D. B. Gogoberidze

In Memory of Dmitrii Borisovich Gogoberidze

V. A. Frank-Kamenetskii and V. B. Sakhov

On July 19, 1953, after a brief illness, in the 47th year of his life, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Professor Dmitrii Borisovich Gogoberidze passed away.

In the prime of his creative powers and talent, a major physicist, a man of immense devotion to science, exceptional energy, and great erudition, departed from life.

Over a comparatively short (twenty-year) period of scientific activity, Dmitrii Borisovich Gogoberidze published more than 120 scientific works in physics, crystal physics, X-ray analysis, the history of science, and other fields. Among them are a number of major monographic studies and surveys. The range of his scientific interests was very broad, but Dmitrii Borisovich’s creative interests were most closely connected with questions of crystal physics and X-ray analysis. It is precisely to this field that his most significant works in terms of scientific value belong, works that earned him the reputation of one of the foremost specialists in the field of crystal physics.

D. B. Gogoberidze was born in 1906 in the city of Odessa, into a physician’s family. He spent his school years in Odessa and then in Tbilisi, where the family moved in 1921. In 1923, after completing secondary school, D. B. entered the mathematical division of the pedagogical faculty of Tbilisi University, from which he successfully graduated in 1929. Upon completing the university, D. B. was sent to Moscow for scientific work.

There, at the Zhukovskii Air Force Academy, under the supervision of Professor B. V. Il’in, he carried out his first scientific work—“Physicochemical Analysis and the Inversion of Wetting”¹—which he presented in 1930 at the First All-Union Congress of Physicists in the city of Odessa. At the end of 1930 D. B. Gogoberidze moved to the city of Kharkov, where he worked at the Physico-Technical Institute, carrying out a number of investigations under the supervision of Prof. I. V. Obreimov²,³ and at the same time delivering lecture courses at Kharkov University. In 1934 he was invited to the Tbilisi

university to the position of head of the chair of experimental physics. Here his creative gifts are fully revealed. D. B. Gogoberidze teaches courses at the university in X-ray diffraction, metallophysics, electron theory, and general physics. He organizes an institute of physics at the university and becomes its first director. In Tbilisi D. B. carries out a number of interesting experimental studies on the mechanical twinning of calcite and on mosaic and curved crystals of rock salt, which he publishes in a series of articles \(4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 14, 22\).

In 1937 D. B. Gogoberidze moves to Leningrad to work at the M. I. Kalinin Polytechnic Institute as docent of the chair of technical physics. Here he directs the work of the X-ray laboratory and lectures on X-ray engineering and electron theory. Having obtained broader experimental possibilities, D. B. Gogoberidze successfully continues the research he had begun earlier in Tbilisi on the mechanical twinning of crystals, and in May 1938, at the Academic Council of the Engineering-Physics Faculty of the Polytechnic Institute, he defends his candidate’s dissertation on the topic “Mechanical Twinning.” In the same year D. B. Gogoberidze’s dissertation is published as a separate book \(26\). At the same time he conducts intensive experimental work on the study of defects in crystals, mainly using X-ray diffraction methods for this purpose. He investigates striation on crystal faces \(24\), various types of mosaic structure of crystals, and defects of the crystal surface, applying original methods of X-ray photography for this purpose. D. B. Gogoberidze publishes reports on the results of the work carried out in various scientific publications \(27, 28, 31, 32\). On the basis of these works, in 1939 D. B. Gogoberidze completes a major monograph, “X-ray Spectroscopy and Defects of Crystals,” which in November 1939 he defends as a doctoral dissertation at the Academic Council of the Engineering-Physics Faculty of the Leningrad Polytechnic Institute.

He continues his investigations of defects in crystals thereafter as well. Works in this direction were collected by D. B. Gogoberidze in the recently published monograph “Some Volume Defects of Crystals” \(39\) (Leningrad, 1952). This latest work contains an account of the methods and results of the study of volume defects of crystals. In the first part of the monograph the author dwells on an exposition of the optical and X-ray methods he used for investigating the physical character of disturbances arising in crystals, as well as on methods of photodocumentation. Its principal content is a description of the original methods and instruments developed by D. B. Gogoberidze for X-ray photography of crystals and for measuring anomalous double refraction in them.

