PROCEEDINGS
OF THE TOMSK POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, ORDER OF THE OCTOBER REVOLUTION
AND ORDER OF THE RED BANNER OF LABOR, named after S. M. KIROV

Volume 227　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　1972

ENGINEERING ELECTRICAL-TECHNICAL EDUCATION

AND THE PRINCIPAL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

AT THE ELECTRIC-POWER FACULTY OF THE TOMSK

POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE

R. I. BORISOV, N. A. DULZON

(Presented by the Department of Electrical Systems and Networks)

The first graduation of mechanical engineers with an electrical-engineering specialization at the Tomsk Polytechnic Institute took place in 1906. The Department of Electrical Engineering, headed by Professor A. A. Potebnya, had been organized in 1903. The first works on electrical engineering carried out within the walls of our institute date from this time. Thus, in 1903 the printed works of Prof. A. A. Potebnya appeared under the title “Commutator Motors of Single-Phase Alternating Current,” and in 1904, “On the Theory of Parallel Operation of Alternators.” Both works were of fundamental importance. At a time when the struggle between the supporters of direct and alternating current was in full swing, Prof. A. A. Potebnya resolutely spoke in favor of the application and use of alternating current and substantially advanced the development of the theory of alternating currents. This applies especially to the second work. In it, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich, independently of other researchers, for the first time formulated the conditions for the parallel operation of synchronous generators in the form of a relation of electromagnetic power, and showed the importance and influence of the synchronizing reactance. In the second part of this work, the conditions for maintaining stability under small disturbances of the operating mode were, for the first time for synchronous generators, formulated through the coefficients of the characteristic equation obtained by linearizing the differential equations of rotor motion. This work was a continuation and development of the views of such outstanding electrical engineers as Steinmetz, Blondel, and Kapp, and was the first successful attempt to use the works of the eminent Russian scientist A. A. Lyapunov on the stability of motion for electrical-engineering systems. At that time the conclusions of this work were of only theoretical interest, since practice did not yet pose problems in the form of requirements for the parameters of synchronous generators, control systems, and the like. Therefore the work was considerably ahead of its time and, unfortunately, by the present day proved to be undeservedly forgotten. Aleksandr Aleksandrovich strove in each of his works to impart practical meaning. Under his direction and with his direct participation, a tramway project for Tomsk was created and its implementation begun. The war of 1914 interfered, and this was not returned to until 30 years later.

The training of power-engineering specialists was carried out in the mechanical department, which also included the electrical-engineering subdepartment. Here mechanical engineers specializing in power plants were graduated.

installations with steam-engineering, heat-engineering, electrical-engineering, and hydraulic-engineering sections. The development toward expansion of the electrical-engineering section later led to the formation of the electric-power faculty.

After 1917, the electric-power subsection became the specialty “power installations,” with the above-mentioned section.

From 1906 to 1925, 83 engineers were graduated in the energy fields.

At first, the electrical-engineering courses were taught by Prof. A. A. Potebnya, but gradually they were transferred to his colleagues—engineers A. A. Levchenko and V. M. Khrushchev, who had graduated from our institute in 1908. Research work in electrical engineering continued in the direction of developing the theory of alternating-current electrical machines. Thus, in 1913, 1914, and 1915 two major works by V. M. Khrushchev were published: “The Theory of Repulsion Motors” and “On the Calculation of Single-Phase Commutator Motors.” In 1915 V. M. Khrushchev defended a dissertation on the topic “The Theory of Repulsion Motors.” During his work at the institute he carried out a whole series of studies on the theory of alternating-current machines, thanks to which he had already by that time gained recognition as a prominent scholar.

Subsequently, Academician V. M. Khrushchev worked extensively and fruitfully on substantiating and developing methods for calculating electric networks and for calculating short-circuit currents in electrical systems. These works belong to a later period of his activity; they coincided with the formation of the first Union-wide electric-power systems and were of fundamental importance for their time.

With the strengthening of specialization in higher educational institutions (1922–1930), the electrical-engineering section at TTI became an independent electrical-engineering specialty. From 1925 to 1930, the number of engineers graduated in this specialty was 40.

In 1918–1923, Professors V. M. Khrushchev, A. A. Levchenko, and A. A. Potebnya left Tomsk. This period is characterized by the attraction to work at the institute of new, young employees, alumni of our institute (engineers V. A. Nadezhnitskii, Golubkov, Afanas’ev, R. A. Voronov). Under the conditions of the Soviet system, the young staff members naturally strove toward new collective forms of work, which stimulated the creation of departments in the modern sense of the word.

