\)		0.14	\(Sb^{121}\)-n-γ
51	\(Sb^{121}\)	\(Sb^{122}\)	\(57.25 \pm 0.03\)	2.67 d	\(\beta^{-}, \gamma, e^{-}\) \((\beta^{+} < 0.1\%)\)	1.36, 1.94	0.568, 0.80, 0.96	\(Sb^{121}\)-n-γ; \(Sb^{121}\)-d-p; \(Sn^{122}\)-d-2n; \(Sn^{121}\)-p-n; \(Sb^{123}\)-γ-n; \(Bi^{209}\)-d-(I)
51	\(Sb^{123}\)	\(^{\circ}Sb^{124}\)	\(42.75 \pm 0.03\)	1.3 min	\(I, \beta^{-}, \gamma\)	3.2	(0.014)	\(Sb^{123}\)-n-γ

		\(^{\circ}\mathrm{Sb}^{124}\) \(\mathrm{Sb}^{124}\)		21 min 60 d	\(I, \beta^{-}, \gamma, e^{-}\) \(\beta^{-}, \gamma\) \((\beta^{+}<0.5\%)\)	0.49 (28%), 0.67 (35%), 0.99 (8%), 1.56 (8%), 2.37* (21%)	0.02 0.121 (18%), 0.606 (100%), 0.652 (8%), 0.723 (25%), 1.708* (70%), 2.05 (7%)	\(\mathrm{Sb}^{123}\)-n-\(\gamma\) \(\mathrm{Sb}^{124}\)-d-2n; \(\mathrm{Sb}^{123}\)-d-p; \(\mathrm{Sb}^{123}\)-n-\(\gamma\); \(\mathrm{I}^{127}\)-n-\(\alpha\)
		\(\mathrm{Sb}^{125}\)		2.7 h	\(\beta^{-}, \gamma\)	0.288 (67%), 0.621 (33%), [K11, M10]	0.125, 0.174, 0.431, 0.466, 0.609, 0.676 [K 11]	\(\mathrm{Sn}^{124}\)-d-n; \(\mathrm{Sb}^{124}\)-n-\(\gamma\) [K 3]; \(\mathrm{U}^{238}\)-n-\(\bigcirc\); \(\mathrm{Sn}\,(n,\gamma)\,\mathrm{Sn}^{125}\,(\beta^{-})\) [K 11]; \(\mathrm{Th}^{232}\)-n-\(\bigcirc\) [N 1]; U-n-\(\bigcirc\)
		\((\mathrm{Sb}^{>125})\) \(\mathrm{Sb}^{127}\) \(\mathrm{Sb}^{(126,128)}\) \(\mathrm{Sb}^{129}\) \(\mathrm{Sb}^{(132)}\) \(\mathrm{Sb}^{133}\) \(\mathrm{Sb}^{(134)}\)		28 d 93 h 60 min 4.2 h 5 min \(\simeq 10\) min \(<10\) min	\(\beta^{-}\) \(\beta^{-}, \gamma\) \(\beta^{-}\) \(\beta^{-}\) \(\beta^{-}\) \(\beta^{-}\) \(\beta^{-}\)	1.86 \(\simeq 1\) 2.8 or 0.7	0.72	U-n-\(\bigcirc\) U-n-\(\bigcirc\); \(\mathrm{U}^{238}\)-n-\(\bigcirc\); \(\mathrm{Pu}^{239}\)-n-\(\bigcirc\) \(\mathrm{U}\,(n,\bigcirc)\,\mathrm{Sn}^{(126,128)}\) (70 min) \(\beta^{-}\) U-n-\(\bigcirc\); \(\mathrm{Pu}^{239}\)-n-\(\bigcirc\) U-n-\(\bigcirc\) U-n-\(\bigcirc\); \(\mathrm{Th}^{232}\)-n-\(\bigcirc\) U-n-\(\bigcirc\)
52	\(\mathrm{Te}^{120}\)	\(\mathrm{Te}^{<118}\) \(\mathrm{Te}^{(118)}\) \(\mathrm{Te}^{(119)}\) \(^{\circ}\mathrm{Te}^{121}\)	0.091±0.001	2.5 h 6.0 d 4.5 d 143±5 d	\(\beta^{+}\) \(K\) \(K, \gamma, e^{-}\) \(I, e^{-}, \gamma\)		no \(\gamma\) 0.2, 0.5, 1.4 (0.0365), 0.0820, 0.0884, 0.136, 0.158, 0.212, (0.05), (0.185)	Sb-d-? \(\mathrm{Sb}^{(121,123)}\)-d-(5,7)n \(\mathrm{Sb}^{(121,123)}\)-d-(4,6)n; \(\mathrm{Bi}^{(209)}\)-d-\(\bigcirc\) \(\mathrm{Sb}^{121}\)-d-2n; \(\mathrm{Sb}^{121}\)-p-n; \(\mathrm{Sn}^{118}\)-\(\alpha\)-n; (\(\mathrm{Te}^{120}\)-n-\(\gamma\)); \(\mathrm{Bi}^{209}\)-d-\(\bigcirc\) [G11]

Atomic number	Stable nucleus	Radioactive nucleus	Abundance in %	Half-life period	Type of transformation	Energy of β⁻, β⁺ and α rays in MeV	Energy of γ rays in MeV	Nuclear reactions
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
		$^{\circ}\mathrm{Te}^{121}$		$(5\pm2)\times10^{-8}$ s	$I,\ e^{-}$		0.225	$\odot\mathrm{Te}^{121}$ (143 d) $I$
		$\mathrm{Te}^{121}$		$17\pm1$ d	$K,\ \gamma$		0.615	$\mathrm{Sb}^{121}$-d-2n; $\mathrm{Sb}^{121}$-p-n; $\odot\mathrm{Te}^{121}$ (143 d, $5\times10^{-8}$ s) $I$
	$\mathrm{Te}^{122}$		$2.49\pm0.02$
		$^{\circ}\mathrm{Te}^{123}$		$\simeq100$ d [H 15]	$I:e^{-}$		0.159 [H 15], 0.1885	$\mathrm{Te}^{122}$-n-$\gamma$ [H 15]
	$\mathrm{Te}^{123}$		$0.89\pm0.02$
	$\mathrm{Te}^{124}$		$4.63\pm0.05$
		$^{\circ}\mathrm{Te}^{124}$		$1200\pm400$ μs	$I$		$<0.069$	$\mathrm{Sb}^{124}$ (60 d) $\beta^{-}$
	$\mathrm{Te}^{125}$		$7.01\pm0.01$
		$^{\circ}\mathrm{Te}^{125}$		$58\pm4$ d [H3]	$I,\ \gamma,\ e^{-}$		0.1093 [H3], 0.110 [K 3], 0.0355 [H15], 0.0354 [B 26]	$\mathrm{Sb}^{125}$ (2.7 y) $\beta^{-}$ [K 3, H 3]; $I^{(125)}$ (56 d) $K?$
	$\mathrm{Te}^{126}$		$18.72\pm0.04$
		$^{\circ}\mathrm{Te}^{127}$		90 d	$I,\ \gamma,\ e^{-}$		0.0885 [H15]	$\mathrm{Te}^{126}$-n-$\gamma$; $\mathrm{Te}^{126}$-d-p; $I^{127}$-n-p; U-n-$(\oplus)$; $\mathrm{U}^{238}$-n-$(\oplus)$
		$\mathrm{Te}^{127}$		$9.3\pm0.5$ h	$\beta^{-}$	0.8	no $\gamma$	$\mathrm{Te}^{126}$-d-p; $\mathrm{Te}^{126}$-n-$\gamma$; $\mathrm{Te}^{128}$-n-2n; $I^{127}$-n-p; U-n-$(\oplus)$ U (n, $\oplus$) $\mathrm{Sb}^{127}$ (93 h) $\beta^{-}$; U (n, $\oplus$) $\mathrm{Te}^{127}$ (10 d) $I$;
	$\mathrm{Te}^{128}$		$31.72\pm0.01$	$>10^{19}$ y		no, $\beta^{-}$ [12]

		°Te$^{129}$		35.5 d	$I,\ \gamma$		0.106[H15]	Te$^{128}$-n-$\gamma$; Te$^{130}$-n-2n; Te$^{128}$-d-p; Te$^{130}$-$\gamma$-n; U$^{238}$-n-⊕; U-n-⊕
		Te$^{129}$		72±3 min	$\beta^-,\ \gamma$	1.8	0.3, 0.8	Te$^{128}$-n-$\gamma$; Te$^{130}$-n-2n; Te$^{128}$-d-p; Te$^{130}$-$\gamma$-n; U (n, ⊕)Sb$^{129}$ (4.2 h)$\beta$; U (n, ⊕) °Te$^{129}$ (35.5 d) $I$; Th$^{232}$-n-⊕
		Te$^{130}$	34.46±0.09	>8·10$^{19}$ yr		no $2\beta^-$[12]
		°Te$^{131}$		1.2±0.2 d	$I,\ e^-$	1.8 [W20]	0.177 [H15]	Te$^{130}$-n-$\gamma$; Te$^{130}$-d-p; U-n-⊕
		Te$^{131}$		25 ± 5 min	$\beta^-$			Te$^{130}$-d-p; Te$^{130}$-n-$\gamma$; °Te$^{131}$ (1.2 d) $I$ [W20]
		Te$^{(132)}$		77 h	$\beta^-,\ \gamma$	≃0.3	0.22	U (n, ⊕) Sb$^{132}$ (5 min) $\beta^-$; Th$^{232}$-n-⊕; Th$^{232}$-α-⊕ [Ni]; Pu$^{239}$-n-⊕
		Te$^{133}$		60 min	$\beta^-$			U (n, ⊕) Sb$^{133}$ (10 min)$\beta^-$; Pu$^{239}$-n-⊕
		Te$^{(134)}$		43 min	$\beta^-$			U (n, ⊕) Sb$^{(134)}$ (<10 min)$\beta^-$; Th$^{232}$-n-⊕; Pu$^{239}$-n-⊕
		Te$^{(135)}$		<2 min	$\beta^-$			U-n-⊕; (Th$^{232}$-n-⊕)
53		°I$^{124}$		13.0±0.5 h [M32]	$I$ [M37]		0.159	Sb$^{121}$ (α, n) [M32, M37]
		I$^{124}$		4.3* d [G11]	$\beta^+,\ (K),\ \gamma,\ K$ [M32]	0.67 (5%), 1.50 (44%), 2.20 (51%) [M32]	0.603, 0.73, 1.72, 1.95 [M32], (0.13), (2.24)	Sb$^{121}$-α-n [M8]; Te$^{124}$-p-n; Bi$^{209}$-d-⊕
		I$^{(125)}$		56 d	$K$	no $\beta^+$	0.395 [M32]	Te-d-(n); Bi$^{209}$-d-⊕
		I$^{126}$		13.1 ± 0.5 d	$\beta^-,\ \gamma$	0.85 (73%), 1.268 (27%) [M32]		Sb$^{123}$-α-n; Te$^{126}$-p-n; Te$^{125}$-d-n; I$^{127}$-n-2n; I$^{127}$-$\gamma$-n [P6]; Bi$^{209}$-d-⊕
	I$^{127}$		100
		I$^{128}$		24.99±0.02 min	$\beta^-,\ \gamma$ ($\beta^+<0.2\%$)	1.59 (7%), 2.02 (93%)	0.428 (7%)	I$^{127}$-d-p; I$^{127}$-n-$\gamma$; Te$^{128}$-d-2n; Te$^{128}$-p-n

Atomic number	Stable nucleus	Radioactive nucleus	Abundance in %	Half-life	Type of transformation	Energy of β−, β+ and α rays in MeV	Energy of γ rays in MeV	Nuclear reactions
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
		\(I^{129}\) \(I^{130}\)		\(>10^8\) y 12.6 h	\(\beta^-, \gamma\)	0.61, 1.03	0.417, 0.536, 0.669, 0.742*	U-n-\(\Phi\) \(Te^{129}\) (72 min) \(\beta^-\) \(Cs^{133}\)-n-\(\alpha\); \(Te^{130}\)-d-2n; \(Te^{130}\)-p-n; \(I^{129}\)-n-\(\gamma\); \(Th^{232}\)-n-\(\Phi\); (U-n-\(\Phi\))
		\(I^{131}\)		8.0 d	\(\beta^-, \gamma\)	0.250 (14%), 0.605 (86%) [K11]	0.080133 (18%), 0.28413 (14%), 0.36418 (82%) [L7, K11], 0.637 (14%), 0.1636, 0.1770 [C5]	U (n, \(\Phi\)) \(Te^{131}\) (25 min) \(\beta^-\); \(U^{233}\)-n-\(\Phi\); \(Te^{131}\) (25 min) \(\beta^-\); U-n-\(\Phi\); \(Pu^{239}\)-n-\(\Phi\); \(Th^{232}\)-\(\alpha\)-\(\Phi\) [N1]; \(Bi^{209}\)-\(\alpha\)-\(\Phi\); \(Te^{130}\)-d-n
		\(I^{(132)}\)		2.30 h	\(\beta^-, \gamma\)	1.0 (≃50%); 2.2* (≃50%)	0.6, 0.85, 1.4	U (n, \(\Phi\)) \(Sb^{(132)}\) (5 min) \(\beta^- \ldots\) \(Te^{(132)}\) (77 h) \(\beta^-;\) \(Th^{232}\) (n, \(\Phi\)) \(Te^{(132)}\) (77 h) \(\beta^-;\) \(U^{233}\)-n-\(\Phi\)
		\(I^{133}\)		20.5 h	\(\beta^-, \gamma\)	1.3*	0.528	U (n, \(\Phi\)) \(Sb^{133}\) (10 min) \(\beta^- \ldots\) \(Te^{133}\) (60 min) \(\beta^-\); U-\(\alpha\)-\(\Phi\); \(Pu^{239}\)-n-\(\Phi\); \(Th^{232}\)-\(\alpha\)-\(\Phi\) [N1]

TABLE OF ATOMIC NUCLEI

Z	Stable isotopes	Abundance	Radioactive isotope	Half-life	Radiation	Energy	Cross section	Production and transformations
			I\(^{(134)}\)	54 min	\(\beta^-\), \(\gamma\)		\(>1\)	U \((n,\bigcirc)\) Sb\(^{(134)}\), \((<10\) min) \(\beta^-\ldots\); … Te\(^{(134)}\) (43 min) \(\beta^-\); U-\(\alpha\)-\(\bigcirc\); Pu\(^{239}\)-n-\(\bigcirc\); Th\(^{232}\)-n-\(\bigcirc\)
			I\(^{135}\)	6.7 h	\(\beta^-\), \(\gamma\)	0.47 (35%), 1.00 (40%), 1.40 (25%)	1.27, 2.00	U \((n,\bigcirc)\) Te\(^{135}\) \((<2\) min) \(\beta^-\); U-\(\alpha\)-\(\bigcirc\); Pu\(^{239}\)-n-\(\bigcirc\); Th\(^{232}\)-n-\(\bigcirc\)
			I\(^{136}\)	86 s	\(\beta^-\), \(\gamma\)	6.5	2.9	U-n-\(\bigcirc\)
			I\(^{137}\)	19.3 ± 0.5 s	\(\beta^-\), n	0.63*		U-n-\(\bigcirc\); Pu\(^{239}\)-n-\(\bigcirc\)
			I\(^{(138)}\)	5.9 ± 0.4 s [S10]	\(\beta^-\)			U-n-\(\bigcirc\) [S10]
			I\(^{(139)}\)	2.7 ± 0.01 s [S10]	\(\beta^-\)			U-n-\(\bigcirc\) [S10]
			(I)	30 d	—			Xe-n-p (?)
54	Xe\(^{124}\) Xe\(^{126}\)	0.095 0.088	Xe\(^{(127)}\)	75 ± 1 s	\((I)\), \(e^-\), \(\gamma\)		0.125, 0.175, 0.35	I\(^{127}\)-p-(n)
			Xe\(^{127}\)	34.2 d	\(\gamma\), \(e^-\)		0.9	I\(^{127}\)-p-n; I\(^{127}\)-d-2n; Xe\(^{126}\)-n-\(\gamma\)
	Xe\(^{128}\) Xe\(^{129}\) Xe\(^{130}\)	1.916 26.235 4.051
			° Xe\(^{131}\)	12 d [B17]	\(I\) [B17], \(e^-\), \(\gamma\)		0.163 [K11] 0.165 [B17]	Xe\(^{132}\)-n-(2) n; I\(^{131}\) (8 d) \(\beta^-\) (1%) [B17]; U-n-\(\bigcirc\)
	Xe\(^{131}\) Xe\(^{132}\)	21.240 26.925
			Xe\(^{133}\)	5.271 ± 0.002 d [M5]	\(\beta^-\), \(\gamma\)	0.315 [T11]	0.083, 0.0952, 0.236 [T11]	Te\(^{130}\)-\(\alpha\)-n; Xe\(^{132}\)-d-p; Ba\(^{136}\)-n-\(\alpha\); Cs\(^{133}\)-n-p; Xe\(^{132}\)-n-\(\gamma\); (Xe\(^{134}\)-n-2n); Th\(^{232}\)-\(\alpha\)-\(\bigcirc\) [N1]; U \((n,\bigcirc)\) Sb\(^{133}\) \((<10\) min) \(\beta^-\ldots\); … I\(^{133}\) (20.5 h) \(\beta^-\); Th\(^{232}\)-n-\(\bigcirc\)

Atomic number	Stable nucleus	Radioactive nucleus	Abundance, %	Half-life	Type of transformation	Energy of \(\beta^{-}\), \(\beta^{+}\), and \(\alpha\)-rays, MeV	Energy of \(\gamma\)-rays, MeV	Nuclear reactions
	\(\mathrm{Xe}^{134}\)	\(\mathrm{Xe}^{135}\)	10.520	9.2 h	\(\beta^{-},\ \gamma\)	0.930 [T11]	0.247	\({}^{\circ}\mathrm{Xe}^{135}\) (15.6 min) \(I\); \(\mathrm{Xe}^{134}\)-d-p; \(\mathrm{Ba}^{138}\)-n-\(\alpha\); \(\mathrm{U}(n,\circ)\mathrm{Te}^{135}\) (\(<2\) min) \(\beta\) … … \(\mathrm{I}^{135}\) (6.7 h) \(\beta^{-}\)
	\(\mathrm{Xe}^{134}\)	\({}^{\circ}\mathrm{Xe}^{135}\)	10.520	15.6 min	\(I,\ \gamma,\ e^{-}\)		0.52	\(\mathrm{Xe}^{134}\)-n-\(\gamma\); \(\mathrm{Xe}^{136}\)-n-2n; \(\mathrm{U}(n,\circ)\mathrm{I}^{135}\) (6.7 h) \(\beta^{-}\); \(\mathrm{Ba}^{138}\)-n-\(\alpha\)
	\(\mathrm{Xe}^{136}\)	\(\mathrm{Xe}^{137}\)	8.930	3.9 min	\(\beta^{-}\)	\(\approx 4\)		\(\mathrm{Xe}^{136}\)-n-\(\gamma\); \(\mathrm{U}(n,\circ)\mathrm{I}^{137}\) (22.0 s) \(\beta\) [S10]
	\(\mathrm{Xe}^{136}\)	\(\mathrm{Xe}^{(137)}\)	8.930	68 min	—			\(\mathrm{Xe}^{136}\)-d-p
	\(\mathrm{Xe}^{136}\)	\(\mathrm{Xe}^{138}\)	8.930	17 min	\(\beta^{-}\)	2.680 [T11]		\(\mathrm{U}(n,\circ)\mathrm{I}^{138}\) (5.9 s) \(\beta^{-}\) [S10]; \(\mathrm{Th}^{232}\)-n-\(\circ\)
	\(\mathrm{Xe}^{136}\)	\(\mathrm{Xe}^{139}\)	8.930	41 s	\(\beta^{-}\)			\(\mathrm{U}(n,\circ)\mathrm{I}^{139}\) (2.7 s) \(\beta^{-}\) [S10]; \(\mathrm{Th}^{232}\)-n-\(\circ\)
	\(\mathrm{Xe}^{136}\)	\(\mathrm{Xe}^{140}\)	8.930	16 s	\(\beta^{-}\)			\(\mathrm{U}\)-n-\(\circ\); \(\mathrm{Th}^{232}\)-n-\(\circ\); \(\mathrm{U}\)-d-\(\circ\)
	\(\mathrm{Xe}^{136}\)	\(\mathrm{Xe}^{141}\)	8.930	1.7 s	\(\beta^{-}\)			\(\mathrm{U}\)-n-\(\circ\); \(\mathrm{U}\)-d-\(\circ\)
	\(\mathrm{Xe}^{136}\)	\(\mathrm{Xe}^{(142)}\)	8.930	short	\(\beta^{-}\)			\(\mathrm{U}\)-n-\(\circ\)
	\(\mathrm{Xe}^{136}\)	\(\mathrm{Xe}^{143}\)	8.930	\(\approx 1.3\) s	\(\beta^{-}\)			\(\mathrm{U}\)-n-\(\circ\)
	\(\mathrm{Xe}^{136}\)	\(\mathrm{Xe}^{144}\)	8.930	short	\(\beta^{-}\)			\(\mathrm{U}\)-n-\(\circ\)
	\(\mathrm{Xe}^{136}\)	\(\mathrm{Xe}^{(145)}\)	8.930	0.8 s	\(\beta^{-}\)			\(\mathrm{U}\)-n-\(\circ\)