...refraction arising in connection with stresses, for micro- and macrophotographing of crystals and contact optical imaging of crystalline faces.

These new research methods and devices for studying the structure of the real crystal will undoubtedly open up new possibilities and will be used successfully by many investigators of defects in crystals.

The second part of the book contains an exposition of the results of investigations of volume defects in crystals, which the author divides into two main types—macrodefects and microdefects.

Among macrodefects he considers such cases as dislocations, defects caused by slip, twinning, mosaicity, bending, twisting, and stratification.

Among microdefects he distinguishes cases of disordered arrangement of crystal-forming particles, fine mosaicity, spirals, and the presence of a weakened layer on the surface of the crystal.

In addition, D. B. Gogoberidze’s book examines the forms of fracture of crystalline and amorphous bodies and impact figures.

In its content this monograph by D. B. Gogoberidze remains unique in world literature. It is the first attempt to summarize a large body of material on volume defects of crystals and at the same time to show correctly the role of Soviet crystal physicists and crystallographers in the development of this question.

At the same time, this monograph is, first and foremost, a summary of all the work on defects carried out by D. B., beginning with his Candidate’s dissertation (1937) and ending with his most recent investigations of fracture forms (1952).

Despite the presence of certain debatable and even erroneous propositions, it undoubtedly represents a substantial contribution to the science of crystals, developing the chapter on the real crystal.

As we have already noted, in order to carry out his scientific plans and, in particular, to conduct studies of defects in crystals, D. B. Gogoberidze at various times developed new designs of various physical instruments, including several types of X-ray spectrographs^34,35.

For the creation of a new high-aperture spectrograph “of LKTI design,” he was awarded (in 1940) a prize of the All-Union Chemical Society named after D. I. Mendeleev.

For the study of defects in crystals he introduced a number of improvements into the method of taking Lauegrams^36 and created new types of Laue cameras with a rotating collimator^62. In addition, he proposed new types of goniometric heads^56, developed original devices for micro- and macrophotography^74,99. Together with I. V. Yavorsky he created two models of X-ray goniometers according to Seuter^61,115, which at present...

...are at present the most advanced designs of X-ray goniometers of this type.

For comparing images of crystal faces and other surfaces of solids obtained by different methods, he constructed a special double microscope, making it possible to obtain an additive color image of the object, in which details often appear that are invisible in each separate photograph.^99

Of great importance are the works of D. B. Gogoberidze devoted to the development of a new method for investigating the surface of solids by X-ray microscopy. In particular, priority belongs to him in the creation and development of the method of diffraction X-ray microscopy, as well as in the further development and refinement of the methods of contact micro-radiography. A number of D. B.’s articles are devoted to the development and application of these methods.^28, 35, 48, 80, 92, 99, 101, 105, 111

The essence of the contact method of X-ray microscopy consists in the fact that an object in the form of a thin plate (0.05–0.15 mm) is transilluminated by a beam of X-rays. The image obtained on a photographic plate in contact with the object is then enlarged by means of an ordinary microscope. Despite the fact that the magnifications that can be achieved in this way are comparatively small (not exceeding \(400\times\)), the method has definite advantages over ordinary metallographic methods: the structure of the alloy is revealed more fully; the observed picture depends not on the differentiated action of an etchant, but exclusively on the atomic weights of the components being studied, as a result of which the contrast of the image can be sharply increased; and, finally, micropores and microcracks appear more distinctly on micro-radiographs.

In 1938–1939 D. B. Gogoberidze proposed and developed a new method of diffraction X-ray microscopy. In this method a parallel beam of X-rays is used, incident on the crystal at a definite angle. The photographic plate is placed close to the object. The distribution of blackening on the plate depends mainly on the structure of the surface of the crystalline face.

In the method for studying the surface of a crystal in reflected X-ray light, developed by D. B. in 1938, the Bragg–Wolf reflection was used for this purpose in an asymmetric X-ray spectrograph with a stationary crystal. At the same time, together with M. N. Flerova and E. E. Weinstein,^33 he developed a method for investigating the structure of the surface of a bent crystal in a Johann spectrograph.