After Prof. V. M. Khrushchev left Tomsk in 1918, the department of electrical engineering was headed until 1923 by Prof. V. V. Shirkov, who for the first time introduced at the institute the teaching of the theory of alternating currents. Later he became a well-known radio specialist, director of the Komintern Radio Station, and professor at the Moscow Institute of Communications.

From 1923 to 1929 the department of electrical engineering was headed by Associate Professor V. A. Nadezhnitskii, and from 1929 to 1932 by Prof. A. A. Levchenko, who had temporarily returned to Tomsk and devoted much effort and energy to the creation of the electrical-engineering faculty. Under him, the Tomsk Technological Institute was divided into branch higher educational institutions and an energy faculty was created in the Siberian Mechanical-Machine-Building Institute.

Research work entered a new phase—the theory of alternating-current electrical circuits began to be developed. The appearance of these works dates to 1928. Their author was engineer R. A. Voronov, who graduated from our institute in 1923. Over time, the development of material on this subject became very substantial and profound.

Formation of Modern Scientific Electrical-Engineering Schools at TPI

In 1930 the higher school of the country was reorganized, which led to the creation of the Power Engineering Faculty. The approval in 1929–1930 of electrical-engineering specialties (production, conversion, and distribution of electric power, and electrical equipment of industrial enterprises) required the teaching of a large complex of specialized disciplines. By 1934 specialized electrical-engineering departments had finally taken shape: electric machines (head—assistant M. F. Filippov, and later I. G. Kuleev); electric power stations and transmission lines (head—Assoc. Prof. V. K. Shcherbakov); and theoretical and general electrical engineering (head—Assoc. Prof. R. A. Voronov). The Department of Electric Power Stations and Transmission Lines taught a wide range of specialized disciplines. In 1931 a high-voltage laboratory was organized. After several years this laboratory already made it possible to carry out the program of laboratory work for the course in high-voltage engineering. In 1932 diploma design work was begun in the specialty “electric power stations and networks.” V. K. Shcherbakov should rightly be considered one of the founders of electrical-engineering education in Siberia. He was the first at the Tomsk Polytechnic Institute to establish the teaching of complete cycles of engineering electrical-engineering disciplines and organized the graduation of engineers in the specialty “electric power stations, networks, and systems.”

In 1937 V. K. Shcherbakov completed and defended a Candidate’s dissertation on the topic “Calculation of Voltages and Power Flow in Complex Electrical Systems.”

In the section of high-voltage networks of electric-power systems, the department, together with A. A. Vorob’ev, carried out important studies on the effect of low temperatures on the operation of electrical apparatus. In 1937 staff members of the department (Assoc. Prof. I. D. Kutyavin, assistant V. N. Titov, and assistant V. K. Shmakov) carried out important work on investigating the most advantageous distribution of power in the Kuzbassenergo system. By decision of the city party committee, V. N. Titov was assigned to work as chief engineer of Tomsk GRES-1, where he successfully solved the problem of supplying electricity to the city, which had previously been provided from more than 60 small, varied municipal and departmental sources. His major organizational talent was manifested once again in the creation, together with Assoc. Prof. M. F. Filippov, of the Physics and Technology Faculty.

Much strength and energy was devoted to the organization of electrical-engineering education at TPI by Assoc. Prof. I. G. Kuleev, who for a long time headed the Department of Electric Machines and at first led the electrical-engineering specialty, and then the Power Engineering Faculty.

The section of the department’s work for the course in electric power stations was partly provided by Assoc. Prof. V. K. Shcherbakov, and also, until 1934, by Assoc. Prof. V. A. Nadezhnitskii, who then transferred to the Department of Electric Machines, and, from 1934, by Assoc. Prof. I. A. Balashev. From 1936 the teaching of the course in electric power stations, along with I. A. Balashev, was provided by Assoc. Prof. I. D. Kutyavin, who in 1935 defended a Candidate’s dissertation on the topic: “Relay Protection of Generators” and received the academic title of associate professor. Under his leadership, in 1939, a Department of Electric Power Stations and Substations was separated out, consisting of 5 people. The department immediately began vigorous work on organizing a laboratory for electric power stations and relay protection.

The separation of the Department of Theoretical and General Electrical Engineering from the general electrical-engineering department took place in 1932. In this

during the period under the leadership of Docent R. A. Voronov, laboratories of theoretical electrical engineering, electrical measurements, and general electrical engineering were created. Among the department’s scientific work in this period one should note R. A. Voronov’s work on the textbook Theory of Alternating Currents, as well as the publication of a manual for laboratory work in general electrical engineering (1934). These books were reissued many times. Under the conditions in which the educational process was taking shape, the appearance of successful textbooks on the principal section of electrical engineering had a generally progressive influence on the development of electrical-engineering education not only at TPI, but also at other technical higher educational institutions of the country. Thanks to these works, Docent R. A. Voronov already at that time gained all-Union recognition as a major scholar—methodologist and electrical engineer. Considerable work was also carried out on questions of measuring and analyzing periodic curves, as a result of which in 1939 R. A. Voronov defended his Candidate’s dissertation on the topic “Methods for Determining the Power Factor of Electrical Installations.”