Table 4, continued

Z	Element	Isotope	Abundance, %	Half-life	Radiation	β energy	γ energy	Production
55	Cs	Cs\(^{(130)}\)		30 min	—			I\(^{137}\)-α-n
55	Cs	Cs\(^{(131)}\)		9.6±0.1 d	K, γ (3%), e\(^{-}\) (97%)	no β+	0.145	Ba\(^{131}\) (11.7 d) K [Y11]; U\(^{233}\)-n-\(\Phi\)
55	Cs	Cs\(^{(132)}\)		7.1 d	K, γ, e\(^{-}\)		0.64* [G11]	Cs\(^{133}\)-n-2n; Bi\(^{209}\)-d-\(\Phi\) [G11]
55	Cs\(^{133}\)	\(^\circ\)Cs\(^{134}\); Cs\(^{134}\)	100	3.15 h; 0.8 y [G11], 2.3 y	γ, β\(^{-}\), γ, e\(^{-}\); β\(^{-}\), γ, (K <5%)	2.4; 0.090 (31%), 0.658 (69%) [M21, S31]	0.2, 0.7; 0.566 (25%), 0.603 (95%), 0.798 (95%), 1.35 (5%)	Cs\(^{133}\)-n-γ; Cs\(^{133}\)-d-p; U\(^{233}\)-n-\(\Phi\); Ba\(^{136}\)d-α; Cs\(^{133}\)-n-γ; Cs\(^{133}\)-d-p; (U-n-\(\Phi\)); (Bi\(^{209}\)-d-\(\Phi\)) [G11]
55	Cs	Cs\(^{135}\)		6×10\(^5\) y [I3]	β\(^{-}\)	0.21 [S15]	no γ	U (n, \(\Phi\)) Xe\(^{135}\) (9.2 h) β\(^{-}\)
55	Cs	Cs\(^{136}\)		13.7 d (19 d) [G11]	β\(^{-}\)	0.3*	0.9, 1.2	Cs\(^{135}\)-n-γ [S6, S15]; Ba\(^{136}\)-n-p; La\(^{139}\)-n-α; U\(^{233}\)-n-\(\Phi\); U-n-\(\Phi\); Th\(^{232}\)-α-\(\Phi\); Pu\(^{239}\)-n-\(\Phi\); Bi\(^{209}\)-d-\(\Phi\) [G11]
55	Cs	Cs\(^{137}\)		33 y	β\(^{-}\)	0.521 (95%), 1.2 (5%) [P7]; 1.18 (2%) [O4, L9]		U (n, \(\Phi\)) I\(^{137}\) (22.5 s) β\(^{-}\) … … Xe\(^{137}\) (68 min) β\(^{-}\) [S10]; U\(^{238}\)-n-\(\Phi\); Th\(^{232}\)-α-\(\Phi\); Pu\(^{239}\)-n-\(\Phi\); Xe\(^{136}\) (n, γ) Xe\(^{137}\) (3.9 min) β\(^{-}\)
55	Cs	Cs\(^{(138)}\)		33 min	β\(^{-}\), γ	2.65	1.2	U (n, \(\Phi\)) I\(^{138}\) (5.9 s) β\(^{-}\) … … Xe\(^{138}\) (17 min) β\(^{-}\) [S10]; Ba\(^{138}\)-n-p; U (n, \(\Phi\)) Xe\(^{133}\) (17 min) β\(^{-}\); Th\(^{232}\) (n, \(\Phi\)) Xe\(^{138}\) (17 min) β\(^{-}\); Pa\(^{231}\)-n-\(\Phi\)
55	Cs	Cs\(^{139}\)		9.7 min	β\(^{-}\)			U (n, \(\Phi\)) Xe\(^{139}\) (41 s) β\(^{-}\); Th\(^{232}\) (n, \(\Phi\)) Xe\(^{139}\) (41 s) β\(^{-}\)
55	Cs	Cs\(^{(140)}\)		65 s	β\(^{-}\)			U (n, \(\Phi\)) Xe\(^{140}\) (16 s) β\(^{-}\) (?); Th\(^{232}\) (n, \(\Phi\)) Xe\(^{140}\) (16 s) β\(^{-}\) (?)
55	Cs	Cs\(^{141}\)		short	β\(^{-}\)			U (n, \(\Phi\)) Xe\(^{141}\) (1.7 s) β\(^{-}\)
55	Cs	Cs\(^{(142)}\)		1–2 min	β\(^{-}\)			U-n-\(\Phi\)
55	Cs	Cs\(^{143}\)		short	β\(^{-}\)			U (n, \(\Phi\)) Xe\(^{143}\) (1.3 s) β\(^{-}\)
55	Cs	Cs\(^{144}\)		short	β\(^{-}\)			U (n, \(\Phi\)) Xe\(^{144}\) (short) β\(^{-}\)
55	Cs	Cs\(^{(145)}\)		short	β\(^{-}\)			U (n, \(\Phi\)) Xe\(^{(145)}\) (0.8 s) β\(^{-}\)

Atomic number	Stable nucleus	Radioactive nucleus	Abundance in %	Half-life period	Type of transformation	Energy of \(\beta^-\), \(\beta^+\), and \(\alpha\)-rays, in MeV	Energy of \(\gamma\)-rays, in MeV	Nuclear reactions
56	\(\mathrm{Ba}^{130}\)	\((\mathrm{Ba})\)	0.102	5 h				\(\mathrm{Ba}-\gamma-n\)
56		\(\mathrm{Ba}^{131}\)		\(11.7 \pm 0.3\) d	\(K, \gamma, e^{-}\)		0.26, 0.5, 1.2, 1.7	\(\mathrm{Ba}^{130}-n-\gamma;\ \mathrm{Ba}^{130}-d-p;\) \(\mathrm{Bi}^{209}-d-(\bigcirc)\) [G11]
56	\(\mathrm{Ba}^{132}\)		0.098
56		\(\mathrm{Ba}^{133}\)		\(>20\) y	\(K, \gamma, e^{-}\)		0.085, 0.36	\(\mathrm{Cs}^{133}-d-2n;\ \mathrm{Ba}^{133}\) (38 h) \(I;\) \((\mathrm{Ba}^{132}-n-\gamma)\)
56		\({}^{\circ}\mathrm{Ba}^{133}\)		\(38 \pm 1\) h	\(I, \gamma, e^{-}\)		0.276, 0.28 [G7]	\(\mathrm{Ba}^{132}-d-p;\ (\mathrm{Ba}^{132}-n-\gamma);\) \(\mathrm{Ba}^{134}-n-2n;\ \mathrm{Cs}^{133}-p-n;\) \(\mathrm{Cs}^{133}-d-2n;\ \mathrm{Ba}^{134}-\gamma-n;\) \(\mathrm{Pb}-\alpha-(\bigcirc);\ \mathrm{Bi}^{209}-\alpha-(\bigcirc);\) \(\mathrm{Bi}^{209}-d-(\bigcirc)\)
56	\(\mathrm{Ba}^{134}\)		2.42
56		\({}^{\circ}\mathrm{Ba}^{(135)}\)		28.7 h	\(I, \gamma, e^{-}\)		0.34	\(\mathrm{Ba}^{134}-n;\ \mathrm{Ba}^{134}-d-p;\) [R9]; \(\mathrm{U}-\alpha-(\bigcirc)\)
56	\(\mathrm{Ba}^{135}\)		6.59
56	\(\mathrm{Ba}^{136}\)		7.81
56	\(\mathrm{Ba}^{137}\)	\({}^{\circ}\mathrm{Ba}^{137}\)	11.32	\(156 \pm 3\) s [M1]	\(I, \gamma, e^{-}\)		0.666* [P7, O4]	\(\mathrm{Ba}^{136}-n-\gamma;\ \mathrm{Ba}^{137}-n-n\) \(\mathrm{Cs}^{137}\) (33 y) \(\beta^{-}\) (95%) [M1]
56	\(\mathrm{Ba}^{138}\)		71.66

Z	Stable isotopes	Nuclide	Natural abundance	Half-life	Radiation	Energy	γ-lines	Preparation and decay
		Ba$^{139}$		85.6 min	β$^-$, γ, e$^-$	2.27	0.163, 1.05	Ba$^{138}$-n-γ; Ba$^{138}$-d-p; La$^{139}$-n-p; Ce$^{142}$-n-α; U (n, ○) Xe$^{139}$ (41 s) β$^-$ … …Cs$^{139}$ (9.7 min) β$^-$ [S10]; Th$^{232}$ (n, ○) Xe$^{139}$ (41 s) β$^-$ … …Cs$^{139}$ (9.7 min) β$^-$; U-γ-(○); Pu$^{239}$-n-(○)
		Ba$^{140}$		12.8 d	β$^-$, γ	0.34 (25%), 1.04 (75%), (0.91) [M24], 0.48 (40%), 1.022 (60%) [B34]	0.529 (25%), (0.14), (0.6) [M24], 0.16, 0.31, 0.54 [B34]	U (n, ○) Xe$^{140}$ (16 s) β$^-$ … …Cs$^{140}$ (65 s) β$^-$; Th$^{232}$ (n, ○) Xe$^{140}$ (16 s) β$^-$ … …Cs$^{140}$ (65 s) β$^-$; U-d-(○); U$^{238}$-n-(○); Th$^{232}$-α-(○) [N1], U-γ-(○); Pu$^{239}$-n-(○)
		Ba$^{141}$		18 min	β$^-$, γ			U (n, ○) Cs$^{141}$ (short-lived) β$^-$; Th$^{232}$-n-(○); U-γ-(○)
		Ba$^{(142)}$		6 min	β$^-$			U (n, ○) Cs$^{(142)}$ (1–2 min) β$^-$; Th$^{232}$-n-(○); U-γ ○
		Ba$^{(143)}$		<1 min	β$^-$			U-n-(○); U (n, ○) Cs$^{143}$ (short-lived) β$^-$
		Ba$^{144}$		short-lived	β			U (n, ○) Xe$^{144}$ (short-lived) β$^-$ … …Cs$^{144}$(short-lived) β$^-$
		Ba$^{(145)}$		short-lived	β$^-$			U (n, ○) Xe$^{(145)}$ (0.8 s) β$^-$ … …Cs$^{(145)}$ (short-lived) β$^-$
57		La		10 min	β$^+$	2.1		Ba-d-n
		La$^{135}$		19.5 h	$K$, γ	no β$^+$	0.82*	Ba$^{135}$-p-n; Ba$^{134}$-d-n; Cs$^{133}$-α-2n; Ce$^{135}$ (16 h) β$^+$
		La$^{136}$		9.0 ± 0.5 min [R9a]	β$^+$, $K$, γ	1.8 [R9a]		Cs$^{133}$-α-n; Ba$^{135}$-d-n; Ba$^{136}$-d-2n [R9a]
		La$^{136}$		2.1 h	β$^+$	0.84	no γ	Cs$^{133}$-α-n
	La$^{138}$	La$^{137}$	0.089	>400 y	—			(Ce$^{137}$ (36 h) $K$)
	La$^{139}$		99 911

Atomic number	Stable nucleus	Radioactive nucleus	Abundance in %	Half-life period	Type of transformation	Energy of $\beta^-$, $\beta^+$ and $\alpha$ rays in MeV	Energy of $\gamma$ rays in MeV	Nuclear reactions
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
		$\mathrm{La}^{140}$		40.0 h	$\beta^-$, $\gamma$	0.90 (20%); 1.40 (70%), 2.12 (10%), 1.32 (70%), 1.67 (20%), 2.26 (10%), [B34]	0.335 (2%), 0.49 (6%), 0.84 (12%), 1.63 (75%), 2.3 (5%), (2.51) (rel.) [B34] [C19]	$\mathrm{La}^{139}$-d-p; $\mathrm{La}^{139}$-n-$\gamma$; $(\mathrm{Ba}^{138}$-d-$\gamma$); $\mathrm{Ce}^{140}$-n-p; $\mathrm{U}$ (n, $\bigcirc$) $\mathrm{Xe}^{140}$ (16 s) $\beta^- \ldots$ $\ldots \mathrm{Ba}^{140}$ (12.8 d) $\beta^-$; $\mathrm{Th}^{232}$-n-$\bigcirc$; $\mathrm{U}^{238}$-n-$\bigcirc$; $\mathrm{Pu}^{239}$-n-$\bigcirc$; $\mathrm{Th}^{232}$ ($\alpha$, $\bigcirc$)$\mathrm{Ba}^{140}$ (12.8 d) $\beta^-$
		$\mathrm{La}^{(140)}$		$\approx 3$ y	$\beta^-$, $\gamma$	0.90	0.79	[N1] $\mathrm{La}^{139}$-n-$\gamma$
		$\mathrm{La}^{141}$		3.7 h	$\beta^-$	2.8*		$\mathrm{U}$ (n, $\bigcirc$) $\mathrm{Xe}^{141}$ (1.7 s) $\beta^- \ldots$ $\ldots \mathrm{Ba}^{141}$ (18 m) $\beta^-$; $\mathrm{Th}^{232}$-n-$\bigcirc$
		$\mathrm{La}^{(142)}$		74 m	$\beta^-$, $\gamma$			$\mathrm{U}$ (n, $\bigcirc$) $\mathrm{Cs}^{(142)}$ (short) $\beta^- \ldots$ $\ldots \mathrm{Ba}^{(142)}$ (6 m) $\beta^-$; $\mathrm{Th}^{232}$-n-$\bigcirc$
		$\mathrm{La}^{143}$		20 m	$\beta^-$			$\mathrm{U}$ (n, $\bigcirc$) $\mathrm{Xe}^{143}$ (1.6 s) $\beta^- \ldots$ $\ldots \mathrm{Ba}^{143}$ (<1 m) $\beta^-$
		$\mathrm{La}^{144}$		short	$\beta^-$			$\mathrm{U}$ (n, $\bigcirc$) $\mathrm{Xe}^{144}$ (short) $\beta^- \ldots$ $\ldots \mathrm{Ba}^{144}$ (short) $\beta^-$
		$\mathrm{La}^{(145)}$		short				$\mathrm{U}$ (n, $\bigcirc$) $\mathrm{Xe}^{145}$ (0.8 s) $\beta^- \ldots$ $\ldots \mathrm{Ba}^{(145)}$ (short) $\beta^-$
58	$\mathrm{Ce}^{136}$	$\mathrm{Ce}^{135}$	0.193	$\approx 16$ h	$\beta^+$	0.4		$\mathrm{La}^{139}$-d-(6) n
58	$\mathrm{Ce}^{136}$	$\mathrm{Ce}^{137}$	0.193	36 h	$K$, $\gamma$, $e^-$		0.28, 0.75	$\mathrm{La}^{139}$-d-4n; $\mathrm{Ce}^{136}$-n-$\gamma$

Z	Isotope	Nuclide	Natural abundance, %	Half-life	Radiation	Energy	γ-rays	Production and references
	Ce$^{138}$	Ce$^{139}$	0.250	$140 \pm 1$ d	$K$		0.18, (0.8)	Ba$^{138}$-$\alpha$-n; La$^{139}$-d-2 n; La$^{139}$-p-n; Ce$^{140}$-n-2 n; Bi$^{209}$-d-①
	Ce$^{140}$	Ce$^{141}$	88.49	$30.6 \pm 0.7$ d	$\beta^-$, $\gamma$	0.560 (30%), 0.420 (70%) [T 12, M 17, S 25]	0.146, 0.315 [T 12, M 17]	Ba$^{138}$-$\alpha$-n; Ce$^{140}$-d-p; Ce$^{142}$-n-2 n; Ce$^{140}$-n-$\gamma$; Pr$^{141}$-n-p; U (n, ①) Xe$^{141}$ (1.7 s) $\beta^-$ … … La$^{141}$ (3.7 h) $\beta^-$; Bi$^{209}$-d-① [G 11]; U-d-①; Th$^{232}$-n-①; Pu$^{239}$-n-①
	Ce$^{142}$	Ce$^{143}$	11.07	33 h	$\beta^-$, $\gamma$	1.3*	0.5, 0.6	Ce$^{142}$-d-p; Ce$^{142}$-n-$\gamma$; U (n, ①); Xe$^{143}$ (1.3 s) $\beta^-$ … … La$^{143}$ (20 m) $\beta^-$; U-d-①; Th$^{232}$-n-①; Th$^{232}$-$\alpha$-① [N1]; U-$\alpha$-①; Pu$^{239}$-n-①
		Ce$^{144}$		275 d	$\beta^-$	0.348	no $\gamma$	U (n, ①) Xe$^{144}$ (short-lived) $\beta^-$ … … La$^{144}$ (short-lived) $\beta^-$; U-d-①; U-$\alpha$-①; U$^{238}$-n-①; Pu$^{239}$-n-①; Th$^{232}$-$\alpha$-① [N1];
		Ce$^{(145)}$		1.8 h	$\beta^-$			U (n, ①) Xe$^{145}$ (0.8 s) $\beta^-$ … … La$^{145}$ (short-lived) $\beta^-$
		Ce$^{(146)}$		14.6 m	$\beta^-$			U-n-①
59	Pr$^{141}$	Pr$^{140}$		$3.4 \pm 0.1$ m	$\beta^+$	2.4		Pr$^{141}$-n-2 n; Pr$^{141}$-$\gamma$-n [P6]; Nd$^{142}$ (3.3 d) $K$ [W 12]
59	Pr$^{141}$	°Pr$^{141}$	100	$70 \pm 20$ μs	$I$, $e^-$		0.2	Ce$^{141}$ (30 d) $\beta^-$