The methods of diffraction X-ray microscopy were successfully applied by D. B. in studying the question of defects in the structure of quartz crystals, for the study of the grinding and polishing of rock-salt crystals, and for the study of its deformation.^109

Further development and application of this “reflectogrammetric method of photographing the surface of a crystal in reflected X-ray light” is especially important in the study of various deformations and disturbances in mono- and polycrystals.

Beginning in 1939, D. B. Gogoberidze, in addition to the Polytechnic Institute, worked as a professor at the Leningrad Chemical-Technological Institute, where he taught a course in chemical radiography and headed the crystal-X-ray laboratory named after Prof. B. N. Oreshkin; and from September 1940 he was elected head of the department of physics of the Higher Naval School named after Dzerzhinsky.

During the war years, having moved to Tbilisi, D. B. Gogoberidze began to study the hardness of crystals and, in general, of solids. At the Institute of Physics and Geophysics of the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR he carried out, in practice, very important investigations on the study of hardness. The results of these works were partly included in the monograph Hardness and Methods of Its Measurement, the first edition of which appeared in Tbilisi in 1944[^48], and the second, considerably revised and expanded, in Leningrad in 1952[^98].

D. B.’s monograph on hardness is the only work in Soviet literature devoted to a detailed and comprehensive exposition of modern methods of measuring hardness and their justification.

The book systematically sets forth the existing diverse methods of measuring hardness, gives a description of instruments, and provides a critical analysis of various methods for measuring hardness. Of special value are the original physical interpretations of various characteristics of hardness and the identification of the physical factors affecting the measurement of hardness. New and original are the solutions of questions connected with the development of methods for measuring microhardness, as well as the data obtained by D. B. in studying the weakened surface layer in crystals[^102].

A number of articles by Dmitrii Borisovich are devoted to questions connected with the problem of hardness[^63,^70,^75,^78,^79,^82,^83,^85,^91,^94,^97,^103,^107].

In 1946 D. B. Gogoberidze organized the engineering-physics faculty of the Leningrad Institute of Precision Mechanics and Optics, where he was the first dean and head of the department of radiography and electronography that he had founded.

In subsequent years, heading departments of physics, radiography, and later of electrovacuum devices at the Leningrad Institute of Precision Mechanics and Optics, directing at various times X-ray laboratories at the Physics Institute of Leningrad University and at the Chemical-Technological Institute, lecturing and supervising graduate students at the Karelo-Finnish University—everywhere D. B. Gogoberidze, with enthusiasm and exceptional

with energy, carried out, together with his numerous pupils and collaborators, his scientific plans connected with the development of various questions of X-ray structural and X-ray spectral analysis, X-ray instrument making, the study of the mechanical properties of crystals, mechanical twinning, etc. He trained numerous pupils at the Leningrad Institute of Precision Mechanics and Optics and at the Karelo-Finnish University in Petrozavodsk.

Dmitrii Borisovich took a lively interest in the history of science. In this field he wrote a number of works. In them the achievements of Russian scientists in the field of research on solids and, especially, crystals are revealed with particular vividness. Among Dmitrii Borisovich’s works on the history of science, of interest are new data on such scientists as A. S. Popov, A. Ya. Kupffer, E. Kh. Lenz, P. R. Bagration, N. I. Koksharov, H. Panzer, and others. 71, 76, 85, 86, 87

In the archive of D. B. Gogoberidze there is a number of large completed manuscript monographs devoted to the life and scientific activity of many outstanding scientists (E. Kh. Lenz, P. N. Lebedev, A. Ya. Kupffer, F. F. Petrushevskii, F. Parrot, I. Newton). Dmitrii Borisovich’s extensive unpublished monograph is devoted to the first Russian researchers in various fields of roentgenography.

Engaged in enormous scientific work, D. B. Gogoberidze also took an active part in public and Party life. For a number of years he was chairman of the X-ray section of LOSNITO, actively participated in the work of the Society for the Dissemination of Political and Scientific Knowledge, frequently giving reports on various fields of science and technology.