This period was very important for the subsequent development at TPI of work on relay protections for the main equipment of electric stations. Immediately after the defense of the Candidate’s dissertation in 1935 by Docent I. D. Kutyavin, developments aimed at improving relay protections for station equipment were continued and intensified. It was precisely in this period that the main ideas were outlined which subsequently led to very fruitful results in this field. The first four publications on relay protection of generators belong to this time (1935–1939).

At the Department of Electrical Networks, Systems, and High-Voltage Engineering, under the leadership of Docent V. K. Shcherbakov, research work was conducted in the field of corona discharge on the conductors of power-transmission lines. These works were carried out in parallel and in collaboration with the Siberian Physico-Technical Institute, where they were directed by Docent A. A. Vorob’ev. The needs of the country’s industrial development sharply raised questions of lightning protection for power-transmission lines and structures against atmospheric overvoltages. For Siberian conditions it was necessary to develop well-founded norms for levels of lightning withstand, parameters of grounding devices, etc. These questions were successfully solved, and the corresponding recommendations were used by the TPI Department of High-Voltage Engineering to protect a number of important industrial and civil complexes against atmospheric overvoltages (for example, the Saratov–Moscow gas pipeline in the 1950s). On questions of corona, lightning protection, and combating ice formations alone, about 20 works by Prof. A. A. Vorob’ev and his associates were published in Izvestiya TPI during this period, and several designs and reports were prepared.

The emergence of a new scientific direction headed by Prof. A. A. Vorob’ev should be attributed to the mid-1930s. Soon after defending his doctoral dissertation in 1938, Prof. A. A. Vorob’ev transferred to work at the Tomsk Polytechnic Institute. By this time Prof. A. A. Vorob’ev had organized a high-voltage laboratory at the Siberian Physico-Technical Institute, which, under his leadership, carried out work on the breakdown of dielectrics and developed a methodology for studying this phenomenon, important for the development of the electric-power industry.

From 1930 to 1940, 189 engineers graduated in the specialty “electric stations, networks, and systems.” A whole number of the engineers graduating in this period now occupy senior positions in industry and the national economy. Among them are: F. N. Ivanov (1932 graduate)—director of the Tom-Usinskaya State District Power Station; M. F. Pachkov (1939 graduate)—

director of Novosibirsk GRES-II; M. F. Karasev (class of 1931)—professor, doctor, head of the Department of OMIPT; V. V. Volgin (class of 1938)—director of Novosibirsk TETs-III; Yu. E. Nebolyubov (class of 1937)—professor, corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, and many others.

The Years of the Great Patriotic War.

Further Strengthening of the Electrical-Engineering Departments

Half of the following decade fell in the war years. A number of faculty employees were called up into the ranks of the Soviet Army. The departments experienced a great need for premises. All this, together with difficulties in supplying the laboratories with materials, reagents, and equipment, greatly complicated the work. The evacuation of industry to the eastern regions of the country, which began at the start of the war, led to the creation in Western Siberia of a large cluster of electrical-industry plants. These plants had to be installed and brought into operation within severe deadlines, and the considerable power shortage that had arisen in Tomsk had to be covered. The power-engineering departments actively joined in this work. Under the leadership of Prof. I. N. Butakov, the city power council was created, which in practice directed this part of the work.

The work of the Department of Electric Stations and Substations under the direction of Associate Professor I. D. Kutyavin was highly fruitful during the war years. The material base of the department was significantly replenished. Under the direct supervision of Assoc. Prof. I. D. Kutyavin, in 1941–1942 the electrical part of the institute’s 500-kilowatt station was designed and installed; it supplied electric power to one of the large plants. In 1940, tests were carried out with partial modernization of the relay protection of Tomsk GRES No. 1. During the war years, extensive work was done on designing and installing the power supply for Tomsk plants evacuated from the western part of the country. Under the leadership of Associate Professors I. D. Kutyavin and E. M. Pukhov, technical working designs were drawn up for the power supply of a number of plants.

Instructors from many of the country’s higher educational institutions evacuated to Tomsk (the Moscow Electromechanical Institute of Railway Engineers and others) collaborated with or worked in our departments or laboratories.