Atomic number	Stable nucleus	Radioactive nucleus	Abundance in %	Half-life	Type of transformation	Energy of β⁻, β⁺ and α-rays in MeV	Energy of γ-rays in MeV	Nuclear reactions
		Pr¹⁴²		19.3 ± 0.1 h	β⁻, γ	2.14; 0.35, 2.52 [J 5]	1.6, 2.0	Ce¹⁴²-d-2 n; Pr¹⁴¹-d-p; Ce¹⁴²-p-n; La¹³⁹-α-n; Pr¹⁴¹-n-γ; Nd¹⁴²-n-p
		Pr¹⁴³		13.6 d*	β⁻	0.92 [T 12, F 10, M 17, S 25, B 32a]	no γ	Ce¹⁴²-d-n; Ce¹⁴³ (33 h) β⁻; U(n,○)Ce¹⁴³(33 h)β⁻; U-d-○; Pu²³⁹-n-○
		Pr¹⁴⁴		17.5 min	β⁻, γ	3.03*	0.135, 0.22, 1.25	U(n,○)La(144) (short) β⁻ … …Ce¹⁴⁴ (275 d) β⁻; U-d-○; Pu²³⁹-n-○; Th²³²(α,○)Ce¹⁴⁴ (275 d) β⁻
		Pr(145)		4.5 h	β⁻	3.2	no γ	U(n,○)Xe(145) (0.8 s) β⁻ … …Ce(145) (1.8 h)β⁻
		Pr(146)		24.6 min	β⁻	3	1.4	U(n,○)Ce(146) (14.6 min)β⁻
60		Nd¹⁴⁰		3.3 ± 0.1 d [W 12]	K, γ		1.2 [W 12]	Pr¹⁴¹-d-3 n [W 12]
60		Nd¹⁴¹		145 ± 3 min [W 12]	β⁺ (2.5%) [W 12]	0.78	1.05	Nd¹⁴²-γ-n; Nd¹⁴²-n-2 n; Pr¹⁴¹-p-n [W 12]; (Nd¹⁴²-p-t); Pr¹⁴¹-d-2 n [W 12]
60	Nd¹⁴² Nd¹⁴³ Nd¹⁴⁴ Nd¹⁴⁵		27.13 ± 0.2 12.20 ± 0.1 23.87 ± 0.2 8.30 ± 0.5

No.	Isotope	Nucleus	Abundance	Half-life	Radiation	Energy	γ-lines	Production
	Nd^146	Nd^147	17.18 ± 0.2	11.1 ± 0.2 d	β^−, γ	0.4 (40%), 0.9 (60%)	0.45, 0.58, 0.72	Nd^146-n-γ; U-n-⊕
	Nd^148	Nd^149	5.72 ± 0.06	1.7 h	β^−, γ	1.55*		Nd^148-d-p; Nd^148-n-γ; (Nd^150-n-2 n); Nd^150-γ-n [H19]
	Nd^150	Nd	5.60 ± 0.06	≈5×10^10 y	β^−, γ	0.011
	Nd^150	(Nd)	5.60 ± 0.06	1.7 y	β^−	0.74		(Nd-n)
	Nd^150	Nd^(151)	5.60 ± 0.06	21 min	β^−			(Nd^150-n-?)
	Nd^150	(Nd^151)	5.60 ± 0.06	short	β^−			(Nd^150-n-γ)
61		Pm^(143)		≈200 d long	K, γ, e^−		0.67	Pr^141-α-(2)n; Nd^(143)-d-2n
61		(Pm^145)						Sm^144(n, γ) Sm^145 (>150 d)
61		Pm		16 d	β^−	1.7		Nd-d-?
61		Pm^147		3.7 y	β^−	0.2232 [P9a]	no γ	Nd^146(n, γ) Nd^147 (11.1 d) β^−; U-n-⊕; U^238-n-⊕
61		Pm^148		5.3 d	β^−	2.5	0.8	Nd^148-p-n; Nd^148-d-2n; Nd^145-α-p; Pm^147-n-γ
61		Pm^149		55 h	β^−	1.1	0.25	Nd^148(n, γ) Nd^149 (1.7 h ?) β^−; U-n-⊕; Pu^239-n-⊕
61		Pm^149		47 h [M19]	β^−	0.98 [M19]
61		(Pm>147)		12.5 h	β^−			(Nd-d-n)
61		(Pm)		2.7 h	β^−, γ	2		Nd-p-n; Nd-d-n; Nd-α-p
61		(Pm^151)		12 min	β^−			Nd^150(n, γ)Nd^151(short) β^−(?)
61		Pm^153		< 5 min	β^−			U-n-⊕
61		Pm^156		< 5 min	β^−			U-n-⊕
62	Sm^144	(Sm^145)	3.16 ± 0.10	>150 d	(K), γ		0.242, 0.95	Sm^144-n-γ

Atomic number	Stable nucleus	Radioactive nucleus	Abundance in %	Half-life	Type of transformation	Energy of β−, β+ and α-rays in MeV	Energy of γ-rays in MeV	Nuclear reactions
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
	Sm^147		15.07±0.15
	Sm^148		11.27±0.11
	Sm^149		13.87±0.14					Sm^149-n-γ
	Sm^150		7.47±0.07					Sm^150-n-γ; U-n-①
		Sm^151		1000±350 yr	β−	0.079 [K15]
	Sm^152		26.63±0.26	1.3×10^11 yr	α	2.2
				6.7×10^11 yr [P6]
		Sm^153		47±1 h	β−, γ	0.75, (1.23) [C 11]	0.0695, 0.1021, 0.57	Sm^152-n-γ; Nd^150-α-n; Sm^152-d-p; (Sm^154-γ-n); Sm^154-n-2n; Th^232-α-①; U-n-①; U^238-n-①; Pu^239-n-①
	Sm^154		22.53±0.22
		Sm^155		25 min	β−, γ	1.85*	0.3	Sm^154-n-γ; Sm^154-d-p; Nd^154-d-n; U-n-①
		Sm^156		10 h	β−	≈0.8		U-n-①; Th^232-α-①
63		Eu^(147)		21 d	—			Sm^147-d-2n; Bi^209-d-① [G 11]
		Eu^(149)		53 d	—			Sm^(148)-d-n
		(Eu^150)		27 h	β+			(Eu-n-2n)
	Eu^151		47.77

		Eu\(^{152}\)		9.3±0.2 h	\(\beta^-\) (82%), \(K\) (18%), \(\gamma\) [H 12]	1.885	0.123, 0.163, 0.725; 0.040, 0.350, 0.900, 1.0	Eu\(^{151}\)-n-\(\gamma\) [H12]; Eu\(^{153}\)-n-2 n; Eu\(^{151}\)-d-p
		Eu\(^{152}\)		5.3 yr [H12]	\(\beta^-\) (26%), \(K\) (74%), [H12], no \(\beta^+\)	0.751 (80%), (1.575) (20%)	(See Eu\(^{154}\)) [S 26]	Eu\(^{151}\)-n-\(\gamma\) [H12]
	Eu\(^{153}\)	Eu\(^{154}\)	52.23	5.4 yr [H12]	\(\beta^-\), (\(K<5\%\)), \(\gamma\) [H 12], no \(\beta^+\)	1.4	0.0399, 0.1228, 0.245, 0.2862, 0.3432, 0.412, 0.442, 0.773, 0.959, 1.082, 1.23, 1.402 [S26]	Eu\(^{152}\)-n-\(\gamma\) [H12]; Eu\(^{153}\)-n-\(\gamma\) [H12]; Eu\(^{153}\)-d-p
	Eu\(^{153}\)	Eu\(^{155}\)	52.23	1.7 yr [H12]	\(\beta^-\), \(\gamma\)	0.23	0.084	Sm\(^{154}\)(n, \(\gamma\)) Sm\(^{155}\) (25 min) \(\beta^-\) [H12]; U-n-◯; Th\(^{232}\)-\(\alpha\)-◯; Sm\(^{154}\)-d-n
	Eu\(^{153}\)	Eu\(^{(156)}\)	52.23	15.4 d	\(\beta^-\), \(\gamma\)	0.5 (60%), 2.5 (40%)	2.0 (60%)	Eu\(^{155}\)-n-\(\gamma\) [H12]; U (n, ◯) Sm\(^{156}\) (\(\simeq\)10 h) \(\beta^-\); U-n-◯; U-\(\alpha\)-◯; Th\(^{232}\)-\(\alpha\)-◯; Pu\(^{239}\)-n-◯ [H12]
	Eu\(^{153}\)	Eu\(^{(157)}\)	52.23	15.4 h	\(\beta^-\), \(\gamma\)	1.0 (75%), 1.8 (25%)	0.2, 0.6	U-n-◯; Th\(^{232}\)-\(\alpha\)-◯; Pu\(^{239}\)-n-◯
	Eu\(^{153}\)	Eu\(^{158}\)	52.23	60 min	\(\beta^-\)	2.5		U-n-◯;
64		(Gd)		7 min	\(\alpha\), \(\beta^+\), \(K\) [T 13]	4.2 (\(\alpha\))		Gd-d [T 13]; Dy-d [T 13]
64		(Gd)		4 h	\(\alpha\), \(\beta^+\), \(K\) [T 13]	4.0 (\(\alpha\))		Gd-d [T 13]; Dy-d [T 13]

Atomic number	Stable nucleus	Radioactive nucleus	Abundance in %	Half-life period	Type of transformation	Energy of β⁻, β⁺ and α-rays in MeV	Energy of γ-rays in MeV	Nuclear reactions
	Gd$^{152}$	Gd$^{(153)}$	0.20	155 d	$K$, γ		0.083, 0.102, 0.270, 0.45	Eu$^{(153)}$-d-2n; Gd$^{152}$-n-γ
	Gd$^{154}$		2.15
	Gd$^{155}$		14.78					Gd$^{155}$-n-γ
	Gd$^{156}$		20.59
	Gd$^{157}$		15.71					Gd$^{157}$-n-γ
	Gd$^{158}$		24.78
	Gd$^{160}$	$'$Gd$^{(161)}$	21.79	4.5 min	β⁻, γ	1.5	0.37	Gd$^{(160)}$-n-γ
		Gd$^{(159,161)}$		18.0±0.2 h	β⁻	0.95 [B10]	0.055, 0.38, [B10]	Gd-n-γ; Gd-d-p
		(Gd$^{161}$)		9.5 h	β⁻			Gd-160-n-γ
		Gd$^{(161)}$		218±5 s [B10]	β⁻			Gd$^{(160)}$-n-γ [B10]
		Gd		8.6 d				Gd-n-γ
65		Tb$^{(152)}$		4.5 h	$K$			Eu$^{151}$-α-3 n
65		Tb$^{(153)}$		5.1 d	$K$, γ		0.15, 0.4	Eu$^{151}$-α-2 n
65		Tb$^{(154)}$		17.2 h	β⁺, $K$, γ	2.6	(0.27), (1.0), 1.4	Eu$^{(151,\ 153)}$-α-(1,3) n; Gd$^{154}$-p-n
65		Tb$^{(155)}$		≃1 y	$K$, e⁻		0.1	Eu$^{153}$-α-2 n

Table of Atomic Nuclei

No.	Element / isotope	Daughter / related nucleus	Abundance or content	Half-life	Radiation	Energy	Intensity	Reactions / notes
	Tb\(^{159}\)	Tb\(^{160}\) Tb\(^{160}\) (Tb\(^{161}\)) Tb\(^{(161)}\)	100	3.9 h 73.5±1 d 420 d 6.8±0.1 d	\(\beta^{-}\) \(\beta^{-}\) \(\beta^{-}, \gamma\) \(\beta^{-}, \gamma\)	0.546, 0.882 0.23 0.52 [B10]	0.0856, 0.1948, 0.2121, 0.2965, 1.15 \(\approx 0.1,\) 0.5 0.05, (1.28) [B10]	Tb\(^{159}\)-n-\(\gamma\) Tb\(^{159}\)-n-\(\gamma\); Gd\(^{160}\)-d-2n U-n-\(\Phi\) Gd\(^{(161)}\) (218 s) \(\beta^{-}\) [B10]; Gd\(^{(160)}\)-d-n
66	Dy\(^{156}\) Dy\(^{158}\) Dy\(^{160}\) Dy\(^{161}\) Dy\(^{162}\) Dy\(^{163}\) Dy\(^{164}\)	Dy\(^{(157,159)}\) Dy\(^{165}\) \(^{\circ}\)Dy\(^{165}\) Dy\(^{166}\) Dy? (Dy)	0.0524± ±0.0005 0.0902± ±0.009 2.294±0.011 18.88±0.09 25.53±0.13 24.97±0.12 28.18±0.14	140±10 d [C16] 140±1.5 min 138 min [C16] 1.25 min 81 h [C16] \(\approx 20\) min [T13] 2.2 min	\(K\) \(\beta^{-}, \gamma\) \(K\) (99%), \(\gamma\) \(\beta^{-}\) (1%) \(\beta^{-}\) \(\alpha, K\) [T13] \(\beta^{+}\)			Dy\(^{(156,158)}\)-n-\(\gamma\) [T13] Dy\(^{164}\)-n-\(\gamma\); Ho\(^{165}\)-n-p Dy\(^{164}\)-n-\(\gamma\) Dy\(^{165}\)-n-\(\gamma\) [C16] Dy-d [T13] (Dy-n-?)
66	Dy\(^{156}\) Dy\(^{158}\) Dy\(^{160}\) Dy\(^{161}\) Dy\(^{162}\) Dy\(^{163}\) Dy\(^{164}\)	Dy\(^{(157,159)}\) Dy\(^{165}\) \(^{\circ}\)Dy\(^{165}\) Dy\(^{166}\) Dy? (Dy)	0.0524± ±0.0005 0.0902± ±0.009 2.294±0.011 18.88±0.09 25.53±0.13 24.97±0.12 28.18±0.14	140±10 d [C16] 140±1.5 min 138 min [C16] 1.25 min 81 h [C16] \(\approx 20\) min [T13] 2.2 min	\(K\) \(\beta^{-}, \gamma\) \(K\) (99%), \(\gamma\) \(\beta^{-}\) (1%) \(\beta^{-}\) \(\alpha, K\) [T13] \(\beta^{+}\)	0.42, 0.88, 1.25 0.4 [C16] 4.1 (\(\alpha\))	0.091, 0.37, 0.83, 1.0 \((25\%)\) 0.1090 [C7], (0.093), (0.130)	Dy\(^{(156,158)}\)-n-\(\gamma\) [T13] Dy\(^{164}\)-n-\(\gamma\); Ho\(^{165}\)-n-p Dy\(^{164}\)-n-\(\gamma\) Dy\(^{165}\)-n-\(\gamma\) [C16] Dy-d [T13] (Dy-n-?)

Atomic number	Stable nucleus	Radioactive nucleus	Abundance, %	Half-life	Type of transformation	Energy of β⁻, β⁺ and α rays, MeV	Energy of γ rays, MeV	Nuclear reactions
67	Ho^165	Ho^(160)	100	≈20 m	(K)			Tb^159-α-(3) n
67	Ho^165	Ho^(161)	100	60 d	(K), γ		0.16, 0.6	Tb^159-α-(2) n; Dy^161-d-(2) n; Dy^161-p-n
67	Ho^165	Ho^(162)	100	4.5 h	β^+, K, γ	2.0	0.3, 1.1	Tb^159-α-n; Dy^162-p-n
67	Ho^165	Ho^(163)	100	7 d	K, γ		0.4	Dy^163-p-n
67	Ho^165	Ho^164	100	38.6 m	β^−	0.7		Dy^164-p-n; Ho^165-n-2n; Ho^165-γ-n
67	Ho^165	Ho^166	100	27.3* h	β^−, γ	1.64 [C15]	0.081 [C15], 1.0* [G3]	Ho^165-n-γ [C15]; Dy^165 (n, γ) Dy^166 (81 h) β^− [C16]
68	Er^162	(Er^165)	0.1	1.1 m	β^+			(Er^166-n-2n)
68	Er^164	(Er^165)	1,5	1.1 m	β^+			(Er^166-n-2n)
68	Er^166	(Er^165)	32.9	1.1 m	β^+			(Er^166-n-2n)
68	Er^167	(Er^165)	24.4	1.1 m	β^+			(Er^166-n-2n)
68	Er^168	Er^(169)	26.9	9.4±0.2 d	β^−	0.33	0.0921, 0.1093, 0.1377, 0.1383, 0.1613, 0.1770, 0.1977 [C4]	Er^(168)-n-γ
68	Er^170	Er^(169)	14,2	9.4±0.2 d	β^−	0.33	0.0921, 0.1093, 0.1377, 0.1383, 0.1613, 0.1770, 0.1977 [C4]	Er^(168)-n-γ

Table. Atomic nuclei

		Er\(^{(171)}\)		\(7.5 \pm 0.2\) h	\(\beta^-, \gamma\)	0.67 (22%), 1.05 (72%), 1.49 (6%)	0.113 (71%), 0.31 (71%), 0.81 (22%), 0.1135, 0.1200, 0.1303, 0.1311, 0.1535 [C4]	Er\(^{170}\)-n-\(\gamma\)
		(Er\(^{169,\,1/I}\)) (Er\(^{171}\)) \(\circ\)Er		6 min 20 h 2.5 s [D12]	— \(\beta^-, \gamma\) \(I, \gamma\)	0.85	0.180 [D12]	Er-n- (Er-n-\(\gamma\)) [C4] Er-n [D12]
69	Tm\(^{169}\)	Tm\(^{166}\)	100	\(7.7 \pm 0.1\) h [W10]	\(\beta^+, K, \gamma\)	2.1	1.5, 0.24, 1	Ho\(^{165}\)-\(\alpha\)-3 n; Er\(^{166}\)-p-n [W10]
69	Tm\(^{169}\)	Tm\(^{167}\)	100	\(9.6 \pm 0.1\) d [W10]	\(K, \gamma\)		0.22, 0.95	Ta\(^{181}\)-d-5p, 11 n; Ho\(^{165}\)-\(\alpha\)-2 n; Er\(^{167}\)-p-n [W10]
69	Tm\(^{169}\)	Tm\(^{168}\)	100	\(85 \pm 2\) d [W10]	\((K)\)		0.16, 0.5	Ho\(^{165}\)-\(\alpha\)-n [W10]; Er\(^{168}\)-p-n [W10]; Tm\(^{169}\)-n-2 n [W10]
69	Tm\(^{169}\)	\(\circ\)Tm\(^{(169)}\)	100	1 μs	\(I, \gamma, e^-\)		0.12	Yb\(^{169}\) (33 d) \(K\)
69	Tm\(^{169}\)	Tm\(^{170}\)	100	\(127 \pm 5\) d	\(\beta^-, \gamma\)	0.975*, 0.886 (10%) [F9, S18, C15, G4]	0.0843 [C15], 0.0855 [S18], 0.2, 0.44 [G4], 0.83	Tm\(^{169}\)-n-\(\gamma\); Tm\(^{169}\)-d-p
69	Tm\(^{169}\)	\(\circ\)Tm\(^{(171)}\)	100	2.5 μs	\(I, \gamma, e^-\)		0.113	Er\(^{171}\) (7.5 h) \(\beta^-\) (70%)
69	Tm\(^{169}\)	Tm\(^{(171)}\)	100	\(500 \pm 100\) d	\(\beta^-\)	0.100		Er\(^{171}\) (7.5 h) \(\beta^-\) (30%), \(\circ\)Tm\(^{171}\) (2.51 μs) \(I\) ?
70	Yb\(^{168}\)		\(0.140 \pm 0.002\)