D. B. was closely connected with industrial organizations. Under his direction a large number of works were carried out at the request of industry; he constantly consulted factory workers and took a lively interest in their inquiries and needs.

We all remember the numerous reports of D. B. Gogoberidze at meetings, conferences, and congresses, his expansive and lively polemical speeches during the discussion of many communications and reports that interested him. In his speeches one was always struck by his exceptional erudition and adherence to principle, the originality of his thought and his honesty in acknowledging mistakes. Also striking were the exceptional energy and capacity for work of Dmitrii Borisovich. In recent times he published annually more than 10 scientific works, and in 1951—19 works.

D. B. Gogoberidze was a purposeful, many-sided person, who knew much, was avidly interested in everything and, what is especially characteristic, was constantly engaged in creative search.

Even a few days before his death, at the beginning of July 1953, returning to Leningrad from a trip to the Caucasus, he was finishing

on the train his last book, X-Rays, and a few hours before his death was correcting for the journal Uspekhi fizicheskikh nauk his article “Microradiography and X-ray Microscopy”^111.

He was to the end devoted to the science he loved and gave himself to it completely. Being creatively connected with a number of research laboratories, he also created in his own home a sufficiently well-equipped crystallophysical laboratory, in which he carried out experimental work.

The name of D. B. Gogoberidze, an original and indefatigable investigator of the physical properties of solids, will forever be preserved in the history of crystallophysics.

LIST

OF PRINTED WORKS OF D. B. GOGOBERIDZE *)

1930

1. Physicochemical analysis and inversion of wetting. Reports on Scientific and Technical Work in the Republic, issue XXIX, p. 62 (together with B. V. Ilyin and Rozanov).

1933

1. Über die untere Grenze der Teilchengrösse in dispersen Systemen, Kolloid. Zeitschrift, issue 65, No. 1, 24—25.
2. On the lower limit of particle sizes in disperse systems. Journal of General Chemistry, issue 7, 819—820.

1934

1. Zur Frage nach der Natur der Zwillingsbildungsflächen. Sow. Phys., vol. VI, issue 1—2, 184 (together with E. G. Ananiashvili).
2. On the question of the nature of twinning planes. ZhETF, vol. 4, issue 10, 11.
3. On the question of the conventionality of the mathematical treatment of physical phenomena. Elektrichestvo, No. 1, 20.
4. Translation — Brillouin, Quantum Statistics. GONTI, 510 pp. (together with A. Prikhotko).

1935

1. Über mechanische Zwillingsbildung beim Kalkspat. I. Sow. Phys., vol. VII, issue 5—6, 547—552 (together with E. G. Ananiashvili).
2. Twinning of calcite. I. ZhETF, vol. 5, issue 7; 654—657 (together with E. G. Ananiashvili).
3. Über Zwillingsbildung nach irrationalen Flächen. Sow. Phys., vol. VIII, issue 2, 208—211.
4. Methodological instructions for correspondence students in theoretical physics. 60 pp. (lithographic ed.).
5. On the question of the conventionality of the mathematical treatment of physical phenomena. Elektrichestvo, No. 5, 49—50.
6. Under the same title. Elektrichestvo, No. 22, 43—44.

) The list of works of D. B. Gogoberidze does not include minor translations, abstracts, and theses of reports published in ZhTF, UFN*, and other editions.

1936

1. On the mechanical twinning of calcite. II. Transactions of Tbilisi State University, vol. II, 286 (jointly with L. R. Nakashidze).

2. On the twinning of calcite. Collection Roentgenography as Applied to the Study of Metals. ONTI (jointly with E. G. Ananyashvili).

3. Untersuchungen über gebogene Steinsalzflächen. Sow. Phys., vol. X, issue 6, 826–830.

4. Über die mechanische Zwillingsbildung beim Kalkspat. II. Sow. Phys., vol. X, issue 6, 820–825 (jointly with L. R. Nakashidze).

5. Methodological instructions for correspondence students in theoretical physics. 2nd ed., supplemented and expanded, 47 pp.