From 1937, Assoc. Prof. E. M. Pukhov worked at the Department of Electric Stations; his principal field of scientific activity was the electrification of railway transport. In the period 1944–1945, under his leadership, a working design for the Tomsk tramway was developed. But the department’s main scientific direction remained relay protection. Under the leadership of I. D. Kutyavin, intensive and purposeful work continued on improving the characteristics of relay protection for the main electrical equipment of stations. This period includes original developments in fast-saturating current transformers and current transformers with an air gap. Ivan Dmitrievich Kutyavin is a pioneer in this field. Fast-saturating transformers of a new type were developed by industry and came into widespread use at Union-level power stations. It is precisely to this period that the formation of the scientific school of relay protection at the Tomsk Polytechnic Institute should be attributed.

The work of the Department of Electric Networks and Systems during the years of the Patriotic War, under the leadership of Prof. V. K. Shcherbakov, was also aimed at...

directed toward all possible assistance to industry. Despite the departure of several staff members to the army, the department actively took part in aiding the power industry of Tomsk and energetically pursued methodological and research work, which served as the theoretical basis for introducing a set of measures to improve the reliability of the operation of power-transmission lines supplying enterprises—something that was extremely important under wartime conditions. In this same period, research was conducted on the creation of simple, inexpensive, and reliable schemes for supplying power to factories. V. K. Shcherbakov’s doctoral dissertation, defended by him in 1944 at TPI, developed new questions concerning the use of one of the phase conductors as protection against lightning overvoltages. This period also saw the appearance of an original monograph on the calculation of electrical networks under unsymmetrical operating conditions. In it, for the first time in the Soviet Union, methods of calculating such networks that were very important for practice were developed. The direction of the department’s research work inclined toward the study of operating conditions in electric-power systems, as well as the transmission of energy over long distances.

In the Department of High-Voltage Engineering there was a qualitative leap in research work. From the systematization and accumulation of experimental material on the breakdown of dielectrics, it proved possible to make the transition to a new theory, linking the phenomenon of breakdown with the energy of electrons in the crystal lattice. In this connection one should note the fundamental work of Prof. A. A. Vorob’ev, published in Izvestiya TPI (vol. 63, 1946) under the title “Some Experimental Regularities of the Electrical Breakdown of Solid Dielectrics.” A period began of vigorous study of the electrical properties of dielectrics from this point of view. Thus there arose another scientific school, devoted to the study of the electrophysical properties of dielectrics and semiconductors. Of very great importance for the country’s power industry, and especially for Siberian power engineering, was the work of Prof. A. A. Vorob’ev, begun in the prewar years, on the study of the characteristics of electrical equipment under operating conditions at low temperatures. It made it possible to increase the load capacity of power transformers by 68%, which, under the acute shortage of transformer capacity in that period, was of exceptional significance. The now well-known one-percent and three-percent rules for determining the overload capacity of transformers were obtained much later. To this same period belong Prof. A. A. Vorob’ev’s proposals for improving the production technology of transformer oil, which yielded a significant economic effect.

In 1945 A. A. Vorob’ev’s book High-Voltage Engineering was published; for a long time it remained the principal textbook on this subject for students of electric-power specialties at the country’s technical higher educational institutions. In addition, the book set forth the results of the author’s research on the theory of electrostatic generators, begun during the war, which in time were embodied in generators of original designs developed at TPI.

In 1944 Associate Professor R. A. Voronov successfully defended a doctoral dissertation on the theory of calculation of unsymmetrical electrical circuits.

Organizationally, certain changes took place in connection with the further growth of the faculty. Thus, in the early 1940s, the Department of Electrical Networks, Systems, and High-Voltage Engineering was divided into two: Electrical Networks and Systems (head—Prof. V. K. Shcherbakov) and High-Voltage Engineering (head—Prof. A. A. Vo-

...workers). During this period the faculty included the electrical departments of Electrical Insulation and Cable Engineering (head—Assoc. Prof. A. K. Potuzhny) and Electrical Machines and Electrical Equipment of Industrial Enterprises (head—Assoc. Prof. I. G. Kuleev), which later separated into the Electromechanical Faculty.

The graduation of engineers from 1940 to 1950 in the faculty’s present specialties amounted to 151 people; among them, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, Prof. Dr. G. E. Pukhov (1940), chief engineer of the Krasnoyarskenergo Regional Energy Administration B. A. Borkovsky (1942), director of Omsk TETs-III F. I. Beloborodov, and many others hold major executive positions in the country’s power industry.

The Fifties. Formation of the Electric Power Engineering Faculty

In 1953 the Energy Faculty was divided into the Electric Power Engineering Faculty and the Heat Power Engineering Faculty.