Atomic number	Stable nucleus	Radioactive nucleus	Abundance, %	Half-life	Type of transformation	Energy of \(\beta^-\), \(\beta^+\), and \(\alpha\)-rays, MeV	Energy of \(\gamma\)-rays, MeV	Nuclear reactions
		\(\mathrm{Yb}^{(169)}\)		\(33\pm1.5\) d	\(K,\ \gamma\)		\(0.2,\ 0.4,\ (0.0969),\ 0.1370, 0.1384,\ 0.1478, 0.1623,\ 0.2583\) [C4]	\(\mathrm{Yb}^{168}\)-n-\(\gamma\); \(\mathrm{Tm}^{169}\)-d-2n
	\(\mathrm{Yb}^{170}\) \(\mathrm{Yb}^{171}\) \(\mathrm{Yb}^{172}\) \(\mathrm{Yb}^{173}\) \(\mathrm{Yb}^{174}\)		\(3.034\pm0.030\) \(14.34\pm0.14\) \(21.88\pm0.22\) \(16.18\pm0.16\) \(31.77\pm0.32\)
		\(\mathrm{Yb}^{175}\)		\(99\pm3\) h	\(\beta^{-},\ \gamma\)	\(0.48^{*}\)	\((0.0842),\ (0.0859),\ (0.1103),\ (0.2069)\) [C4]; \(0.35\)	\(\mathrm{Yb}^{174}\)-n-\(\gamma\)
	\(\mathrm{Yb}^{176}\)	\(\mathrm{Yb}^{177}\)	\(12.65\pm0.13\)	\(1.8\pm0.1\) h [M34]	\(\beta^{-},\ \gamma\)	\(1.22^{*}\)		\(\mathrm{Yb}^{176}\)-n-\(\gamma\)
		\({}^{\circ}\mathrm{Yb}\)		6 s, 5 s [D12]	\(I\)			\(\mathrm{Yb}\)-n-\(\gamma\) [D12]
71		\(\mathrm{Lu}^{(170)}\)		\(2.15\) d	\(\beta^{+},\ K,\ \gamma\)	\(1.7\)	\(0.1,\ 1.5\)	\(\mathrm{Tm}^{169}\)-\(\alpha\)-(3)n; \(\mathrm{Yb}^{168}\)-d-(2)n; \(\mathrm{Ta}^{181}\)-d-3p, (10)n
		\(\mathrm{Lu}^{(171)}\)		\(9\) d	\((K),\ \gamma\)		\(0.17,\ 0.7\)	\(\mathrm{Tm}^{169}\)-\(\alpha\)-(2)n; \(\mathrm{Ta}^{181}\)-d-3p, (9)n; \(\mathrm{Yb}^{169}\)-d-(2)n

Table of Atomic Nuclei

Z	Element	Nuclide	Abundance	Half-life	Radiation	Energy	γ-rays	Production / reactions
	Lu\(^{175}\)	Lu\(^{(172)}\) Lu\(^{176}\) \(\circ\)Lu\(^{176}\) Lu\(^{177}\) \(\circ\)Lu\(^{177}\)	97.45 2.55	\(>100\) y \(2.4\times10^{10}\) y \(3.67\pm0.03\) h \(6.6\pm0.05\) d; \(6.93\pm0.1\) d [D10] \(1.3\times10^{-7}\) s	\(K?\), γ β\(^{-}\) (33%), \(K\) (67%), γ β\(^{-}\), \(K\) β\(^{-}\), γ \(I\)	0.215; (0.4) 1.2 0.169 (18%), 0.366 (17%), 0.495 (65%) [D10]	0.11, 0.22 0.260; (0.52) no γ 0.1131, 0.2086 [C15]	Tm\(^{168}\)-α-(1)n; Yb\(^{172}\)-d-(2)n Lu\(^{175}\)-d-p; Lu\(^{175}\)-n-γ; Lu\(^{176}\)-x Lu\(^{176}\)-n-γ; Lu\(^{176}\)-d-p; Hf\(^{179}\)-d-α Yb\(^{177}\) (1.8 h)β [M34]
72	Hf\(^{174}\)	(Hf) Hf\(^{175}\) Hf\(^{176}\) Hf\(^{177}\) Hf\(^{178}\) Hf\(^{179}\) Hf\(^{180}\) \(\circ\)Hf Hf\(^{181}\) \(\circ\)Hf\(^{181}\)	0.18 5.30 18.47 27.10 13.84 35.11	10 min \(70\pm2\) d [W3] \(19\pm0.5\) s \(46\pm3\) d 5.7 h [B39]	\(K\), γ \(I\) β\(^{-}\), γ		0.3, 1.5 [W3] 0.190 0.087, 0.131 (120%), 0.343 (20%), 0.477* (80%) [C1, I7] [L20]	Hf-n-γ Lu\(^{175}\)-p-n [W3]; Lu\(^{175}\)-d-2n [W3] (Hf-n-γ) Hf\(^{180}\)-n-γ; Ta\(^{181}\)-n-p Hf\(^{180}\)-n-γ [B39]
73		Ta\(^{(176)}\) Ta\(^{(177)}\) Ta\(^{(178)}\)		8.0 h 2.66 d 16 d	\(K\), γ \(K\), γ \(K\), γ		0.12, 0.18, 1.2 0.1 1.1	Ta\(^{181}\)-d-p,(6)n; Lu\(^{(175)}\)-α-(3)n Lu\(^{(175)}\)-α-(2)n; Ta\(^{181}\)-d-p, (5)n, Hf\(^{(177)}\)-d-(2)n Lu\(^{175}\)-α-(n); Hf\(^{(178)}\)-d-(2)n

Atomic number	Stable nucleus	Radioactive nucleus	Abundance in %	Half-life	Type of transformation	Energy of $\beta^-$, $\beta^+$ and $\alpha$ rays in MeV	Energy of $\gamma$-rays in MeV	Nuclear reactions
	$\mathrm{Ta}^{181}$	$\mathrm{Ta}^{180}$	100	8.2 h	$K,\gamma,(\beta^-)$		0.48	$\mathrm{Ta}^{181}$-n-2n; $\mathrm{Ta}^{181}$-$\gamma$-n [M6] $\mathrm{Ta}^{181}$-p-p, n [B28]
	$\mathrm{Ta}^{181}$	${}^{\circ}\mathrm{Ta}^{181}$	100	$20.1 \pm 0.7$ μs	$I,\gamma$		0.133 [C1, J7, L20] from 0.0462 to 1.23 (31 lines) [C6, G14]	$\mathrm{Hf}^{181}$ (46 d) $\beta^-$
	$\mathrm{Ta}^{181}$	$\mathrm{Ta}^{182}$	100	$117 \pm 3$ d	$\beta^-,\gamma$	0.52* [B33]	0.133 [C1, J7, L20] from 0.0462 to 1.23 (31 lines) [C6, G14]	$\mathrm{Ta}^{181}$-n-$\gamma$; $\mathrm{Ta}^{181}$-d-p
	$\mathrm{Ta}^{181}$	${}^{\circ}\mathrm{Ta}^{182}$	100	$16.2 \pm 0.5$ m	$\beta^-,\gamma$	0.2		$\mathrm{Ta}^{181}$-n-$\gamma$
	$\mathrm{Ta}^{181}$	$({}^{\circ}\mathrm{Ta}^{182})$	100	0.40 s	$I?\,\gamma$			$\mathrm{Ta}^{181}$-n-$\gamma$
74	$\mathrm{W}^{180}$	$\mathrm{W}^{(178,179)}$	$0.126 \pm 0.006$	135 m	$K,\gamma$		0.15, 0.5, 1.2	$\mathrm{Ta}^{181}$-d-(4,5)n
74	$\mathrm{W}^{180}$	$\mathrm{W}^{181}$	$0.126 \pm 0.006$	$140 \pm 2$ d	$K,\gamma$		$\approx 0.14$, (1.83)	$\mathrm{Ta}^{181}$-d-2n; $\mathrm{Ta}^{181}$-p-n [B28]
74	$\mathrm{W}^{182}$		$26.31 \pm 0.03$
74	$\mathrm{W}^{183}$		$14.28 \pm 0.01$
74	$\mathrm{W}^{184}$		$30.64 \pm 0.03$
74	$\mathrm{W}^{184}$	$\mathrm{W}^{185}$	$30.64 \pm 0.03$	$73.2 \pm 0.5$ d	$\beta^-$	0.430	no $\gamma$	$\mathrm{W}^{186}$-n-2n; $\mathrm{W}^{184}$-n-$\gamma$; $\mathrm{W}^{184}$-d-p; ($\mathrm{Re}^{187}$-d-$\alpha$)
74	$\mathrm{W}^{186}$		$28.64 \pm 0.01$

Z	Element	Nuclide	Natural abundance	Half-life	Radiation	Energy	Energy	Production and reactions
		$W^{187}$		$24.1 \pm 0.1$ h 25 h [C9]	$\beta^-, \gamma$	0.63 (70%); 1.33 (30%)	0.082*, 0.101, 0.138*, 0.21, 0.48, 0.62, 0.69 [B3] $\simeq 0.080$	$W^{187}$-d-p; $W^{187}$-n-$\gamma$ [B3, C9]; U-$\alpha$-[20p, 35n]
		$\circ W$		5.5 s	$I, e^-$			W-n-$\gamma$
75	$Re^{185}$	$Re^{(182)}$		64 h	$K, \gamma$		0.22, 1.5 (0.34, 0.6)	$Ta^{181}$-$\alpha$-(3)n; $W^{(182)}$-p-n
75	$Re^{185}$	$Re^{(183,184)}$		$\simeq 80$ d	$K, \gamma$		0.1, 1.0	$W^{(183,184)}$-p-n; $Ta^{181}$-$\alpha$-(1,2)n
75	$Re^{185}$	$Re^{(183,184)}$		13 h	$K?$		1.6	$W^{(183,184)}$-p-n; $Ta^{181}$-$\alpha$-(1,2)n
75	$Re^{185}$	$Re^{184}$	37.07 $\pm$ 0.06	50 d	$\beta^-, K, \gamma$	0.24*	0.17*, 1.0*	$W^{183}$-d-n; $Re^{185}$-n-2n; $W^{184}$-p-n
75	$Re^{185}$	$Re^{186}$		$92.8 \pm 0.1$ h	$\beta^-, \gamma$ ($\beta^+ < 0.1\%$)	1.068 (100%) [L9], 1.07 (100%) [B24], 1.095 [G4] 0.043	0.138, 0.214 [B24], (0.275) [G4]	$W^{186}$-p-n; $W^{186}$-d-2n, $Re^{185}$-n-$\gamma$; $Re^{187}$-n-2n; $Re^{185}$-d-p; $Re^{187}$-$\gamma$-n
75	$Re^{185}$	$Re^{187}$ $\circ Re^{187}$	62.93 $\pm$ 0.06	$5.8 \times 10^{12}$ y $0.55 \pm 0.05$ μs [M16]	$\beta^-$ $I, \gamma, e^-$			$W^{187}$ (24.1 h) $\beta^-$
75	$Re^{185}$	$Re^{188}$		$18.9 \pm 0.2$ h	$\beta^-, \gamma$	2.10 [B33]	0.12; 0.16 (4), 0.48 (1), 0.64 (2), 0.94 (2), 1.41 (1)	$Re^{187}$-n-$\gamma$; $Re^{187}$-d-p; U-$\alpha$
76	$Os^{184}$ $Os^{186}$	$Os^{185}$	0.018 1.582	$94.7 \pm 2.0$ d	$K, \gamma$	no $\beta^+$	0.75	$Os^{184}$-n-$\gamma$; $Re^{185}$-d-2n

Atomic number	Stable nucleus	Radioactive nucleus	Abundance, %	Half-life	Type of transformation	Energy of $\beta^-$, $\beta^+$ and $\alpha$ rays, MeV	Energy of $\gamma$ rays, MeV	Nuclear reactions
	$\mathrm{Os}^{187}$		1.64
	$\mathrm{Os}^{188}$		13.27
	$\mathrm{Os}^{189}$		16.14
	$\mathrm{Os}^{190}$		26.38
		$\mathrm{Os}^{(191)}$		$16.1 \pm 0.2$ d	$\beta^-,\ \gamma$	0.142, (0.35), (0.64)	0.039, 0.1291 (100%)	Os-n-$\gamma$; U-$\alpha$ [W2]
	$\mathrm{Os}^{192}$		40.97
		$\mathrm{Os}^{193}$		$31.8 \pm 0.2$ h	$\beta^-,\ \gamma$	1.0	0.22, 1.17, 1.58	$\mathrm{Os}^{192}$-n-$\gamma$; $\mathrm{Os}^{192}$-d-p; $\mathrm{Ir}^{193}$-d-2p. U-$\alpha$ [W2]
77	$\mathrm{Ir}^{191}$	$\mathrm{Ir}^{(190)}$	38.5	$10.7 \pm 0.3$ d	$(K),\ \gamma$		0.091; 0.25	$\mathrm{Os}^{189}$-d-n; $\mathrm{Ir}^{191}$-n-2n; $\mathrm{Ir}^{191}$-$\gamma$-n
77	$\mathrm{Ir}^{191}$	${}^{\circ}\mathrm{Ir}^{192}$	38.5	$1.42 \pm 0.1$ m	$I,\ \gamma$		0.056; 0.0574; [C7]	$\mathrm{Ir}^{191}$-n-$\gamma$
77	$\mathrm{Ir}^{191}$	$\mathrm{Ir}^{192}$	38.5	$75 \pm 3$ d	$\beta^-,\ \gamma$	0.63*	0.137, 0.208, (0.269), 0.295, 0.307, 0.316,	$\mathrm{Ir}^{191}$-n-$\gamma$; $\mathrm{Ir}^{193}$-n-2n; $\mathrm{Ir}^{193}$-$\gamma$-n; $\mathrm{Ir}^{191}$-d-p; $\mathrm{Pt}^{194}$-d-$\alpha$; $\mathrm{Os}^{192}$-d-2n; U-$\alpha$ [W2] ${}^{\circ}\mathrm{Ir}$ (1.42 m) $I$

Table of Atomic Nuclei

		Ir\(^{193}\)	Ir\(^{194}\)	61.5	19 h	\(\beta^{-}, \gamma\)	2.2	(0.401), (0.408), (0.454), 0.467, 0.483, 0.589, (0.601), 0.609, (0.615), (0.651) 0.19, 0.40, 0.6, 1.5	Ir\(^{193}\)-d-p; Pt\(^{196}\)-d-\(\alpha\); Ir\(^{193}\)-n-\(\gamma\); Au\(^{197}\)-d-\(\alpha\), p
78	Pt\(^{190}\)	Pt\(^{191}\)	0.006 [D6], 0.012 [L13]		3.00±0.02 days	\(K, \gamma, e^{-}\)		0.57, 1.5, (1.8)	Ir\(^{191}\)-d-2n; Pt\(^{192}\)-n-2n; Au\(^{191}\) (≃1 day) \(K?\)
78	Pt\(^{192}\)	Pt\(^{(19?)}\)	0.78		4.33±0.03 days [W6]	\(K, \gamma, e^{-}\)		0.11, 0.18, 1.5 [W6]	Pt\(^{19?}\)-n-\(\gamma\), Ir\(^{193}\)-d-2n [W6]; Pt\(^{193}\)-d-p [W6]; Pt\(^{194}\)-n-2n [W6], Ir\(^{(191)}\)-\(\alpha\)-p, n [W6]; Hg\(^{196}\)-n-\(\alpha\) Au\(^{(193)}\) (15.8 h) \(K\) [W6]
78	Pt\(^{194}\) Pt\(^{195}\) Pt\(^{196}\)	\(\supset\)Pt\(^{(195,196)}\)	32.8 33.7 25.4		87±5 min	\(I, \gamma\)		0.337	Pt\(^{(194,195)}\)-d-p; Hg\(^{(198,199)}\)-n-\(\alpha\); Pt\(^{196}\)-\(\gamma\)-?; (Pt-n-?)
78	Pt\(^{194}\) Pt\(^{195}\) Pt\(^{196}\)	Pt\(^{(197)}\)	32.8 33.7 25.4		18±1 h	\(\beta^{-}, \gamma\)	0.7*		Pt\(^{196}\)-n-\(\gamma\); Pt\(^{196}\)-d-p; Hg\(^{200}\)-n-\(\alpha\); Pt\(^{198}\)-n-2n; Pt\(^{198}\)-\(\gamma\)-p; U-\(\alpha\) [W2]
78	Pt\(^{194}\) Pt\(^{195}\) Pt\(^{196}\)	Pt\(^{(197)}\)	32.8 33.7 25.4		3.1 days	\(\beta^{-}, \gamma\)	0.126		Pt\(^{196}\)-d-p; Pt\(^{196}\)-n-\(\gamma\); Hg\(^{(200)}\)-n-\(\alpha\)

Atomic number	Stable nucleus	Radioactive nucleus	Abundance in %	Half-life period	Type of transformation	Energy of $\beta^-$, $\beta^+$ and $\alpha$ rays in MeV	Energy of $\gamma$-rays in MeV	Nuclear reactions
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
	$\mathrm{Pt}^{198}$	$\mathrm{Pt}^{199}$	7.23	$32\pm1$ min	$\beta^-$	1.8		$\mathrm{Pt}^{198}$-$n$-$\gamma$; $\mathrm{Pt}^{198}$-$d$-$p$; $\mathrm{Hg}^{202}$-$n$-$\alpha$
79		$(\mathrm{Au}<190)$		4.3 min	$\alpha\ (10^{-2}\%)$, $\beta^+$, $K$ ($\simeq100\%$) [T13]	5.2 ($\alpha$)		$\mathrm{Au}^{197}$-$d$
79		$\mathrm{Au}^{(191)}$		$\simeq1$ d [W6]	$K$			$\mathrm{Ir}^{191}$-$\alpha$-(4)$n$; $\mathrm{Pt}^{193}$-$d$-(3)$n$
79		$\mathrm{Au}^{(192)}$		$4.0\pm0.2$ h [W6]	$K$, $\beta^+$ ($\simeq1\%$)	1.9 [W6]	0.4; 1.5 2.5* [W6]	$\mathrm{Ir}^{191}$-$\alpha$-(3)$n$; $\mathrm{Pt}^{192}$-$d$-2$n$
79		$\mathrm{Au}^{(193)}$		$15.8\pm0.3$ h	$K$		$<0.2$	$\mathrm{Ir}^{191}$-$\alpha$-2$n$; $\mathrm{Pt}^{194}$-$d$-(3)$n$
79		$\mathrm{Au}^{(194)}$		$39.5\pm0.5$ h	$\beta^+$ (3%), $K$ [W6], $\gamma$	1.8 [W6]	0.291 (70%), 0.328 (70%), 0.466, 1.48 (70%), 2.1 (30%) [S13]	$\mathrm{Ir}^{193}$-$\alpha$-(3)$n$; $\mathrm{Pt}^{(194,195)}$-$d$-(2,3)$n$; $\mathrm{Pt}^{194}$-$p$-$n$ [S13]
79		$\mathrm{Au}^{195}$		$185\pm8$ d	$K$, $\gamma$	no $\beta^+$	0.096 (90%), 0.129 (10%), [S13], (1.6)	$\mathrm{Ir}^{193}$-$\alpha$-2$n$; $\mathrm{Pt}$-$d$; $\mathrm{Pt}^{195}$-$p$-$n$ [S13]

			Au^196 Au^196		14.0±0.3 h 5.60±0.05 d [S13]	K, γ, β^− (20%) [W6], β^− (4.5%) [S13]	0.3 [S13, W6]	0.175 (4.5%), 0.330 (36%), 0.358 (95%), [S13]	Pt^196-p-n; Au^197-n-2n [W6] Pt^196-p-n [S13]; Au^197-γ-n; Au^197-n-2n; Pt^195-d-n
	Au^197	°Au^197		100	7.5±0.5 s	I, e^−		0.273, (0.077), (0.38)	Au^197-x; Au^197-n-n; Hg^197 (25 h) K (4%)
			Au^198		2.69±0.02 d [S9]	β^−, γ, (β^+<0.1%)	0.601 (15%), 0.966 (85%) [L4] 0.975 [S13], 0.970 [S27], 0.96 [S9], 0.955 [D4], 0.956 [L9]	0.4112 [D21], (0.070), (0.157), (0.208), (0.268) [S5, S13, S27]	Au^197-n-γ; Au^198-d-p; Pt^198-p-n [S13]; Hg^198-n-p; Pt^198-d-2n; U-x
			Au^199		3.3 d	β^−, γ	0.32 [M2 1,333]	0.024, 0.051, 0.156, 0.207 [B33, M21]	Hg^199-n-p; Pt^198-d-n; U-α Pt^199(32 m) β^− [M21];
			Au^(200,202)		48±1 min	β^−	2.5		Hg^(200,202)-n-p; Tl^(203,205)-n-α
80	Hg^196	(Hg^<195)		0.155	0.7 min	α (≈10^−2%), K	5.7 (α)		Au^197-d
		Hg^197			64 h	K, γ, e^−		0.077 (100%)	Au^197-d-2n; Au^197-p-n; Hg^198-n-2n; Hg^196-n-γ