6. On mechanical twinning of crystals. UFN, vol. XVI, issue 6, 1104–1109.

1937

1. Über die Mosaikstruktur beim Steinsalz, Sow. Phys., vol. XI, issue 6, 621–625.

2. On the mosaic structure in rock salt. ZhETF, vol. 7, issue 9–10, 1180–1182.

3. On mechanical twinning of crystals. Transactions of Tbilisi State University, vol. II.

4. X-ray study of crystal deformations. Information Bulletin of the LPI, issue 9, 15–20.

1938

1. Irregularities in the growth of crystals and striation on the faces of calcite. Proceedings of the All-Russian Mineralogical Society, vol. LXVII, No. 1, 1–6.

2. Methods for reducing exposures when photographing Laue patterns. Head of the Laboratory, vol. 7, issue 12, 1416.

3. Mechanical twinning. ONTI, Kharkov, 86 pp.

1939

1. On the question of the splitting of spots in Laue radiographs. ZhTF, vol. XI, issue 3, 205–210.

2. Construction of a light-powerful X-ray spectrograph and the selection of crystals for it. ZhTF, vol. XI, issue 22, 2048.

3. Review of F. N. Kharadzha, Roentgen Engineering. UFN, vol. XXI, issue 3, 363–365.

4. X-ray spectral analysis. Bulletin of the All-Union Chemical Society named after D. I. Mendeleev, No. 10, 30–31.

1940

1. On the investigation of a crystal surface by means of reflection of a monochromatic beam of X-rays. Communication I. ZhETF, vol. X, issue 1, 96–102.

2. Under the same title. Communication II. Mica and its deformation. ZhETF, vol. X, issue 2, 232–233 (jointly with M. N. Flerova).

3. X-ray spectroscopic study of the bending of mica crystals with the aid of Johann’s spectrograph. ZhETF, vol. 10, issue 3, 350–354 (jointly with M. N. Flerova and E. E. Weinstein).

4. The X-ray spectrograph designed by LKTI and work with it. Transactions of LKTI named after Lensovet, issue IX, 246.

5. X-ray spectral analysis. Bulletin of the All-Union Chemical Society named after D. I. Mendeleev, No. 6–7.

1. Some new methods of photographing Laue patterns. ZhETF, issue 8, vol. 10, 949—954.
2. Defects of crystals. UFN, vol. XXIII, issue 4, 442—451.
3. Exact determination of the electron charge and of the absolute values of the wavelengths of X-ray beams. Uspekhi khimii, vol. IX, issue 9, 989—994.
4. Review — Ginzburg, “Lectures on Experimental Petrography.” Sovetskaya geologiya, No. 7, 124—125.
5. X-ray spectroscopy and spectral analysis by means of an LKhTI spectrograph. Proceedings of the LKhTI named after Lensovet, issue 9, 246—260.

1941

1. The influence of the chemical bond on X-ray spectra. Uspekhi khimii, vol. X, issue 7, 780—803 (jointly with M. N. Flerova).
2. Edited the translation of Compton and Allison, X-rays, Theory and Experiment. Gostekhizdat, 672 pp.

1942

1. Infrared spectra of certain organic substances. Communications of the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR, vol. III, issue 7, 663—670 (jointly with A. P. Gruzdev).

1943

1. Mosaicity and deformation. Abstracts of reports of the Department of Mathematical and Natural Sciences of the Georgian Academy of Sciences (in Georgian).

1944

1. Hardness and methods of measuring it. Proceedings of the Institute of Physics and Geophysics, Georgian Academy of Sciences, vol. VIII, Tbilisi, 206 pp.

1945

1. Course in Physics. Mechanics. Publishing House “Tekhnika da Shroma,” Tbilisi, 104 pp. (jointly with A. Avakyan and V. Kataladze) (in Georgian).
2. Some questions of engineering education. Vestnik vysshei shkoly, No. 3, 14—15.
3. On the mechanism of grinding and polishing phenomena. I. Journal of the Optical-Mechanical Industry, Nos. 5—6, 25—34.
4. The charge of the electron and the radiographic method of measuring it. Priroda, No. 7, 19—34.
5. The X-ray spectrum and Planck’s constant. Priroda, No. 11, 10—20.
6. American X-ray tubes for ultrahigh voltages. Priroda, No. 6, 57—58.
7. Microradiography. Priroda, No. 2, 57—58.