Work on electrical breakdown at the Department of High-Voltage Engineering developed especially rapidly. From 1950 to 1960, Prof. A. A. Vorob’ev, his colleagues, and his students published about 50 articles on this problem in Izvestiya TPI alone. The theory of breakdown acquired concrete and practical embodiment. A field test site was created, where industrial tests and refinement of installation components were carried out. The results were introduced into the mining industry. In the 1950s, 8 candidate dissertations were defended on this topic. The scholars trained at the department at that time now occupy positions as heads of departments, deans of faculties, and other responsible posts at the institute, while themselves continuing to conduct intensive research work. Under the direction of A. A. Vorob’ev, high-voltage engineering developed at TPI. One of the largest in the country, and the largest in Siberia, high-voltage laboratories was created, equipped with such unique installations as impulse generators for 3 and 1.5 million V. Original high-voltage oscillographs and high-voltage nanosecond generators were designed and built. These works on high-voltage pulse technology acquired independent significance. Broad prospects opened for the use of this technology in the national economy of the country.

At the Department of Electrical Systems and Networks, under the direction of Prof. V. K. Shcherbakov, intensive work began in 1950 on increasing the transmission distance of high-voltage alternating-current electric power and on the operating conditions of electrical systems.

In the course of developing the large and complex problem of the practical use of long-distance power transmission lines, the team he headed successfully solved a number of fundamental questions connected with the choice of optimal tuning schemes, stability, normal and unbalanced operating regimes, and the regulation of frequency and active power. At TPI, questions began to be worked out concerning the possibilities for the practical use of power-transmission-line schemes tuned to a half-wave. At that time the department prepared 10 candidate dissertations and one doctoral dissertation for defense. In 1955 Prof. V. K. Shcherbakov left Tomsk, and from 1957 to 1964 the department was headed by Assoc. Prof. V. A. Shubenko.

At the Department of Electric Power Stations, under the direction of Prof. I. D. Kutyavin, who defended his doctoral dissertation in 1954, work continued on relay protection of the main equipment.

power plants. During this time the staff of the department, together with the head of the department, prepared about 20 articles for publication, and 6 candidate dissertations were submitted for defense. By the end of the 1950s a new direction appeared at the department, connected with the problem of finding the greatest effects in power engineering.

The faculty’s educational work was characterized by a further improvement in the quality of engineer training and by growth in the number of specialists graduating. In all, over ten years the faculty trained 377 engineers, who work mainly in the eastern regions of the country at enterprises of the power industry. The years 1960–1965 were a period of further growth and development of the Electropower Faculty. In these years two new specialties were opened: “power supply of industrial enterprises, cities, and agriculture” and “cybernetics of power systems.”

At the Department of High-Voltage Engineering, which since 1957 had been headed by Associate Professor I. I. Kalyatskii, work continued, under the scientific supervision of Prof. A. A. Vorob'ev and Prof. E. K. Zavadovskaya, on research into the electrophysical properties of dielectrics and semiconductors. The work had practical results in the form of a large number of printed publications and experimental-design developments. The work was included in the plan for development of the national economy of the country. The department also continued intensive methodological work on writing textbooks. Thus, in 1955 A. A. Vorob'ev’s book Ultra-High-Voltage Engineering was published, and in 1960 a book by a group of authors, staff members of the HV Department of TPI, appeared under the title High-Voltage Equipment and Measurements.

In 1962 a Scientific Research Institute of High Voltages, NII VN, was organized at the faculty, administered on a voluntary basis. Important work was carried out in the divisions of this institute on the industrial use of electrical discharges, and on the design and manufacture of high-voltage nanosecond generators and electrostatic generators (Senior Researcher G. A. Mesyats, Prof. G. A. Vorob'ev, Senior Researcher N. F. Kalganov).

From 1963 the Department of Theoretical Foundations of Electrical Engineering, which since 1960 had been headed by Associate Professor V. A. Lukutin, joined in the development of electrostatic generators.

At the Department of Electric Power Stations, development continued on problems in the main direction of Prof. I. D. Kutyavin’s school—the improvement and creation of new relay protections for the main equipment of electric power stations. During this time 5 candidate dissertations were defended on these issues. In addition, results were obtained in a new scientific direction of the department. Certain issues of the efficiency of capital investments in power engineering were solved, and a methodology for techno-economic studies of power transformers was developed and tested.