Atomic number	Stable nucleus	Radioactive nucleus	Abundance in %	Half-life	Type of transformation	Energy of β⁻, β⁺ and α rays in MeV	Energy of γ rays in MeV	Nuclear reactions
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
		$\mathrm{Hg}^{197}$		$25 \pm 1$ h	$K,\ \gamma$ $\left\{\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{Au}^{197}\to(96\%)\\ {}^{\circ}\mathrm{Au}^{197}\to4\%\end{array}\right.$		0.135, 0.165	$\mathrm{Hg}^{196}$-n-$\gamma$; $\mathrm{Pt}^{194}$-$\alpha$-n; $\mathrm{Hg}^{198}$-n-2n; $\mathrm{Au}^{197}$-p-n; $\mathrm{Au}^{197}$-d-2n; $\mathrm{Hg}^{196}$-d-p
	$\mathrm{Hg}^{198}$	${}^{\circ}\mathrm{Hg}^{198}$	10.12	$(2.5\cdot10^{-7}\ \mathrm{s})$; $<2\cdot10^{-7}\ \mathrm{s}$ [M 16]; $(2.3\cdot10^{-8}\ \mathrm{s})$ [M 20]; $<3\cdot10^{-9}\ \mathrm{s}$ [B 32]	$I,\ \gamma,\ e^{-}$		0.4112	$\mathrm{Au}^{198}$ (2.69 d) $\beta^{-}$
	$\mathrm{Hg}^{199}$	${}^{\circ}\mathrm{Hg}^{199}$	17.01	$44.4 \pm 0.5$ min	$I:e^{-}\ (100\%)$		0.155, 0.368 [H 25]	$\mathrm{Hg}^{198}$-d-p; $\mathrm{Hg}^{200}$-n-2 n [M 16]; $\mathrm{Pt}^{196}$-$\alpha$-n; $\mathrm{Hg}^{199}$-n-n [M 16]; $\mathrm{Hg}^{199}$-x
	$\mathrm{Hg}^{200}$		23.21
	$\mathrm{Hg}^{201}$		13.15
	$\mathrm{Hg}^{202}$		29.66
	$\mathrm{Hg}^{204}$	$\mathrm{Hg}^{(203)}$	6.69	$43.5 \pm 0.5$ d	$\beta^{-},\ \gamma,\ e^{-}$	0.208 [S4]	0.272 [S4,531]	Tl-n-p; Hg-d-p; Hg-n-$\gamma$
		$\mathrm{Hg}^{205}$		$5.5 \pm 0.2$ min	$\beta^{-}$	1.62		$\mathrm{Pb}^{208}$-n-$\alpha$; $\mathrm{Tl}^{205}$-n-p; $\mathrm{Hg}^{204}$-d-p; $\mathrm{Hg}^{204}$-n-$\gamma$

81		$\mathrm{Tl}^{198}$		1.8 h	$K$, $\gamma$, $e^-$		0.4, 1.3	$\mathrm{Au}^{197}$-$\alpha$-3$n$ [O 3]
81		$\mathrm{Tl}^{199}$		7.5 h	$K$, $\gamma$, $e^-$		1.5, 0.5	$\mathrm{Au}^{197}$-$\alpha$-2$n$ [O 3]; $\mathrm{Bi}^{199}$ (27 min) $K$ ... $\mathrm{Pb}^{199}$ (1–2 h) $K$
81		$\mathrm{Tl}^{200}$		27 h	$K$, $\gamma$, $e^-$		0.4	$\mathrm{Au}^{197}$-$\alpha$-$n$ [O 3]; $\mathrm{Bi}^{200}$ (62 min) $K$ ... $\mathrm{Pb}^{200}$ (18 h) $K$
81		$\mathrm{Tl}^{201}$		75 h	$K$			$\mathrm{Pb}^{201}$ (8 h) $K$
81		$\mathrm{Tl}^{202}$		13 d	$K$, $\gamma$, $e^-$		0.40	$\mathrm{Hg}^{202}$-$d$-2$n$; $\mathrm{Tl}^{203}$-$n$-2$n$
81	$\mathrm{Tl}^{203}$	$\mathrm{Tl}^{204}$	29.45±0.05	2.7 yr	$\beta^-$	0.783 [S 23]	no $\gamma$	$\mathrm{Tl}^{203}$-$d$-$p$; $\mathrm{Tl}^{203}$-$n$-$\gamma$; $\mathrm{Tl}^{205}$-$\gamma$-$n$
81	$\mathrm{Tl}^{205}$	$\mathrm{Tl}^{206}$	70.54±0.05	4.23±0.03 min	$\beta^-$	1.7*	no $\gamma$	$\mathrm{Tl}^{205}$-$n$-$\gamma$; $\mathrm{Tl}^{205}$-$d$-$p$; $\mathrm{Pb}^{207}$-$\gamma$-$p$; $\mathrm{Bi}^{210}$ (5 d) $\alpha'$
81	$\mathrm{Tl}^{205}$	$\mathrm{Tl}^{207}$ (“AcC″”)	70.54±0.05	4.77±0.05 min	$\beta^-$, $\gamma$	1.47		$\mathrm{Pb}^{207}$-$n$-$p$; $\mathrm{Pa}^{227}$ (38 min) ... $\mathrm{Bi}^{211}$ (2.16 min) $\alpha$ [M 3]; $\mathrm{U}^{235}$ ($\alpha$) ... $\mathrm{Bi}^{211}$ (2.16 min) $\alpha$
81	$\mathrm{Tl}^{205}$	$\mathrm{Tl}^{208}$ (“ThC″”)	70.54±0.05	3.1 min	$\beta^-$, $\gamma$ [B 37]	1.792, 1.82 [M 3]	0.0405, 0.2109; 0.2518, 0.2766 (10.6), 0.3012, 0.3227; 0.3300, 0.5110 (5.6), 0.5823 (5), 0.8118, 1.35 (0.036), 1.50 (0.037), 1.60 (0.1), 1.80 (0.06), 2.20 (0.05), 2.62 (1), (3.24) (0.09)	$\mathrm{Pa}^{228}$ (22 h) $\alpha$, ... ... $\mathrm{Bi}^{212}$ (60.5 min) $\alpha$ [M 3]; $\mathrm{Th}^{232}$ ($\alpha$) ... $\mathrm{Bi}^{212}$ (60.5 min) $\alpha$

Atomic number	Stable nucleus	Radioactive nucleus	Abundance in %	Half-life	Type of transformation	Energy of β⁻; β⁺ and α-rays in MeV	Energy of γ-rays in MeV	Nuclear reactions
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
		Tl²⁰⁹ Tl²¹⁰ {RaC″}		2.2 min 1.32 min	β⁻ β⁻	1.8 1.8		Bi²¹³ (47 min) α U²³⁸ (α)... Bi²¹⁴ (19.7 min) α
82	(Pb²⁰²)	Pb^(199) Pb^(200) Pb^(201) Pb^(203) ⊙Pb²⁰⁴ Pb²⁰⁹ Pb²¹⁰ {RaD}		1–2 h 18 h 8 h 52±1 h 68 min 3.32±0.03 h 22.1±0.4 y	K K K, γ (I), (K), γ I, γ, e⁻ β⁻ β⁻, γ		0.27, 0.47 0.90, 1.1 no γ (0.0073) (∼10),	Bi^(199) (27 min) K Bi^(200) (62 min) K Tl^(203)-d-(4) n Po²⁰⁶ (9 d) α Tl²⁰³-d-2 n; Pb²⁰⁴-n-2n; Pb²⁰⁴-γ-n; Tl²⁰³-p-n Tl²⁰³-d-n; Tl²⁰⁵-d-3n; Pb²⁰⁴-x; Pb²⁰⁴-n-n; Bi²⁰⁴ (12 h) K Pb²⁰⁸-n-γ; Pb²⁰⁸-d-p; Bi²⁰⁹-n-p; U²²⁹ (57 min) α,... ...Po²¹³ (4 μs) α [M 3] U²³⁸ α,... Po²¹⁴ (1.5×10⁻⁴ s) α;
82	Pb²⁰⁴		1.37±0.02
82	Pb²⁰⁶		25.15±0.04
82	Pb²⁰⁷		21.11±0.04
82	Pb²⁰⁸		52.38±0.10

						0.0232 (1.0), 0.032 (0.4), 0.037 (0.2), 0.043 (0.2), 0.0467 (2.8), (0.065) (<0.2)	\( \mathrm{U}^{238}\ \alpha \ldots\ \mathrm{Tl}^{210}\) (1.32 min) \(\beta^{-}\)
		\(\mathrm{Pb}^{211}\) {Ac B}		36.1 min	\(\beta^{-},\ \gamma\)	0.5, 1.40 0.06524, 0.0829, 0.4040, 0.4258, 0.4871, 0.7640, 0.8296	\( \mathrm{U}^{235}\ \alpha \ldots\ \mathrm{Po}^{215}\) \((1.83 \times 10^{-3}\ \mathrm{s})\ \alpha\)
		\(\mathrm{Pb}^{212}\) {Th B}		10.6 h	\(\beta^{-},\ \gamma\)	0.355, 0.589 (weak) 0.1130, 0.1151 (16), 0.1354, 0.1641, 0.1765 (0.4), 0.2381 (165), 0.2505 (0.3), 0.3001 (6.0)	\( \mathrm{Th}^{232}\ \alpha \ldots\ \mathrm{Po}^{216}\) (0.158 s) \(\alpha\)
		\(\mathrm{Pb}^{214}\) {RaB}		26.8 min	\(\beta^{-},\ \gamma\)	0.65 0.0529, 0.0649, 0.0862, 0.0888, 0.0921, 0.104, 0.190, 0.2406 (11%), 0.2571, 0.2937 (26%), 0.3499 (45%), 0.471	\( \mathrm{U}^{238}\ \alpha \ldots\ \mathrm{Po}^{218}\) (3.05 min) \(\alpha\)

Atomic number	Stable nucleus	Radioactive nucleus	Abundance, %	Half-life	Type of transformation	Energy of β⁻, β⁺, and α-rays, MeV	Energy of γ-rays, MeV	Nuclear reactions
83	Bi\(^ {209}\)	Bi\(^ {197}\)	100	2 min	α	6.2		Pb-d
83	Bi\(^ {209}\)	Bi\(^ {198}\)	100	9 min	α	5.8		Pb-d
83	Bi\(^ {209}\)	Bi\(^ {199}\)	100	27 min	α	5.47		Pb-d
83	Bi\(^ {209}\)	Bi\(^ {200}\)	100	62 min	α	5.15		Pb-d
83	Bi\(^ {209}\)	Bi\(^ {204}\)	100	12 h	\(K\), γ, e⁻	no β⁺	0.2, 0.8	Pb\(^ {204}\)-d-2n; Tl\(^ {203}\)-α-3n
83	Bi\(^ {209}\)	Bi\(^ {206}\)	100	\(6.35 \pm 0.2\) d	\((K)\)γ,e⁻		0.4, 0.74, 1.1	Pb\(^ {207}\)-d-3n; Tl\(^ {205}\)-α-3n; Pb\(^ {206}\)-d-2n; Po\(^ {206}\) (9 d) \(K\)
83	Bi\(^ {209}\)	Bi\(^ {207}\)	100	(long)				Po\(^ {207}\) (5.7 h) \(K\); At\(^ {211}\) (7.5 h) α
83	Bi\(^ {209}\)	Bi\(^ {208}\)	100	(long)				Bi\(^ {209}\)-γ-n [M6]; Bi\(^ {209}\)-n-2n
83	Bi\(^ {209}\)	Bi\(^ {210}\) {RaE}	100	\(5.02 \pm 0.01\) d	α \((5 \times 10^{-5}\%)\), β⁻ \((\simeq 100\%)\)	4.77 (α) 1.16 (β⁻) [Z4]	no γ	Bi\(^ {209}\)-n-γ; Bi\(^ {209}\)-d-p; U\(^ {238}\) α... ...Pb\(^ {210}\) (22.1 y) β⁻; (Pb\(^ {208}\)-α-p, n); Pa\(^ {226}\) (1.7 min) α...
83	Bi\(^ {209}\)	Bi\(^ {211}\) {AcC}	100	2.16 min	α (99.68%), β⁻ (0.32%), γ	6.618 (100), 6.272 (19)(α)	0.350	...At\(^ {214}\) (\(10^{-6}\) s) α [M3] U\(^ {235}\) α... Pb\(^ {211}\) (36.1 min) β⁻; Pa\(^ {227}\) (38 min) α...
83	Bi\(^ {209}\)	Bi\(^ {212}\) {ThC}	100	\(60.47 \pm\) \(\pm 0.04\) min	α (33.7%), β⁻ (66.3%)	α:6.0930 (27), 6.0537 (68), 5.7709 (1.8), 5.6283 (0.16), 5.6095 (1.1), β⁻:2.24*	0.0398; 0.1243; 0.1446; 0.1624; 0.2878; 0.3271;	...At\(^ {215}\) (\(\simeq 10^{-4}\) s) α [M3] Pa\(^ {228}\) (22 h) α... ...At\(^ {216}\) (\(3 \times 10^{-4}\) s) α [M3];

Z	Nuclide	Half-life	Decay	α-particle energy	γ-radiation energy	Formation
					0.4316; 0.05417; 0.0000; 0.4708; 0.4908; 0.6157; 0.7195; 1.797	Th232 (α)... Pb212 (10.6 h) β−
	Bi213	47 min	α (≈4%), β− (≈96%)	α: 5.86 β: 1.25		At217 (0.021 s) α
	Bi214 {RaC}	19.72±0.04 min	α (0.04%), β− (99.96%), γ	α: 5.333 (7), 5.466 (16%), 5.517 (20) β−: 3.173 (23%), 1.650 (77%) [K 18]	0.0589, 0.275, 0.332, 0.389, 0.429, 0.503, 0.6067, (65.8%), 0.766 (6.5%), 0.933 (6.7%), 1.120 (19%), 1.238 (5%), 1.379 (8%), 1.414 (e−), 1.761 (22%), 1.820 (3%), 2.090 (25%), 2.200 (7.4%), 2.420 (3.7%)*	U238 α... Pb214 (26.8 min) β
84	Po203	40 min	α, K	5.56		Pb206-α-(7) n
84	Po205	4 h	α, K	5.35		Pb206-α-(5) n
84	Po206	9 d	α (10%), K (90%), γ	5.2	0.8	Pb204-α-2n
84	Po207	5.7±0.1 h	α (0.01%), K (≈100%), γ	5.1	1.3	Pb206-α-3n

*) For weaker RaC lines, see [L16], [E6].

Atomic number	Alpha-radioactive nucleus	Radioactive nucleus	Abundance in %	Half-life	Type of transformation	Energy of β−, β+ and α rays in MeV	Energy of γ rays in MeV	Nuclear reactions
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
	Po²⁰⁸			3.0±0.2 y	α	5.14	no γ	Pb²⁰⁶-α-2n; Pb²⁰⁷-α-3n; Bi²⁰⁹-d-3n; Bi²⁰⁹-p-2n
	(Po²⁰⁹)				(α)			(Bi²⁰⁹-d-2n) ?
	Po²¹⁰ {RaF}			138 d	α, γ	5.297	0.015 (4) weak, 0.084 (15) weak, 0.773 (15) weak	At²¹⁰ (8.3 h) K; Pa²²⁶ (1.7 min) α... ...Bi²¹⁰ (5 d) β−, U²³⁸ (α)... ...Ra²²⁶ (α)... Bi²¹⁰ (5 d) β−
	Po²¹¹ {AcC′}			5×10⁻³ s	α	7.434		Pb²⁰⁸-d-2n; Bi²⁰⁹>d-n At²¹¹ (7.5 h) K; Pa²²⁷ (38 min) α... ...Bi²¹¹ (2.16 min) β−; U²³⁵ α... ...Bi²¹¹ (2.16 min) β−
	Po²¹² {ThC′}			0.30± ±0.02 μs	α	8.776 (10⁶), 9.491 (34) 10.542 (190)		U²³⁸ (9.3 min) α... Em²¹⁶ (≈ ≈10⁻⁵ s) α; Pa²²⁸ (22 min) α... ...Bi²¹² (60.5 min) β−; Th²³² (α)... ...Bi²¹² (60.5 min) β−
	Po²¹³			4.2±0.8 μs	α	8.336		U²³⁹ (58 min) α... Em²¹⁷ (≈10⁻³ s) α; Bi²¹³ (47 min) β− Ra²²²
	Po²¹⁴ {RaC′}			155 ± 5 μs	α	7.680 (10⁶); 9.080 (30)		U²³⁸ (α)... Ra²²⁶ (α)... ...Bi²¹⁴ (19.72 min) β−
		Po²¹⁵ {AcA}		1830±40 μs	α (≈100%), β− (5× ×10⁻⁴%)	7.365		(α)... Em²¹⁸ (0.019 s) α U²³⁵ (α)... Em²¹⁹ (3.92 s) α

\(Z\)	Element	Isotope/name	Half-life	Radiation	Energy	Additional data	Source / production
		\(Po^{216}\)	\(0.158 \pm 0.008\) s	\(\alpha\) (100%), \(\beta^{-}\) (0.014%)	6.7744		\(Th^{232}\) \((\alpha)\)... \(Em^{220}\) (54.5 s) \(\alpha\)
		\(Po^{218}\)	\(3.05 \pm 0.01\) min	\(\alpha\) (99.96%), \(\beta^{-}\) (0.04%)	5.9981		\(U^{238}\) \((\alpha)\)... \(Em^{222}\) (3.823 d) \(\alpha\)
85	At	\(At^{(207)}\)	1.7 h	\(\alpha\)	5.76		\(Bi^{209}\)-\(\alpha\)-(6) n
85	At	\(At^{(208)}\)	4.5 h	\(\alpha\)	5.66		\(Bi^{209}\)-\(\alpha\)-(3) n
85	At	\(At^{210}\)	8.3 h	\(K,\ \gamma\)		1.0	\(Bi^{209}\)-\(\alpha\)-3 n
85	At	\(At^{211}\)	\(7.5 \pm 1\) h	\(\alpha\) (60%), \(K\) (40%)	5.89		\(Bi^{209}\)-\(\alpha\)-2 n; \(Th^{232}\)-\(\alpha\)-[7 p, 18 n]; \(U^{238}\)-\(\alpha\)-[9 p, (22) n]
85	At	\(At^{212}\)	0.25 s	\(\alpha\)			\(Bi^{209}\)-\(\alpha\)-n
85	At	\(At^{(214)}\)	\(\simeq 10^{-6}\) s	\(\alpha\)	8.78		\(Pa^{226}\) (1.7 min) \(\alpha\)... ... \(Fr^{218}\) (\(\simeq 10^{-2}\) s) \(\alpha\)
85	At	\(At^{215}\)	\(\simeq 10^{-4}\) s	\(\alpha\)	8.00		\(Po^{215}\) (\(1.83 \times 10^{-3}\) s) \(\beta^{-}\); \(Pa^{227}\) (38 min) \(\alpha\)... ... \(Fr^{219}\) (\(\simeq 10^{-4}\) s) \(\alpha\)
85	At	\(At^{216}\)	300 μs	\(\alpha\)	7.79		\(Pa^{228}\) (22 h) \(\alpha\)... \(Fr^{220}\) (27.5 s) \(\alpha\); \(Po^{216}\) (0.145 s) \(\beta^{-}\)
85	At	\(At^{217}\)	0.021 s	\(\alpha\)	7.023		\(Fr^{221}\) (4.8 min) \(\alpha\)
85	At	\(At^{(218)}\)	\(\simeq 2\) s	\(\alpha,\ \beta^{-}\) [W 5]	(6.72)		\(Po^{218}\) (3.05 min) \(\beta^{-}\) ?
86	Em		23 min and 21 h [G 13]	\(\alpha\)			\(Th^{232}\)-p [G 13]
86	Em	\(Em^{216}\)	\(\simeq 10^{-5}\) s	\(\alpha\)	8.07		\(U^{228}\) (9.3 min) \(\alpha\)... ... \(Ra^{220}\) (\(\simeq 10^{-2}\) s) \(\alpha\)
86	Em	\(Em^{217}\)	\(\simeq 10^{-3}\) s	\(\alpha\)	7.74		\(U^{229}\) (58 min) \(\alpha\)... \(Ra^{221}\) (31 s) \(\alpha\)
86	Em	\(Em^{218}\)	0.019 s	\(\alpha\)	7.12		\(Ra^{222}\) (38 s) \(\alpha\)
86	Em	\(Em^{219}\)	\(3.92 \pm 0.015\) s	\(\alpha\)	6.826 (10), 6.436 (1), 6.561 (1)	0.0679; 0.1234; 0.1980; 0.2667; 0.321; 0.392; 0.589	\(U^{235}\) \(\alpha\)... \(Ra^{223}\) (11.2 d) \(\alpha\)