1947

1. Impact figures on rock-salt crystals. ZhTF, vol. XVII, issue 6, 723—728 (jointly with M. N. Flerova and S. B. Vrasky).
2. Measurement of double refraction in deformed rock salt. ZhTF, vol. XVII, issue 8, 917—926 (jointly with S. B. Vrasky).
3. An attachment to the Möller structural camera for photographing X-ray goniometer patterns. Zav. lab., issue 9, 1141—1143 (jointly with S. P. Tandura).
4. Goniometric heads of two types. Journal of the Optical-Mechanical Industry, No. 1.
5. Accuracy and errors of measurements. Uspekhi khimii, issue 5, 627—635.

1. On the 35th anniversary of the discovery of the diffraction of X-rays in crystals. Priroda, No. 9, 33—41.
2. A new method of X-ray investigation—fluoroscopy. Priroda, No. 6, 46—47.
3. The English draft standard for Debye cameras. Priroda, No. 7, 56—57.

1948

1. The LITMO X-ray goniometer. I. ZhTF, vol. XVIII, issue 5, 707—712 (with I. V. Yavorskii).
2. A camera for structural analysis with rotation of the collimator and of the plane cassette, and its application. ZhTF, vol. XVIII, issue 6, 824—826.
3. Lomonosov and the doctrine of hardness. Vestnik Leningrad State University, issue 2, 26—30.
4. Cobalt smalt. Priroda, No. 4, 83.
5. Striations on the faces of crystals. Priroda, No. 4, 38.
6. Measurement of hardness. Priroda, No. 5, 3—7.
7. Modern American X-ray tubes. Priroda, No. 8, 49—53.
8. Modern X-ray installations at ultrahigh voltages and their applications. Uspekhi khimii, vol. XVII, issue 2, 275.
9. Review—L. P. Breslavits, “Plants and X-rays.” Priroda, No. 5, 82.

1949

1. The concept of hardness in modern physics and technology. Vestnik LGU, No. 7, 3—12.
2. A. S. Popov, his life and work. Vestnik LGU, No. 2, 10—29.

1950

1. On the mechanism of grinding and polishing phenomena. Communication II. ZhTF, vol. XX, issue 8, 910—915 (with N. A. Kopatskii).
2. On the mechanism of fracture phenomena. Collection dedicated to the 70th anniversary of Academician A. F. Ioffe. Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 463—466 (with I. M. Tsarikovskaya).
3. New devices for micro- and macrophotography. Priroda, No. 10, 18—21.
4. An oscillographic pendulum sclerometer and its application. ZhTF, vol. XX, issue 11, 1353—1359 (with M. P. Bespechnyi).
5. The remarkable Russian physicist E. Kh. Lenz. Vestnik LGU, No. 2, 3—29.
6. The phenomenon of fracture in crystalline and amorphous bodies. UFN, vol. XLII, issue 4, 561—568.

1951

1. A pendulum method for measuring hardness. Vestnik mashinostroeniya, No. 1, 80—85.
2. A rational method for measuring hardness. Vestnik mashinostroeniya, No. 4, 82.
3. Disturbance and double refraction arising under the action of a localized load in rock-salt crystals. Collection Crystallography, vol. I, 171—190 (with M. N. Flerova and S. B. Vraskii).
4. Obtaining photographic images by means of pressure (piezography). Priroda, No. 8, 32—33.
5. On the question of changes in the surface layer during polishing. Collection Microhardness. Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 66—72 (with N. A. Kopatskii).
6. Some questions of the methodology of microhardness measurements by indentation. Collection Microhardness. Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 73—84 (with N. A. Kopatskii).

1. Investigation of fatigue on single crystals of rock salt by the optical method. ZhTF, vol. XXI, issue 10, 1255—1261 (jointly with I. D. Kirvalidze).