At the Department of Electrical Systems and Networks, methodological work was carried out for the new specialty “power supply of enterprises and cities” and for a substantial renewal of the laboratory facilities in all subjects provided by the department. The department’s research work was not united by a single theme. From 1961 work began at the department on physical modeling of electrical systems. Together with the Department of TFE, from 1961 to 1963 a model of the electrical system of Western Siberia in alternating current was developed and manufactured. In 1963 an instructional model of an electrical system in direct current was completed.

The graduation of engineers was characterized by a further growth in the quality of training and in the number of young specialists graduating. Over five

in recent years the faculty has graduated about 600 engineers in the specialties “electric power stations” and “electric systems and networks.”

In January 1966, in order to strengthen the Electrophysics Faculty created within the EEF, the Department of High-Voltage Engineering and the High-Voltage Engineering Research Institute were transferred to the EEF. However, even at the present time the Department of High-Voltage Engineering (head—A. A. Dulzon since 1966) performs about two thirds of its work for the training of engineers in electric-power specialties. The department annually graduates about 20 electric-power engineers. The staff of the department itself consists mainly of graduates of the Electric Power Faculty.

In 1968 the Department of Labor Protection (head—Assoc. Prof. V. F. Kutsepalenko) became part of the faculty.

At the departments of the faculty, intensive work continues on improving teaching methods, updating curricula, introducing new laboratory exercises, and improving the organization and conduct of course and diploma design. Diploma design is carried out at a higher level in the Department of Electric Power Stations. Great credit for this belongs to senior lecturer of this department P. P. Chinenov—an engineer with extensive experience in practical and design work, who in 1965 successfully defended a Candidate’s dissertation on substantiating the efficiency of capital investments in power engineering. Associate professor of the same department N. V. Lisetskii devotes much effort to instructional work; under his direction extensive methodological work is being carried out to improve the teaching of relay protection. In this work the instructors A. V. Shmoilov, S. G. Pushkin, and O. M. Dolenko are involved. In the Department of Electric Power Stations, under the direction of Professor I. D. Kutyavin and a graduate of our faculty, R. A. Vainshtein, who in 1965 defended a Candidate’s dissertation, work has begun on preparing the graduation of engineers in a new specialty of the faculty—the cybernetics of electrical systems.

In the Department of Electric Systems and Networks, the young instructors V. D. Kozyrev, V. I. Gotman, and Yu. V. Khrushchev were able in a short time to prepare substantial laboratory exercises on transient processes in electrical systems and electric networks. Senior lecturer of this department L. A. Zaspanov is carrying out very useful work on improving curricula for the specialties of power supply of industrial enterprises and cities; Associate Professor N. A. Dulzon has prepared a teaching aid for the course on electric networks and systems in accordance with the new program.

In the Department of Theoretical Foundations of Electrical Engineering, which has 25 instructors on its staff, very important and necessary methodological work is being conducted to improve teaching methods for young instructors; the TSU publishing house has repeatedly reissued lecture notes on various sections of the TOE course, collections of problems, and descriptions of laboratory exercises. This is the work of our instructors of this department: V. A. Lukutina, T. Yu. Mogilevskaya, and N. A. Sivkov.

Research work at the faculty is conducted along lines common to each department.

At a high scientific level, research work continues in the Department of Electric Power Stations on determining the optimal sizes of power transformers. Work in this direction is highly topical and, upon completion and implementation, should yield a large economic effect. Several postgraduate students (V. P. Krasnov, V. A. Zorin, O. M. Dolenko, L. I. Del) have been drawn into the research work in this direction by Prof. I. D. Kutyavin. Work continues on improving relay protections under the direction—

under the direction of Prof. I. D. Kutyavin and Assoc. Prof. N. V. Lisetsky. These works took a different direction—the possibilities of creating protections on a fundamentally new basis are being developed. Young staff members of the department have been drawn into this work (A. V. Shmoilov, R. A. Weinstein, L. I. Voronova, V. O. Khuduguev).

At the Department of Theoretical Foundations of Electrical Engineering, a major problem continues to be developed: the creation of new electrical machines. Specifically, the department’s staff are engaged in questions of the theory and calculation of electrostatic generators with conductor conveyors. Four topics on this problem, included in the plan of the national economy of the USSR, have been approved for the institute. The supervisors of these topics are Associate Professors V. A. Lukutin and A. F. Kalganov. The name ESG generalizes an entire group of electrical machines whose operation is based on the principle of using the energy of the electric field.

Capacitive machines can be as diverse as induction machines. Here one can distinguish both generators and motors of direct and alternating current, with self-excitation and with separate excitation, etc. But perhaps the common distinctive feature of capacitive machines is their high-voltage character. It is precisely at high voltages that they can have high energy-performance indicators.