Atomic number	Alpha-radioactive nucleus	Radioactive nucleus	Abundance in %	Half-life period	Type of transformation	Energy of β−, β+ and α-rays in MeV	Energy of γ-rays in MeV	Nuclear reactions
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
	Em²²⁰ {EmTh} Em²²² {EmRa}			54.50±0.03 s 3.823±0.002 d	α α	6.2818 5.4860		Th²³² α... Ra²²⁴ (3.64 d) α U²³⁸ α... Ra²²⁶ (1622 yr) α
87	Fr²²¹	Fr²¹⁸ Fr²¹⁹ Fr²²⁰ Fr²²³		0.02 s ≈0.02 s 27.5±1.5 s 4.8 m 21±1 m	α α α α β−	7.85 7.30 6.69 6.293 1.2	0.095*	Pa²³⁰ (1.7 m) α... Ac²²² (≈10 s) α Pa²³¹ (38 m) α... Ac²²³ (≈2 m) α Pa²²⁸ (22 h) α... Ac²²⁴ (2.9 h) α Ac²²⁵ (10 d) α U²³⁵ α... Ac²²⁷ (21.7 yr) α
88	Ra²³⁰ Ra²²³ Ra²²³	Ra²²¹		≈10⁻² s [M3] 31±2 s [M3] 38 s 11.2 d	α α α α	7.49 6.71 6.51 5.717 (55%); 5.606 (36%); 5.531 (9%)	0.0262, 0.0637, 0.0809, 0.0991; 0.1163, 0.144 (8),	U²³⁸ (9.3 m) α... Th²³⁴ (≈1 s) α U²³⁹ (58 m) α... ...Th²²⁵ (7.8 m) α [M 2] Th²²⁶ (30.9 m) α U-α-[6 p, (13) n]; U-α-[5 p, (12) n]; Ac²²⁷ (α)... ...Fr²²³ (21 m) β−; Ac²²⁸ (2.2 m) K; U²³⁵ (α)... ...Pa²³¹ (α)... Th²²⁷ (18.6 d) α

Table of atomic nuclei (continuation)

		Nuclide		Half-life	Radiation	Energy		Formation and notes
		Ra\(^{224}\) {ThX}		3.64 d	\(\alpha\)	5.6813	0.1539 (10), 0.1615, 0.1797, 0.2318, 0.2677 (10), 0.2798, 0.322, 0.3476, 0.444	U-\(\alpha\)-[6 p, (12) n]; U-d-[5p, (11)n]; Ac\(^{234}\) (2.9 h) \(K\); Th\(^{232}\) \((\alpha)\)... ...Th\(^{228}\) (1.9 y) \(\alpha\) Th\(^{229}\) (7000 y) \(\alpha\)
	Ra\(^{226}\)	Ra\(^{225}\)		14.8 d	\(\beta^{-}\)	0.2
		Ra\(^{226}\)		1622 y	\(\alpha,\ \gamma\)	4.793	0.188	U\(^{238}\) \((\alpha)\)... Th\(^{233}\) (8.0\(\times 10^{4}\) y) \(\alpha\)
		Ra\(^{227}\)		?	\(\beta^{-}\)			Ra\(^{226}\)-n-\(\gamma\)
		Ra\(^{228}\) (MsTh\(_1\))		6.7 y	\(\beta^{-}\)	0.053		Th\(^{232}\) (1.4\(\times 10^{10}\) y) \(\alpha\)
89		Ac\(^{222}\)		10 s	\(\alpha\)	6.96		Pa\(^{226}\) (1.7 min) \(\alpha\) [M 3]
89		Ac\(^{223}\)		2.2\(\pm\)0.1 min	\(\alpha\) (99.9%), \(K\) (0.1%)	6.64		Pa\(^{227}\) (38 min) \(\alpha\) [M 3]
89		Ac\(^{224}\)		2.9\(\pm\)0.2 h	\(\alpha\) (\(\sim\)10%), \(K\) (90%)	6.17		Pa\(^{228}\) (22 h) \(\alpha\)
89	Ac\(^{225}\)	Ac\(^{225}\)		10.0 d	\(\alpha\)	5.801		Ra\(^{225}\) (4.8 d) \(\beta^{-}\); Th\(^{225}\) (7.8 min) \(K\); Pa\(^{229}\) (1.5 d) \(\alpha\); U-d-[4p, (11)n]
89		Ac\(^{226}\)		22 h	\(\beta^{-}\)			U-\(\alpha\)-[5 p, (11) n]
89		Ac\(^{227}\) {Ac}		21.7 y	\(\alpha\) (1.25%), \(\beta^{-}\) (98.75%), \(\gamma\)	\(\alpha\): 4.6 (15%), 4.95 (85%); \(\beta^{-}\): 0.01	0.0368	Ra\(^{227}\) (\(\beta^{-}\)); U\(^{235}\) \((\alpha)\)... ...Pa\(^{231}\) (3.4\(\times 10^{4}\) y) \(\alpha\) Pa\(^{231}\) (3.4\(\times 10^{4}\) y)

Atomic number	Alpha-radioactive isotope	Radioactive isotope	Abundance in %	Half-life	Type of transformation	Energy of β−, β+ and α rays in MeV	Energy of γ rays in MeV	Nuclear reactions
		Ac^228^		6.13 h	β^−^, (α), γ	1.55 (β^−^) (4.54) (α)	0.0581 (250), 0.0795 (15), 0.1294 (100), 0.184 (50), 0.2497 (18), 0.3190 (16), 0.338 (8), 0.408 (3), 0.462 (8), 0.915 (6), 0.970 (3), (see also [L 2])	Th^232^ (α),... Ra^228^ (6.7 yr) β^−^
90	Th^224^			≈1 s	α	7.20		U^228^ (9.3 min) α
90		Th^225^		7.8±0.3 min	α (91%), K (≈9%)	6.57		U^229^ (58 min) α
90	Th^226^			30.9 min	α	6.30		U^230^ (20.8 d) α; Ac^226^ (22 h) β^−^
90	Th^227^			18.6 d	α, γ	5.672 (10), 5.717 (60), 5.742 (15), 5.764 (80), 5.815 (5),	0.032 (2), 0.0437 (4), 0.0533 (4), 0.0614 (9), 0.1007 (7),	U-d-[3 p, (10) n]; U^235^ α,... ...Ac^227^ (21.7 yr) β^−^; Pa^227^ (38 min) K

Table of atomic nuclei (continued)

No.	Element	Isotope	Abundance	Half-life	Radiation	Energy	γ energy	Remarks
						5.868 (10), 5.922 (5), 5.966 (15), 5.988 (100), 6.017 (15), 6.049 (80)	0.1491 (8), 0.1954 (3), 0.2539 (4), 0.2821 (2), 0.3002 (2), (see also [S 28, F 9])
	Th²²⁸ {RaTh}			1.9 yr	α, γ	5.333 (17%), 5.418 (83%)	0.0848 0.0881	Pa²²⁸ (22 h) K; U²³² (30 yr) α; Th²²² α... Ac²²⁸ (6.2 h) β⁻
	Th²²⁹			7×10³ yr	α	5.05 (10%) 4.95 (20%) 4.85 (70%)		U²³³ (1.6×10⁵ yr) α
	Th²³⁰ {Io}			80×10⁴ yr	α, γ	4.509; 4.612; 4.682	0.068; 0.140; 0.240; 0.190 [C17]	Pa²³⁰ (17.7 d) K; U²³⁸ (α)... ...U²³⁴ (2.7×10⁵ yr) α
	Th²³²	Th²³¹ {UY}	100	25.5 h	β⁻, γ	0.210 [K 1]	0.035 [K 1] 0.065	U²³⁵ (7×10⁸ yr) α; Th²³²-n-2 n
	Th²³²	Th²³²	100	1.389×10¹⁰ yr	α	3.98		(Pu²⁴⁰ α... U²³⁶ α)
	Th²³²	Th²³³	100	23.5 min	β⁻	1.2	no γ	Th²³²-n-γ; Th²³²-d-p
	Th²³²	Th²³⁴ {UX₁}	100	24.10±0.02 d	β⁻, γ	0.112 (20%), 0.205 (80%)	0.094*	U²³⁸ (4.5×10⁹ yr) α
91	Pa	Pa(²²⁶)		1.70±0.15 min	α	6.81		Th²³²-d-8 n
91	Pa	Pa²²⁷		38±1 min	α (≈80%), K (20%)	6.46		Th²³²-d-7 n; U-α-[3 p, (12) n]; Np²³¹ (53 min) α
91	Pa	Pa²²⁸		22±1 h	α (≈2%), K (≈98%)	6.09		Th²³²-d-6 n; U²³⁸ (9.3 min) K
91	Pa	Pa²²⁹		1.5 d	α (≈1%), K (≈99%)	5.68*		Th²³⁰-d-3 n
91	Pa	Pa²³⁰		17.7 d	β⁻ (≈10%), K (≈90%) γ	1.1	0.94	Th²³³-d-4 n; Th²³²-α-p, 5 n; Th²³⁰-d-2 n; Pa²³¹-d-p, 2 n; Pa²³¹-α-α, n; U²³³-d-α, n

Atomic number	Alpha-radioactive nucleus	Radioactive nucleus	Abundance in %	Half-life	Type of transformation	Energy of β−, β+ and α-rays in MeV	Energy of γ-rays in MeV	Nuclear reactions
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
	Ra²³¹			3.43×10⁴ y	α, γ	4.736 (13%), 5.012 (87%) [S 29]; 5.032, 5.069, 5.131 [R 10]	0.294, 0.323, (0.095)	U²³⁵ (8×10⁸ y) α; Th²³¹ (25.5 h) β−; Th²³²-d-3 n
	Ra²³¹	Pa²³²		1.32 d	β−, γ	0.28	0.23, 1.05	Th²³²-d-2 n; Th²³²-α-p, 3 n; Pa²³¹-d-p
	Ra²³¹	Pa²³³		27.4±0.4 d	β−, γ	0.23	0.084, 0.298, 0.309, 0.337	Th²³³ (23.5 min) β−; Np²³⁷ (2.2×10⁶ y) α; Th²³²-d-n; Th²³²-α-p, 2 n
	Ra²³¹	°Pa²³⁴		1.22 min	β−, γ I: (0.15%)	1.52 (5%), 2.32 (95%)	0.394, 0.782, 0.822, 0.802 (5%)	U²³⁸ α... Th²³⁴ (24.1 d) β−
	Ra²³¹	Pa²³⁴		6.69 h	β−, γ	0.45 (90%), 1.2 (10%)	0.70	°Pa²³⁴ (1.22 min); U²³⁸ (α)... Th²³⁴ (24.1 d) β−
92		U²³⁸		9.3±0.5 min [M 3]	α (80%), K (20%), [M3]	6.72 [M3]		Th²³²-α-8 n [M 3]; Pu²³² (22 min) α
92		U²³⁹		53±3 min [M3]	α (17%), K (83%)	6.42 [M3]		Th²³²-α-7 n

	U\(^{230}\)			20.8 d	\(\alpha\)	5.86		Pa\(^{230}\) (17.7 d) \(\beta^-\); Th\(^{232}\)-\(\alpha\)-6 n; Pu\(^{234}\) (8.5 h) \(\alpha\); Pa\(^{231}\)-d-3 n; Pa\(^{231}\)-\(\alpha\)-p, 4 n; U\(^{238}\)-d-p, 9 n
	U\(^{232}\)	U\(^{(231)}\)		4.2 d 70 y	\(K\) \(\alpha\)	5.29*		Pa\(^{231}\)-d-2 n; Pa\(^{231}\)-\(\alpha\)-p, 3 n Pa\(^{233}\) (1.33 d) \(\beta^-\); Pu\(^{236}\) (2.7 y) \(\alpha\); Th\(^{232}\)-\(\alpha\)-4 n; Pa\(^{231}\)-d-n; Pa\(^{231}\)-\(\alpha\)-p, 2 n
	U\(^{233}\)			\(1.62\times10^5\) y	\(\alpha,\ \gamma\)	4.823	0.040, 0.080, 0.31	Pu\(^{233}\) (27.4 d) \(\beta^-\)
	U\(^{234}\) {U II}		0.005481 [K 19]	2.522±0.008 [K 19]		4.71 [B14]		U\(^{233}\) \(\alpha\)... ⊙Pa\(^{234}\) (1.22 min) \(\beta^-\); U\(^{238}\) \(\alpha\)... Pa\(^{234}\) (6.69 h) \(\beta^-\)
	U\(^{235}\) {AcU}		0.714	\(8.91\times10^8\) y	\(\alpha,\ \gamma\)	4.56 (20%), 4.396 (80%); 4.52 [B14]	0.17*	Pu\(^{239}\) (\(2.4\times10^4\) y) \(\alpha\)
	(U\(^{236}\))?	U\(^{237}\)		very large? 6.63±0.05 d	\((\alpha)\) \(\beta^-,\ \gamma\)	0.24*	0.032, 0.057, 0.204, 0.260	(Pu\(^{240}\) (6000 y) \(\alpha\)) U\(^{238}\)-n-2n; U\(^{238}\)-d-p, 2 n; U\(^{238}\)-\(\alpha\)-\(\alpha\), n; Pu\(^{241}\) (≈10 y) \(\alpha\)
	U\(^{238}\) {U I}		99.28	\(4.498\times10^9\) y	\(\alpha\)	4.180, 4.15 [B14]
		U\(^{239}\)		23.54 min	\(\beta^-\gamma,e^-\)	1.12 (97%), 2.06 (3%)	0.076, 0.3 (weak), 0.92	U\(^{238}\)-n-\(\gamma\); U\(^{238}\)-d-p
93		Np\(^{231}\) Np\(^{(234)}\)		53 min 4.40 d	\(\alpha\) (5%), \(K\) (99%) \(K,\ \gamma\)	6.2	1.9	U\(^{238}\)-d-9 n; U\(^{235}\)-d-6n; U\(^{233}\)-d-4n Pu\(^{234}\) (8 h) \(K\); Pa\(^{231}\)-\(\alpha\)-n; U\(^{235}\)-\(\alpha\)-p, 4 n; U\(^{235}\)-d-3 n; U\(^{233}\)-d-n; U\(^{238}\)-\(\alpha\)-p, 2 n; U\(^{235}\)-p-2 n
		Np\(^{(235)}\)		435 d	\(\alpha\) (≈0.1%), \(K\) (≈99.9%)	5.06	no \(\gamma\)	U\(^{235}\)-\(\alpha\)-p, 3 n; U\(^{235}\)-d-2 n; U\(^{238}\)-\(\alpha\)-p, n
		Np\(^{236}\)		22 h	\(\beta^-,\ \gamma\)	0.5		U\(^{238}\)-d-4n; U\(^{235}\)-\(\alpha\)-p, 2n; U\(^{235}\)-d-n; U\(^{233}\)-\(\alpha\)-p; Np\(^{237}\)-\(\alpha\)-\(\alpha\), n; Np\(^{237}\)-d-(p, 2 n)
		Np\(^{237}\)		\(2.25\times10^6\) y	\(\alpha\)	4.7		U\(^{237}\) (6.8 d) \(\beta^-\); Am\(^{241}\) (500 y) \(\alpha\)

Atomic number	Alpha-radioactive nucleus	Radioactive nucleus	Abundance in %	Half-life	Type of transformation	Energy of $\beta^-$, $\beta^+$ and $\alpha$ rays in MeV	Energy of $\gamma$ rays in MeV	Nuclear reactions
		$\mathrm{Np}^{238}$		2.10 d	$\beta^-$, $\gamma$	0.22, 1.39	0.075, 1.2	$\mathrm{U}^{238}$-$\alpha$-p, 3 n; $\mathrm{U}^{235}$-$\alpha$-p; $\mathrm{U}^{238}$-d-2 n; $\mathrm{Np}^{237}$-n-$\gamma$; $\mathrm{Np}^{237}$-d-p; $\mathrm{Am}^{242}$ ($\simeq 400$ d) $\alpha$
		$\mathrm{Np}^{239}$		2.35 d	$\beta^-$, $\gamma$	0.288 (51%); 0.403 (42%); 0.678 (6%); 1.178 (1%)	0.057, 0.061, 0.067, 0.208, 0.228, 0.275*	$\mathrm{U}^{238}$-$\alpha$-p, 2 n; $\mathrm{U}^{238}$-d-n; $\mathrm{U}^{239}$ (23 m) $\beta^-$
94		$\mathrm{Pu}^{(232)}$		22 min	$\alpha$	6.6		$\mathrm{U}^{235}$-$\alpha$-7 n
94	$\mathrm{Pu}^{236}$	$\mathrm{Pu}^{234}$		8.5 h 2.7 y	$\alpha$ (1%), $K$ (99%) $\alpha$	6.1 5.78		$\mathrm{U}^{233}$-$\alpha$-3 n $\mathrm{Np}^{236}$ (22 h) $\beta^-$; $\mathrm{Cm}^{240}$ (26.8 d) $\alpha$; $\mathrm{U}^{238}$-$\alpha$-6 n; $\mathrm{U}^{235}$-$\alpha$-3 n; $\mathrm{U}^{233}$-$\alpha$-n; $\mathrm{Np}^{237}$-$\alpha$-p, 4 n; $\mathrm{Np}^{237}$-d-3 n
94	$\mathrm{Pu}^{238}$	$\mathrm{Pu}^{(237)}$		40 d	$K$		no $\gamma$	$\mathrm{U}^{238}$-$\alpha$-(5) n; $\mathrm{U}^{235}$-$\alpha$-(2) n; $\mathrm{Np}^{237}$-d-(2) n
94	$\mathrm{Pu}^{238}$	$\mathrm{Pu}^{238}$		92 y	$\alpha$	5.493	no $\gamma$	$\mathrm{Np}^{238}$ (2.1 d) $\beta^-$; $\mathrm{Cm}^{242}$ (150 d) $\alpha$; $\mathrm{Np}^{237}$-d-n; $\mathrm{U}^{238}$-$\alpha$-4 n; $\mathrm{U}^{235}$-$\alpha$-n
94	$\mathrm{Pu}^{239}$	$\mathrm{Pu}^{239}$		$2.411 \times 10^4$ y	$\alpha$, $\gamma$	5.15	0.05, (0.3), (0.2), (0.42)	$\mathrm{U}^{238}$-$\alpha$-3 n; $\mathrm{Np}^{239}$ (2.3 d) $\beta^-$
94	$\mathrm{Pu}^{240}$	$\mathrm{Pu}^{241}$		$\simeq 6000$ y 10 y	$\alpha$ $\beta^-$, $\alpha$ (0.002%)	5.1 5.0 ($\alpha$), 0.01 ($\beta^-$)		$\mathrm{U}^{238}$-$\alpha$-2 n $\mathrm{U}^{238}$-$\alpha$-n