2. The first book in Russia on the study of hardness. Scientific Bulletin of LSU, issue 27, 4—6.

3. P. R. Bagration—a forgotten Georgian physicist. Journal of Metsniereba da Tekhnika, No. 4 (in Georgian).

4. The remarkable scientist Academician N. I. Koksharov. Journal of Metsniereba da Tekhnika, No. 10 (in Georgian).

5. Electron microradiography. Priroda, No. 1, 51—52.

6. Investigation of neutron beams by means of an X-ray spectrograph. Priroda, No. 3, 45—46.

7. An important meteorological work. Priroda, No. 2, 54—55.

8. An important work on the study of hardness. Priroda, No. 7, 53.

9. Letter to the editor. ZhTF, vol. XXI, No. 1, 115.

10. B. Ya. Pines’s high-intensity monochromator for X-rays. UFN, vol. XLVII, issue 2, 291.

11. Zonation and nodular structure in crystals. Mineralogical Collection of the Lviv Geological Society, No. 5, 298—299.

12. On surface crystallization. Mineralogical Collection of the Lviv Geological Society, No. 5, 297—298.

1952

1. On the theory of the pendulum method of measuring hardness. Journal of Physical Chemistry, vol. XXVI, issue 2, 310—314.

2. Hardness and methods for its measurement. Leningrad, Mashgiz, 318 pp.

3. Some volumetric defects of crystals. LSU Press, 196 pp., Leningrad.

4. Technical gammaradiography. Bulletin of Engineers and Technicians, No. 6, 263—265.

5. Microradiography of thin sections and minerals. Collection “Crystallography,” vol. II, 169—176.

6. On the presence of a weakened layer on the surface of solid bodies (single crystals). Collection “Crystallography,” vol. II, 247—258.

7. Lomonosov and the doctrine of hardness. Priroda, No. 9, 78—80.

8. Physicists—pioneers of Russian roentgenology. Bulletin of Roentgenology and Radiology, No. 4, 75—82.

9. On the history of X-ray microscopy and microradiography. UFN, vol. XLVII, No. 2, 339—340.

10. Review of the book by A. M. Bakhrakh. Bulletin of Mechanical Engineering, No. 5, 91.

1953

1. On the question of the influence of surface-active substances on the results of measuring hardness and microhardness by indentation and the tensile strength. Journal of Physical Chemistry, vol. XXVII, No. 4, 607—612 (jointly with V. B. Sakhov and N. A. Kopatsky).

2. On streaks on crystal faces. Mineralogical Collection of the Lviv Geological Society, No. 6, 43—48.

3. Pioneers of Russian roentgenography. Proceedings of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Physical Series, vol. XVII, No. 2, 177—185.

4. Microradiography and X-ray microscopy. UFN, vol. L, No. 4, 577—599.

5. X-rays in technology. Science and Life, No. 10, 17—19.

In press*)

1. Study of the growth forms of carborundum crystals. Mineralogical Collection of the Lviv Geological Society, No. 7 (jointly with E. B. Gasibova and S. B. Ukranintseva).

2. Contact photography and microradiography and some of their applications. Proceedings of LITMO.

3. X-ray goniometer LITMO-II. Proceedings of LITMO (jointly with V. I. Firsova and I. V. Yavorsky).

4. Electronic recording X-ray tube. Proceedings of LITMO (jointly with N. V. Levin and G. A. Ostapenko).

5. On the possibility of using single crystals of rock salt as reference blocks in microhardness tests, especially as applied to instruments of the PMT-2 type. Proceedings of LITMO (jointly with N. A. Kopatsky).

6. On the calculation of measurement error. Proceedings of LITMO (jointly with V. V. Kirillov).

7. A polarization attachment for a biological microscope. Proceedings of LITMO (jointly with E. K. Sokolov).

8. Study of some physicomechanical properties of synthetic corundum. Proceedings of LITMO (jointly with V. B. Sakhov).

9. On the possibility of using auripigment as a material for crystalline detectors for X-rays. Proceedings of LITMO (jointly with V. Karpilov).

10. Diamonds and their technical application. Scientific Notes of Karelo-Finnish State University, Petrozavodsk.

) Works Nos. 112–119 are being published in the volume of the Proceedings of LITMO* dedicated to the memory of D. B. Gogoberidze.