At present, various kinds of rectifiers exist for obtaining high-voltage direct current. However, electrostatic generators have a number of significant advantages over them: an ESG produces current with very small (fractions of a percent) pulsations; the output voltage is easily stabilized and regulated; the small discharge capacitance of the machine makes them safe for operating personnel; they are not afraid of short-circuit operation; they are sufficiently portable and universal. These and a number of other advantages of capacitive machines have allowed them to compete with rectifiers in charged-particle installations, for powering space equipment, etc.

The insufficiently widespread use of capacitive machines is explained by the absence of high-quality dielectrics and by gaps in the theory of these machines. Since an ESG operates at very high potentials of its individual electrodes, breakdowns of dielectrics and corrosion of electrodes occur very often.

To prevent the appearance of such undesirable phenomena, it is necessary to have information on the potentials of the electric field at all points of the machine space.

Since the field of an ESG has a very complex configuration, its calculation encounters very serious difficulties.

The staff of the TOE department have carried out numerous experiments on modeling the electric fields of capacitive machines, and several models of machines with conducting conveyors have been constructed. Very labor-intensive and complex work has been done on developing methods for the analytical calculation of the stator and rotor field. At present, numerous formulas have been obtained for determining the potentials of the electric field of a machine operating in various modes.

Interesting studies have been carried out to examine the physical essence of commutation processes in generators with conducting conveyors, and recommendations aimed at improving the commutation process have been made. The studies mentioned are continuing and are being extended to machines with a dielectric rotor.

The research work of the Department of Electrical Systems and Networks is being conducted on the problem of optimizing the construction of networks and controlling the modes of their operation.

It is believed that long-distance high-voltage alternating-current power lines perform the role either of trunk lines, or of intersystem ties, or combine these functions. In the report of the Coordinating Council on Electrophysical Problems of Power Engineering it is proposed to distinguish these functions for power lines by voltage: thus, 1150 kV lines will be trunk lines, while 750 and 500 kV lines will be intersystem ties.

Such a division appears to a considerable extent artificial and historically incorrect. At one time, when the question of introducing a voltage of 500 kV was being decided, it also seemed that 500 kV lines would be trunk lines, while the role of lines for intersystem exchange was assigned to the voltage of 220 kV. Life disproved these assumptions. Taking the available experience into account, one must consider that long-distance alternating-current power lines will continue mainly to combine both functions, simultaneously performing the role of trunk lines and intersystem ties. At the same time, depending on different conditions, the ratios between the transit and exchange powers of intermediate systems (IPS) connected along the route of a long-distance power line may change.

The possibilities and expediency of joint operation of long-distance power lines and intermediate power systems require comprehensive studies.

The establishment of criteria for the expediency of such connections, questions of selecting the scheme for connecting IPS to long-distance power lines, the values and parameters of regulation in intermediate and terminal systems, the accompanying questions of transients and stability of various kinds, of redundancy, and of the technical and economic conditions of their joint operation, and others, require substantiated solutions. In addition, there is an urgent need to work out operational questions of interconnections, taking into account the statistical laws of the dynamics and seasonality of changes in the load of IPS and long-distance power lines.

It can now be considered that the first stage of research has been completed. Intermediate systems can be represented, for calculations of normal operating conditions and static stability, in the form of generalized characteristics in terms of variations of active and reactive powers as functions of deviations of certain parameters of the initial operating condition. The use of the concepts of generalized static characteristics for aggregates of elements of intermediate systems provides certain advantages for operating-condition calculations and makes it possible to solve some local problems of controlling the operating condition of individual parts using information obtained only within their limits. A choice was made of regulation parameters according to the required technical conditions, and the possibilities of using long-distance alternating-current power lines as trunk lines were expanded. Questions concerning the conditions for connecting IPS to long-distance power lines were formulated and partly worked out (circuit solutions, allowance for the influence of the regulation of tie autotransformers at different lengths of power lines and powers of intermediate systems). Questions of aperiodic stability in the joint operation of a long-distance power line and an IPS were studied. It was established that, with the connection of self-balancing systems along the line route, the limiting transit power increases substantially. Intersystem power flows within the limits of 15–20% of the natural power are permissible without detriment to transit. A procedure is being developed for checking such schemes for self-oscillation and self-excitation of generators, taking into account transients in the distributed parameters of the power line.

On another path toward solving problems of calculating normal operating conditions of long-distance power lines and IPS, the possibility has been shown of using equations of chain circuits.