Z	Element	Nuclide		Half-life	Radiation	Energy		Production
95	\(\mathrm{Am}^{241}\)	\(\mathrm{Am}^{(238)}\)		1.5 h	\((K)\)			\(\mathrm{Pu}^{239}\)-d-\((3)\) n
95	\(\mathrm{Am}^{241}\)	\(\mathrm{Am}^{(239)}\)		12 h	\(K\ (\simeq 100\%)\) \(\alpha\ (\simeq 0.1\%),\ \gamma\)	5.77	0.285	\(\mathrm{Pu}^{239}\)-d-\((2)\) n; \(\mathrm{Pu}^{239}\)-p-\((\mathrm{n})\); \(\mathrm{Np}^{237}\)-\(\alpha\)-\((2)\) n
95	\(\mathrm{Am}^{241}\)	\(\mathrm{Am}^{(240)}\)		53 h	\(K,\ \gamma\)		1.3	\(\mathrm{Pu}^{239}\)-d-\((\mathrm{n})\); \(\mathrm{Np}^{237}\)-\(\alpha\)-n
95	\(\mathrm{Am}^{241}\)			500 y	\(\alpha,\ \gamma\)	\(5.48^{*}\)	0.062	\(\mathrm{Pu}^{241}\ (\simeq 10\ \mathrm{y})\ \beta^{-}\)
95	\(\mathrm{Am}^{241}\)	\(\mathrm{Am}^{242}\)		400 y	\(\beta^{-}\ (\simeq 100\%),\) \(\alpha\ (0.2\%)\)	\(0.5\ (\beta^{-})\)		\(\mathrm{Am}^{241}\)-n-\(\gamma\)
95	\(\mathrm{Am}^{241}\)	\({}^{\circ}\mathrm{Am}^{242}\)		16 h	\(\beta^{-}\)	0.8		\(\mathrm{Am}^{241}\)-n-\(\gamma\)
96		\(\mathrm{Cm}^{(238)}\)		2.5 h	\(\alpha\)	6.50		\(\mathrm{Pu}^{239}\)-\(\alpha\)-\((5)\) n
96		\(\mathrm{Cm}^{240}\)		26.8 d	\(\alpha\)	6.26		\(\mathrm{Pu}^{239}\)-\(\alpha\)-3 n
96		\((\mathrm{Cm}^{241})\)		55 d	\(K\)			\(\mathrm{Pu}^{239}\)-\(\alpha\)-\((2\ \mathrm{n})\)
96		\(\mathrm{Cm}^{242}\)		150 d	\(\alpha\)	6.08		\(\mathrm{Pu}^{239}\)-\(\alpha\)-n; \(\mathrm{Am}^{242}\ (400\ \mathrm{y})\ \beta^{-}\); \({}^{\circ}\mathrm{Am}^{242}\ (16\ \mathrm{h})\ \beta^{-}\)
97	\(\mathrm{Bk}\)	\(\mathrm{Bk}^{(243,244)}\)		4.8 h	\(K\ (99.9\%)\) \(\alpha\ (0.1\%)\)	6.72		\(\mathrm{Am}^{241}\)-\(\alpha\)-\((1,2)\) n [T15]

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B13. P. Brix, H. Kopfermann, Zeits. f. Phys. 126, 344 (1949).
B14. M. Bogaardt, M. Bottema, Physica 15, 358 (1949).
B15. T. W. Bonner, J. E. Evans, J. E. Hill, Phys. Rev. 75, 1398 (1949).
B16. T. W. Bonner, J. E. Evans, J. C. Harris, G. C. Phillips, Phys. Rev. 75, 1411 (1949).
B17. A. R. Brosi, T. W. DeWitt, H. Zeides, Phys. Rev. 75, 1615 (1949).
B18. W. E. Burcham, I. Freeman, Phys. Rev. 75, 1756 (1949).
B19. I. P. Blaser, F. Boehm, P. Marmier, Phys. Rev. 75, 1953 (1949).
B20. C. H. Braden, L. Slack, F. B. Shull, Phys. Rev. 75, 1964, 1965 (1949).
B21. F. Bitter, Phys. Rev. 76, 150 (1949).
B22. W. W. Buechner, E. N. Strait, Phys. Rev. 76, 168 (1949).
B23. P. R. Bell, I. M. Cassidy, Phys. Rev. 76, 183 (1949).
B24. L. A. Beach, C. L. Peacock, R. G. Wilkinson, Phys. Rev. 76, 187 (1949).
B25. I. Bergström, S. Thulin, Phys. Rev. 76, 313 (1949).
B26. I. C. Bowe, G. Scharff-Goldhaber, Phys. Rev. 76, 437 (1949).
B27. P. R. Bell, B. H. Ketelle, I. M. Cassidy, Phys. Rev. 76, 574 (1949).
B28. J. W. Burkig, I. R. Richardson, Phys. Rev. 76, 586 (1949).
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B30. H. Brown, E. Goldberg, Phys. Rev. 76, 1260 (1949).
B31. R. A. Becker, F. S. Kirn, W. L. Buck, Phys. Rev. 76, 1406 (1949).
B32. R. E. Bell, H. E. Petch, Phys. Rev. 76, 1409 (1949).
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B33a. C. P. Browne, R. V. Smith, H. T. Richard, Bul. Am. Phys. Soc. 24, No. 7, 22 (1949).
B34. L. A. Beach, C. L. Peacock, R. G. Wilkinson, Phys. Rev. 76, 1624 (1949).
B35. I. Bergström, S. Thulin, Phys. Rev. 76, 1718 (1949).
B36. J. Bruner, L. M. Langer, D. Moffat, Bul. Am. Phys. Soc. 24, No. 7, 14 (1949).
B37. Bauchez, J. de Phys. et Rad. 10, 415 (1949).
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B39. S. B. Burson, K. W. Blair, Bul. Am. Phys. Soc. 24, No. 8, 12 (1949).

C1. C. Y. Chu, M. L. Wiedenbeck, Phys. Rev. 75, 226 (1949).
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C3. M. F. Crazford, A. L. Schawlow, W. M. Gray, F. M. Keilly, Phys. Rev. 75, 1112 (1949).
C4. J. M. Cork, H. B. Keller, W. C. Rutledge, A. E. Stoddard, J. Sazynski, Phys. Rev. 75, 1133 (1949).
C4a. J. H. Coon, Phys. Rev. 75, 1355 (1949).
C5. J. M. Cork, H. B. Keller, J. Sazynski, W. C. Rutledge, A. E. Stoddard, Phys. Rev. 75, 1621 (1949).
C6. J. M. Cork, H. B. Keller, J. Sazynski, W. C. Rutledge, A. E. Stoddard, Phys. Rev. 75, 1778 (1949).
C7. R. L. Caldwell, E. D. Matrosian, M. Goldhaber, Phys. Rev. 76, 187 (1949).
C8. W. H. Chambers, D. Williams, Phys. Rev. 76, 461, 639 (1949).
C9. J. M. Cork, H. B. Keller, A. E. Stoddard, Phys. Rev. 76, 575 (1949).
C10. C. Y. Chao, T. Lauritsen, V. K. Rasmussen, Phys. Rev. 76, 582 (1949).
C11. C. Y. Chao, C. C. Lauritsen, A. V. Tollestrup, Phys. Rev. 76, 586 (1949).
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C13. S. C. Curran, J. Angus, A. L. Cockroft, Phys. Rev. 76, 853 (1949).
C14. L. G. Creveling, I. R. Hood, M. L. Pool, Phys. Rev. 76, 946 (1949).
C15. J. M. Cork, H. B. Keller, A. E. Stoddard, Phys. Rev. 76, 986 (1949).
C16. R. A. Charpie, Kuan-Han Sun, B. Jennings, Phys. Rev. 76, 1256 (1949).
C16a. C. D. Coryell, A. V. Sakakaura, A. M. Ross, Bul. Am. Phys. Soc. 24, No. 7, 22 (1949).
C17. I. Curie, J. de Phys. et Rad. 10, 381 (1949).
C17a. V. W. Cohen, W. Koski, T. Wentink, Bul. Am. Phys. Soc. 24, No. 7, 7 (1949).
C17b. J. M. Cork, R. G. Shrefler, C. M. Fowler, Phys. Rev. 74, 240 (1948).
C18. R. J. Creagan, Phys. Rev. 76, 1769 (1949).
C19. J. M. Cork, H. B. Keller, W. C. Rutledge, A. E. Stoddard, Phys. Rev. 76, 1886 (1949).

D1. J. De Boer, R. J. Lunbeck, Physica 14, 510 (1949).
D2. R. B. Duffield, J. D. Knight, Phys. Rev. 75, 1613 (1949); Bul. Am. Phys. Soc. 24, No. 2, (1949).
D3. P. W. Davison, Phys. Rev. 75, 757 (1949).

D4. B. S. Dzhelepov, A. A. Bashilov, A. V. Zolotavin, N. M. Anton’eva, DAN SSSR 64, 803 (1949).
D5. B. S. Dzhelepov, N. M. Anton’eva, S. A. Shestopalova, DAN SSSR 64, 309 (1949).
D6. H. E. Duckworth, R. F. Black, R. F. Woodcock, Phys. Rev. 75, 1438 (1949).
D7. M. Deutsch, A. Hedgran, Phys. Rev. 75, 1443 (1949).
D8. H. E. Duckworth, R. F. Black, R. F. Woodcock, Phys. Rev. 75, 1616 (1949).
D9. W. C. Dickinson, T. F. Wimett, Phys. Rev. 75, 1769 (1949).
D10. D. G. Douglas, Phys. Rev. 75, 1960 (1949).
D11. R. B. Duffield, I. D. Knight, Phys. Rev. 75, 1967 (1949).
D12. E. Der Mateosian, M. Goldhaber, Phys. Rev. 76, 187 (1949).
D13. L. Davis, Phys. Rev. 76, 435 (1949).
D14. R. B. Duffield, J. D. Knight, Phys. Rev. 76, 573 (1949).
D15. H. E. Duckworth, Phys. Rev. 76, 690 (1949).
D16. P. W. Davison, J. O. Buchanan, E. Pollard, Phys. Rev. 76, 890 (1949).
D17. L. Davis, Jr., D. E. Nagle, J. R. Zacharias, Phys. Rev. 76, 1068 (1949).
D18. L. Davis, Jr., B. T. Feld, C. W. Zabel, J. R. Zacharias, Phys. Rev. 76, 1076 (1949).
D19. R. B. Duffield, L. M. Langer, Phys. Rev. 76, 1272 (1949).
D19a. R. B. Duffield, L. M. Langer, Bull. Am. Phys. 24, No. 7, 9 (1949).
D20. W. C. Dickinson, Phys. Rev. 76, 1414 (1949).
D21. J. W. M. DuMond, D. A. Lind, B. B. Watson, Phys. Rev. 73, 658 (1948).
E1. D. T. Eggen, M. L. Pool, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 24, No. 2, 13 (1949).
E2. W. S. Emmerich, I. D. Kurbatov, Phys. Rev. 75, 1446 (1949), 76, 454 (1949).
E3. W. Ehckrotte, H. Bradner. Phys. Rev. 75, 1467 (1949).
E4. A. G. Engelkemir, W. H. Hamill, M. G. Inghram, W. F. Libby, Phys. Rev. 75, 1925 (1949).
E5. H. W. Ericksen. J. L. Fowler, E. J. Stovall, Phys. Rev. 76, 1141 (1949).
E5a. W. S. Emmerich, L. H. Ballweg, J. P. Kurbatov, Phys. Rev. 76, 1891 (1949).
F1. E. L. Fireman, Phys. Rev. 75, 323 (1949).
F2. L. Feldman, C. S. Wu, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 24, No. 1, 12 (1949).
F3. Fu-Chun Yu, Lin-Sheng Cheng and J. D. Kurbatov, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 24, No. 1, 13 (1949).
F4. G. Freier, E. E. Lampi, J. H. Williams, Phys. Rev. 75, 901 (1949).
F5. J. J. Floyd, L. B. Borst, Phys. Rev. 75, 1106, (1949).
F6. W. Franzen, I. Halpern, W. E. Stephens, Phys. Rev. 76, 317 (1949).
F7. G. R. Fowles, Phys. Rev. 76, 571 (1949).
F8. H. W. Fulbright, I. C. J. Milton, Phys. Rev. 76, 1271 (1949).
F9. J. S. Fraser, Phys. Rev. 76, 1540 (1949).
G1. M. Gurevitch, Phys. Rev. 75, 767 (1949).
G2. O. R. Gilliam, H. D. Edwards, W. Gordy, Phys. Rev. 75, 1014 (1949).
G3. P. I. Grant, J. M. Hill, Nature 163, 524 (1949).
G4. P. I. Grant, R. Richmond, Nature 163, 840 (1949).
G5. W. Googhrane, A. G. Hester, Proc. Roy. Soc. A, 199, 458 (1949).

G6. M. Gurevitch, I. G. Teasdale, Phys. Rev. 76, 157 (1949).
G7. E. R. Graves, D. T. Meyer, Phys. Rev. 76, 183 (1949).
G8. I. R. Gum, L. F. Thompson, M. L. Pool, Phys. Rev. 76, 184 (1949).
G9. A. S. Goldin, G. B. Knight, P. A. Macklin, R. I. Macklin, Phys. Rev. 76, 336 (1949).
G10. W. Gordy, O. R. Gilliam, R. Livingston, Phys. Rev. 76, 443 (1949).
G11. R. H. Goeckermann, I. Perlman, Phys. Rev. 76, 628 (1949).
G12. I. H. Gardner, E. M. Purcell, Phys. Rev. 76, 1262 (1949).
G13. Ghiorso, W. W. Meinke, G. T. Seaborg, Phys. Rev. 76, 1414 (1949).
G14. C. H. Goddard, C. S. Cook, Phys. Rev. 76, 1419 (1949).
G14a. J. C. Gosskreutz, K. B. Mather, Bul. Am. Phys. Soc. 24, No. 7, 15 (1949).
G15. L. C. Germain, Bul. Am. Phys. Soc. 24, No. 8, 14 (1949).
H1. J. E. Hudgens, Jr. and W. S. Lion, Phys. Rev. 75, 206 (1949).
H2. J. Hayden, D. C. Hess, Jr. and M. G. Inghram, Phys. Rev. 75, 322 (1949).
H3. R. D. Hill, G. Scharff-Goldhaber, G. Friedlander, Phys. Rev. 75, 324 (1949).
H3a. D. J. Hughes, C. Eggler, C. M. Huddleston, Phys. Rev. 75, 515 (1949).
H4. R. F. Hills, J. W. Redmond, H. R. Gwinn, W. D. Harman, Phys. Rev. 75, 523 (1949).
H5. S. G. Hughes, W. E. Stephens, Bul. Amer. Phys. Soc. 24, No. 1, 12 (1949).
H6. A. C. Helmholz, R. W. Hayward, C. L. McGinnis, Bul. Am. Phys Soc. 24, No. 2, 18 (1949).
H7. R. W. Hayward, A. C. Helmholz, Bul. Am. Phys. Soc. 24, No. 2, 19 (1949).
H8. H. W. Hubbard, Bul. Am. Phys. Soc. 24, No. 2, 19 (1949).
H9. E. Hayward, Phys. Rev. 75, 917 (1949).
H10. G. C. Hanna, B. Pontecorvo, Phys. Rev. 75, 983 (1949).
H11. W. F. Hornyak, T. Lauritsen, Phys. Rev. 75, 1462 (1949).
H11a. A. Hemmendinger, Phys. Rev. 75, 1267 (1949).
H12. R. I. Hayden, I. H. Reynolds, M. G. Inghram, Phys. Rev. 75, 1500 (1949).
H13. D. J. Hughes, W. D. B. Spatz, N. Goldstein, Phys. Rev. 75, 1781 (1949).
H14. C. T. Hibdon, C. O. Muehlhause, Phys. Rev. 76, 100 (1949).
H15. R. D. Hill, Phys. Rev. 76, 186, 333 (1949).
H16. D. C. Hess, Jr., M. Inghram, Phys. Rev. 76, 300 (1949).
H17. R. A. Hinshaw, M. L. Pool, Phys. Rev. 76, 358 (1949).
H18. I. L. Hansen, J. E. Willard, Phys. Rev. 76, 577 (1949).
H19. A. O. Hanson, R. B. Duffield, J. D. Knight, B. C. Diven, H. Palevsky, Phys. Rev. 76, 578 (1949).
H20. R. H. Hildebrand, C. E. Leith, Phys. Rev. 76, 587 (1949).
H21. R. N. H. Haslam, L. Katz, H. E. Johns, H. J. Moody, Phys. Rev. 76, 704 (1949).
H22. W. F. Hornyak, T. Lauritsen, V. K. Rasmussen, Phys. Rev. 76, 731 (1949).
H23. A. Hemmendinger, G. A. Jarvis, R. F. Tashek, Phys. Rev. 76, 1137 (1949).
H24. E. L. Hudspeth, C. P. Swann, Phys. Rev. 76, 1150 (1949).
H25. N. Hole, Ark. Mat. Astr. Fys. A36, No. 9 (1948).

H26. D. C. Hess, Jr. and M. G. Ingram, Phys. Rev. 76, 1717 (1949).
H27. C. Haenny, M. Najar, M. Gailloud, Helv. Phys. Acta 22, 611 (1949).
H28. R. W. Hagward, Bul. Am. Phys. Soc. 24, No. 8, 10 (1949).
I1. M. C. Inghram, R. J. Hayden, D. C. Hess, Phys. Rev. 75, 693 (1949).
I2. M. G. Inghram, J. H. Reynolds, Phys. Rev. 76, 1265 (1949).
I3. M. G. Inghram, D. C. Hess, Jr. and J. H. Reynolds, Phys. Rev. 76, 1717 (1949).
J1. E. N. Jensen, L. J. Laslett, W. W. Pratt, Phys. Rev. 75, 458 (1949).
J2. F. Johnston, J. E. Willard, Phys. Rev. 75, 528 (1949).
J3. G. H. Jenks, J. A. Ghormley, F. H. Sweeton, Phys. Rev. 75, 701 (1949).
J4. E. N. Jensen, L. J. Laslett, Phys. Rev. 75, 1949 (1949).
J5. E. T. Jurney, Phys Rev. 76, 290 (1949).
J6. W. M. Jones, Phys. Rev. 76, 885 (1949).
J7. E. Jensen, Phys. Rev. 76, 958 (1949).
K1. G. B. Knight, R. L. Macklin, Phys. Rev. 75, 34 (1949).
K2. N. L. Krisberg, M. L. Pool, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 24, No. 1, 12 (1949).
K3. B. D. Kern, A. C. G. Mitchell, D. J. Zaffarano, Bul. Am. Phys. Soc. 24, No. 1, 13 (1949).
K4. P. Kusch, Phys. Rev. 75, 887 (1949).
K5. D. Kahn, G. Goertzinger, Phys. Rev. 75, 906 (1949).
K6. E. L. Kelly, E. Segrè, Phys. Rev. 75, 999 (1949).
K7. A. S. Karamyan, L. I. Rusinov, JETP 19, 651 (1949).
K8. M. Kemmerich, Zs. f. Phys. 126, 399 (1949).
K9. D. N. Kundu, M. L. Pool, Phys Rev. 75, 1690 (1949); 76, 183 (1949).
K10. N. L. Krisberg, M. L. Pool, Phys. Rev. 75, 1693 (1949).
K11. B. D. Kern, A. C. G. Mitchell, D. L. Zaffarano, Phys. Rev. 76, 94 (1949).
K12. P. Kusch, Phys. Rev. 76, 138 (1949).
K13. J. Koch, O. Kofoed-Hansen, P. Kristensen, W. Drost-Hansen, Phys. Rev. 76, 279 (1949).
K13a. P. Kusch, A. K. Mann, Phys. Rev. 76, 707 (1949).
K14. C. P. Keim, Phys. Rev. 76, 1270 (1949).
K15. B. H. Ketelle, G. W. Parker, Phys. Rev. 76, 1416 (1949).
K16. J. Koch, E. Rasmussen, Phys. Rev. 76, 1417 (1949).
K17. W. D. Knight, V. W. Cohen, Phys. Rev. 76, 1421 (1949).
K17a. D. N. Kundu, J. L. Hult, M. L. Pool, Bul. Phys. Soc. 24, No. 7, 9 (1949).
K18. H. E. Kubitschek, A. Longacre, M. Goldhaber, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 24, No. 7, 8 (1949).
K19. C. A. Kienberger, Phys. Rev. 76, 1561 (1949).
K19a. A. A. Konstantinov and G. D. Latyshev, Journ. of. Phys. 5, 239 (1941).
L1. W. Low, C. H. Townes, Phys. Rev. 75, 529 (1949).
L2. M. Lecain, M. Perey, J. Teillac, J. Phys. et Rad. 8, VIII, 10, 33 (1949).
L3. D. A. Lind, J. Brown, D. Klein, P. Muller, J. Du-Mond, Bul. Am. Phys. Soc. 24, No. 3, 17 (1949).
L4. P. W. Levy, E. Creulling, Phys. Rev. 75, 819 (1949).
L5. L. M. Langer, H. Clay, Price, Phys. Rev. 75, 1109 (1949).
L6. G. E. F. Lundell, Report of Committee on atomic weights. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 71, 1141 (1949).