In the area of work on voltage regulation at the consumers of electrical networks, it has been established that voltage deviations should and can be taken into account in the design and operation of electric-power supply schemes. As the criterion for optimal decisions, the reduced calculated costs were adopted, taking into account the damage from deviations of voltage from the nominal value for consumers of electric power. On this basis, certain problems in the design and operation of distribution electrical networks have been considered and solved: the selection of conductor cross sections; the establishment of expedient laws of voltage regulation at load supply centers; and the determination of the optimal location of the supply source in distribution networks. Work on optimizing the location of the supply source is being further developed in the direction of solving the problem for loads located in the plane of two and three dimensions and of constraints in the form of requirements on voltage levels, as well as of developing a method for calculating the locations of the supply source for normally closed network schemes, taking into account the reliability of electric-power supply and technical constraints.

The problems of evaluating the reliability of electric-power supply have, in our opinion, great significance and can be formulated in generalized form as relations that take into account the operating variants of schemes and the structural features of the network. At this stage of the work, we naturally encountered the need to take into account damage from possible interruptions of electric-power supply in the event of violations of node stability, and to refine calculations of the behavior of loads of different composition under deep voltage fluctuations.

Under the direction of Associate Professor N. A. Dulzon, work is also being carried out to refine the economic intervals and conductor cross sections of power-transmission lines when transmitting a specified power.

We believe that the work on voltage regulation and reliability, now formulated and being solved for distribution networks, is of independent interest and will subsequently be extended to studies of long-distance power-transmission lines with intermediate systems.

In conclusion, it may be noted that, at the department, as of January 1, 1970, 11 out of 18 persons (according to the staffing schedule of the teaching personnel and research staff) took part in these works to varying degrees; one Candidate dissertation has been defended, 23 articles have been published, and 14 have been submitted for publication. Work on modeling power systems is continuing at the department. On the initiative and under the direction of instructors V. V. Litvak and V. D. Kozyrev, an original direct-current model of the “Tomskenergo” power system has been designed and is being manufactured. Associate Professor N. A. Dulzon has developed, and under his direction an analog device has been produced, for determining the economically expedient location of supply sources in networks.

At present the faculty consists of four departments: electric power stations and substations (head—Prof. I. D. Kutyavin), electrical systems and networks (head—Assoc. Prof. R. I. Borisov), theoretical foundations of electrical engineering (head—Assoc. Prof. V. A. Lukutin), and labor protection (head—Assoc. Prof. G. V. Titov). Engineers are trained in five specialties: “electric power stations,” “electrical networks and systems,” “electric-power supply of industrial enterprises, cities, and agriculture,” “cybernetics of power systems,” and “high-voltage engineering.”

At the departments of the faculty there are 64 members of the teaching staff, of whom 39 have academic degrees and 21 pe-

...members of the instructional and auxiliary staff. About 20 postgraduate students are being trained under the supervision of Prof. I. D. Kutyavin and Docents N. V. Lisetsky, R. A. Vainshtein, R. I. Borisov, V. A. Lukutin, and V. F. Kutsepalenko.

The annual graduation of engineers in the full-time, correspondence, and evening systems amounts to 250–270 people.

The modern school of Siberian electrical engineers was born and developed within the walls of the Tomsk Polytechnic Institute under the leadership of such outstanding scholars as Prof. A. A. Potebnya, V. M. Khrushchev, R. A. Voronov, V. K. Shcherbakov, A. A. Vorob'ev, and I. D. Kutyavin. Hundreds of the students of these scholars became leading engineers, heads of the largest enterprises or research institutions of the country. Many of them themselves work as educators of a new generation of electrical engineers.

Electrical-engineering education and the principal directions of scientific research kept pace with the life and development of the country. The connection between the faculty and industry was reciprocal and effective. The faculty responded actively to the demands of the country’s industrial development, while many ideas, developments, and progressive views that originated at the faculty nourished and stimulated this development.

During the existence of the faculty, extensive educational-methodological work was carried on continuously. Many textbooks and teaching aids received all-Union recognition. Textbooks and manuals prepared by V. M. Khrushchev, R. A. Voronov, V. K. Shcherbakov, A. A. Vorob'ev, I. D. Kutyavin, N. V. Lisetsky, V. A. Shubenko, V. A. Lukutin, and others were in great demand.

On the basis of the Power Engineering Faculty, during its existence in the institute, many new specialties and faculties were organized. Thus, the Physico-Technical Faculty, the Electromechanical Faculty, and the Radio Engineering Faculty were separated out; the latter subsequently grew and separated into an independent institute. Staff members of the PEF directly participated in the organization of the faculties of automatic systems and automation and computer engineering. The Electrophysical Faculty was separated from the PEF.

One may hope that the Power Engineering Faculty will continue in the future honorably to fulfill its obligations to the country in training highly qualified specialists for the national economy and will continue scientific developments on the most important questions of the country’s electrification.