TABLE OF ATOMIC NUCLEI

L7. D. A. Lind, J. Brown, D. Klein, D. Muller, J. Du-Mond, Phys. Rev. 75, 1544 (1949).

L8. R. Livingston, O. R. Gilliam, W. Gordy, Phys. Rev. 76, 149 (1949).

L9. L. M. Langer, H. C. Price, Phys. Rev. 76, 186, 641 (1949).

L10. J. C. Lee, M. L. Pool, Phys. Rev. 76, 192, 60 (1949).

L11. D. A. Lind, J. Brown, J. Du-Mond, Phys. Rev. 76, 591 (1949).

L12. L. J. Laslett, Phys. Rev. 76, 858 (1949).

L13. W. T. Leland, Phys. Rev. 76, 992 (1949).

L14. H. Lew, Phys. Rev. 76, 1086 (1949).

L15. L. M. Langer, Bul. Am. Phys. Soc. 24, No. 7, 8 (1949).

L16. G. D. Latyshev, I. F. Barchuk, V. A. Sergienko, Yu. K. Ioffe, V. A. Maleev, Izvestiya AN SSSR (Physical Series) 13, 428 (1949); G. D. Latyshev, I. F. Barchuk, V. A. Sergienko, Yu. K. Ioffe, A. A. Bashilov, K. V. Inozemtsev, V. A. Maleev, Izvestiya AN SSSR (Physical Series) 13, 432 (1949).

L17. W. T. Leland, Phys. Rev. 76, 1722 (1949).

L18. L. M. Langer, R. D. Moffat, H. C. Price, Phys. Rev. 76, 1725 (1949).

L19. M. Lecain, M. Perey, M. Rion, J. de Phys. et. Rad. 10, 390 (1949).

L20. A. Lundly, Phys. Rev. 76, 1809 (1949).

L21. L. Lidofsky, P. Macklin, C. S. Wu, Phys. Rev. 76, 1888 (1949).

M1. A. C. Mitchell, C. L. Peacock, Phys. Rev. 75, 197 (1949).

M2. C. E. Mandeville, M. V. Scherb, W. B. Keighton, Phys. Rev. 75, 221 (1949).

M3. W. W. Meinke, A. Ghiorso, G. T. Seaborg, Phys. Rev. 75, 314 (1949).

M4. W. C. Miller, B. Waldman, Phys. Rev. 75, 425 (1949).

M5. J. Macnamara, C. B. Collins, H. G. Thode, Phys. Rev. 75, 532 (1949).

M6. J. McElhinney, A. O. Hanson, R. A. Becker, R. B. Duffield, B. C. Diven, Phys. Rev. 75, 542 (1949).

M7. C. E. Mandeville, Bul. Am. Phys. Soc. 24, No. 1, 13 (1949); Phys. Rev. 75, 1017 (1949).

M8. J. L. Meem, Jr. and F. Maienschein, Bul. Am. Phys. Soc. 24, No. 3, 15; Phys. Rev. 75, 1632 (1949).

M9. F. Maienschein, J. L. Meem, Jr., Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 24, No. 3, 15; Phys. Rev. 75, 1632 (1949).

M10. C. E. Mandeville, E. Shapiro, Phys. Rev. 75, 897 (1949).

M11. D. Moe, G. E. Owen, C. S. Cook, Phys. Rev. 75, 1270 (1949).

M12. P. Marmier, J. P. Blaser, P. Preiswerk, P. Scherrer, Helv. Phys. Acta 22, 155 (1949).

M13. L. Marshall, Phys. Rev. 75, 1339 (1949).

M14. C. E. Mandeville, Y. H. Woo, M. V. Scherb, W. B. Keighton, E. Shapiro, Phys. Rev. 75, 1528 (1949).

M15. J. Mattauch, A. Flammersfeld, Isotopenbericht, Verlag der Zeitschrift f. Naturforschung, Tübingen (1949).

M16. F. K. McGowan, S. DeBenedetti, I. E. Francis, Phys. Rev. 75, 1761 (1949).

M17. C. E. Mandeville, E. Shapiro, Phys. Rev. 75, 1834 (1949).

M18. E. C. Mallary, M. L. Pool, Phys. Rev. 76, 186, 1454 (1949).

M19. C. E. Mandeville, M. V. Scherb, Phys. Rev. 76, 186 (1949).

M20. W. I. MacIntyre, Phys. Rev. 76, 312 (1949).
M21. J. L. Meem, Jr., F. Maienschein, Phys. Rev. 76, 328 (1949).
M22. K. Murakawa, S. Suwa, Phys. Rev. 76, 433 (1949).
M23. C. E. Mandeville, Phys. Rev. 76, 436 (1949).
M24. C. E. Mandeville, E. Shapiro, Phys. Rev. 76, 454, 719 (1949).
M25. R. L. Macklin, Phys. Rev. 76, 595 (1949).
M26. F. Maienschein, J. L. Meem, Phys. Rev. 76, 899 (1949).
M27. C. E. Mandeville, C. P. Swann, S. C. Snowdon, Phys. Rev. 76, 980 (1949).
M28. J. E. Mack, O. H. Arroe, Phys. Rev. 76, 1002 (1949).
M29. K. H. Morgenstern, K. P. W. Wolf, Phys. Rev. 76, 1261 (1949).
M30. D. McCown, L. Woodward, M. Pool, Phys. Rev. 74, 1311, 1315 (1948).
M31. C. H. Millar, A. G. W. Cameron, M. Glicksman, Bul. Am. Phys. Soc. 24, No. 7, 8 (1949).
M32. A. C. G. Mitchell, J. V. Mei, F. C. Maienschein, C. L. Peacock, Phys. Rev. 76, 1450 (1949).
M33. K. C. Mann, D. Rankin, P. N. Daykin, Phys. Rev. 76, 1719 (1949).
M34. F. K. McGowan, Phys. Rev. 76, 1730 (1949).
M35. J. M. Mihelich, R. P. Hill, Bul. Am. Phys. Soc. 24, No. 7, 9 (1949).
M36. E. C. Mallary, M. L. Pool, Bul. Am. Phys. Soc. 24, No. 7, 9 (1949).
M37. A. E. G. Mitchell, J. V. Mey, F. C. Maienschein, C. L. Peacock, Bul. Am. Phys. Soc. 24, No. 7, 10 (1949).
M38. J. V. Mey, A. C. G. Mitchell, P. J. Jaffarano, Phys. Rev. 76, 1883 (1949).
M39. H. Medicus, P. Maeder, H. Schneider, Helv. Phys. Acta 22, 603 (1949).
N1. A. S. Newton, Phys. Rev. 75, 17 (1949).
N2. A. S. Newton, Phys. Rev. 75, 209 (1949).
N3. E. B. Nelson, J. E. Naff, Phys. Rev. 75, 1194 (1949).
N4. F. I. Norton, Phys. Rev. 75, 1957 (1949).
N5. P. E. Nagle, Phys. Rev. 76, 847 (1949).
O1. K. Ogata, Phys. Rev. 75, 200 (1949).
O2. R. Overstreet, L. Jacobson, P. R. Stout, Phys. Rev. 75, 231 (1949).
O3. D. A. Orth, L. Marquez, W. J. Heiman, D. H. Templeton, Phys. Rev. 75, 1100 (1949).
O4. I. S. Osoba, Phys. Rev. 76, 345 (1949).
O5. G. E. Owen, C. S. Cook, Phys. Rev. 76, 1536 (1949).
O6. G. E. Owen, C. S. Cook, Phys. Rev. 76, 1726 (1949).
P1. W. G. Proctor, Phys. Rev. 75, 522 (1949).
P2. H. L. Poss, Phys. Rev. 75, 600 (1949).
P3. T. J. Parmley, B. J. Moyer, R. C. Lilly, Phys. Rev. 55, 619 (1949).
P4. E. C. Pallard, V. L. Sailor, L. D. Wyly, Phys. Rev. 75, 725 (1949).
P5. B. Pontecorvo, D. H. W. Kirkwood, G. C. Hanna, Phys. Rev. 75, 982 (1949).
P6. M. L. Perlman, Phys. Rev. 75, 989 (1949).
P7. C. L. Peacock, A. C. G. Mitchell, Phys. Rev. 75, 1272, 76, 186 (1949).

TABLE OF ATOMIC NUCLEI

P8. M. E. Picciotto, C. R. 229, 117 (1949).
P9. H. C. Price, L. M. Langer, Phys. Rev. 76, 454 (1949).
P9a. H. C. Price, Jr., J. Motz, L. M. Langer, Bul. Am. Phys. Soc. 24, No. 7, 10 (1949).
P10. W. G. Proctor, Phys. Rev. 76, 684 (1949).
P11. V. Perez-Mendez, H. Brown, Phys. Rev. 76, 689 (1949).
P12. R. A. Peck, Phys. Rev. 76, 1279 (1949).
R1. F. L. Reynolds, D. G. Karraker, D. H. Templeton, Phys. Rev. 75, 313 (1949).
R2. J. E. Robinson, M. Ter-Pogossian, C. S. Cook, Phys. Rev. 75, 1099 (1949).
R3. S. Rosenblum, M. Guillot, G. Bastin-Scoffier, C. R. 229, 191 (1949).
R4. R. R. Roy, Phys. Rev. 76, 1775 (1949).
R5. L. Rosen, A. Hudson, Phys. Rev. 76, 181 (1949).
R6. V. K. Rasmussen, W. F. Hornyak, T. Lauritsen, Phys. Rev. 76, 581 (1949).
R7. E. H. Rogers, H. H. Staub, Phys. Rev. 76, 980 (1949).
R8. L. Rosen, F. K. Tallmadge, J. H. Williams, Phys. Rev. 76, 1283 (1949).
R9. B. E. Robertson, M. L. Pool, Phys. Rev. 76, 1408 (1949).
R9a. B. E. Robertson, W. L. Cars, M. L. Pool, Bul. Am. Phys. Soc. 24, No. 7, 14 (1949).
R10. S. Rosenblum, E. Cotton, C. R. 226, 171 (1948).
S1. E. Segrè, C. E. Wiegand, Phys. Rev. 74, 39 (1949).
S2. R. Sherr, H. R. Muether, M. G. White, Phys. Rev. 75, 282 (1949).
S3. S. G. Sydoriak, E. R. Grilly, E. F. Hammel, Phys. Rev. 75, 303 (1949).
S4. H. Slätis, K. Siegbahn, Phys. Rev. 75, 319 (1949).
S5. K. Siegbahn, A. Hedgran, Phys. Rev. 75, 523 (1949).
S6. N. Sugarman, Bul. Am. Phys. Soc. 24, No. 1, 13 (1949).
S7. K. H. Sun, B. Jennings, W. E. Shoupp, Bul. Am. Phys. Soc. 24, No. 1, 32 (1949).
S8. W. E. Shoupp, J. E. Hill, Phys. Rev. 75, 785 (1949).
S9. D. Saxon, R. Heller, Phys. Rev. 75, 909 (1949); Phys. Rev. 73, 811 (1948).
S10. N. Sugarman, J. Chem. Phys. 17, 11 (1949).
S11. T. Z. Szelenyi, Phys. Rev. 75, 105 (1949).
S12. R. W. Stout, Phys. Rev. 75, 1107 (1949).
S13. R. M. Steffen, O. Huber, F. Humbel, Helv. Phys. Acta 22, 167 (1949).
S14. K. Siegbahn, Phys. Rev. 75, 1277 (1949).
S15. N. Sugarman, Phys. Rev. 75, 1473 (1949).
S16. V. L. Sailor, Phys. Rev. 75, 1836 (1949).
S17. W. E. Scott, B. E. Robertson, M. L. Pool, Phys. Rev. 76, 183 1649 (1949).
S18. D. Saxon, J. Richards, Phys. Rev. 76, 186 (1949).
S19. K. Siegbahn, A. Ghosh, Phys. Rev. 76, 307; Ark. mat. astr. o. fysik 36, No. 19 (1949).
S20. L. Seidlitz, E. Bleuler, D. I. Tendam, Phys. Rev. 76, 453, 861 (1949).
S21. W. E. Shoupp, B. Jennings, W. Jones, Phys. Rev. 76, 502 (1949).
S22. L. M. Silver, Phys. Rev. 76, 589 (1949).
S23. D. Saxon, J. Richards, Phys. Rev. 76, 982 (1949).
S24. K. Siegbahn, A. Hedgran, M. Deutsch, Phys. Rev. 76, 1263 (1949).

S25. L. R. Shepherd, Research 1, 671 (1948).
S26. F. Shull, Phys. Rev. 74, 917 (1948).
S27. L. Ya. Shavtvalov, ZhETF 19, 638 (1949).
S28. J. Suruge, J. Phys. et Rad. 9, 438 (1938); Ann. de Phys. 8, 483 (1937).
S29. G. Seaborg, Rev. Mod. Phys. 20, 587 (1948).
S30. G. A. Sawyer, M. L. Wiedenbeck, Phys. Rev. 76, 1535 (1949).
S31. K. Siegbahn, H. Slätis, Arkiv mat. astr. o. fysik 36, No. 22 (1949).
S32. E. N. Strait, W. W. Buecher, Phys. Rev. 76, 1766 (1949).

T1. C. H. Townes, W. Low, Bul. Am. Phys. Soc. 24, No. 1, 50 (1949).

T2. A. V. Tollestrup, C. C. Lauritsen, W. A. Fowler, Bul. Am. Phys. Soc. 24, No. 2, 12 (1949).
T3. G. M. Temmer, Bul. Am. Phys. Soc. 24, No. 2, 13 (1949).
T4. M. Ter-Pogossian, J. E. Robinson, C. S. Cook, Phys. Rev. 75, 995 (1949).
T5. H. Taub, P. Kusch, Phys. Rev. 75, 1481 (1949).
T6. A. V. Tollestrup, F. A. Jenkins, W. A. Fowler, C. C. Lauritsen, Phys. Rev. 75, 1946 (1949); 76, 181 (1949).
T6a. A. V. Tollestrup, F. A. Jenkins, C. C. Lauritsen, Phys. Rev. 76, 428 (1949).
T7. R. F. Taschek, H. V. Argo, A. Hemmendinger, G. A. Jarvis. Phys. Rev. 76, 325 (1949).
T8. M. Temmer. Phys. Rev. 76, 424 (1949).
T9. C. H. Townes, L. C. Aamodt, Phys. Rev. 76, 691 (1949).
T10. C. H. Townes, I. M. Mays, B. P. Dailey, Phys. Rev. 76, 700 (1949).
T11. Q. Thulin, I. Bergström, A. Hedgran, Phys. Rev. 76, 871 (1949).
T12. M. Ter-Pogossian, C. S. Cook, C. H. Goddard, J. F. Robinson, Phys. Rev. 76, 909 (1949).
T13. S. G. Thompson, A. Ghiorso, J. O. Rasmussen, G. T. Seaborg, Phys. Rev. 76, 1406 (1949).
T13a. M. Ter-Pogossian, Bul. Am. Phys. Soc. 24, No. 7, 9 (1949).
T14. P. G. Thomas, I. D. Kurbatov, Phys. Rev. 76, 1891 (1949).
T15. S. G. Thompson, A. Ghiorso, G. T. Seaborg. Phys. Rev. 77, 838 (1950).

W1. C. S. Wu, R. D. Albert, Phys. Rev. 75, 315 (1949).
W2. R. D. Wolfe, N. E. Ballou, Phys. Rev. 75, 527 (1949).
W3. G. Wilkinson, H. G. Hicks, Phys. Rev. 75, 696 (1949).
W4. Y. H. Woo, C. F. Mandeville, M. V. Scherb, W. B. Keighton, Bul. Am. Phys. Soc. 24, No. 13 (1949).
W5. R. J. Walen, J. Phys. Rad. 10, 94 (1949).
W6. G. Wilkinson. Phys. Rev. 75, 1019 (1949).
W7. C. S. Wu, R. D. Albert, Phys. Rev. 75, 1107 (1949).
W8. A. H. Ward, E. Walker, Nature, 163, 168 (1949).
W9. H. W. Wilson, S. C. Curran, Phil. Mag. 40, 631 (1949).
W10. G. Wilkinson, H. G. Hicks, Phys. Rev. 75, 1370 (1949).
W11. E. J. Woodburg, R. N. Hall, W. A. Fowler, Phys. Rev. 75, 1462 (1949).
W12. G. Wilkinson, H. G. Hicks, Phys. Rev. 75, 1687 (1949).
W13. L. D. Wyly, Phys. Rev. 76, 104, 316 (1949).
W14. R. M. Williamson, H. S. Richards, Phys. Rev. 76, 614 (1949).
W15. H. A. Wilson, Phys. Rev. 76, 687 (1949).

W16. C. S. Wu, C. H. Townes, L. Feldman, Phys. Rev. 76, 692 (1949).
W17. C. S. Wu, L. Feldman, Phys. Rev. 76, 693 (1949).
W18. C. S. Wu, L. Feldman, Phys. Rev. 76, 696 (1949).
W19. C. S. Wu, L. Feldman, Phys. Rev. 76, 698 (1949).
W20. R. R. Williams, J. Chem. Phys. 16, 512 (1948).
W21. S. C. Wright, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 24, No. 7, 8 (1949).
Y1. L. Yaffe, M. Kirsch, S. Standil, J. M. Grunlund, Phys. Rev. 75, 699 (1949).
Z1. J. R. Zimmerman, D. Williams, Phys. Rev. 75, 198 (1949).
Z2. J. R. Zimmerman, D. Williams, Phys. Rev. 75, 699 (1949).
Z3. D. J. Zaffarano, A. C. G. Mitchell, B. D. Kern, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 24, No. 3, 15 (1949).
Z4. A. C. Zabel’skii, G. Ya. Umarov and S. Kh. Matushevskii, ZhETF, 19, 1136 (1949).