MINERAL WATERS OF THE OIL- AND GAS-BEARING REGIONS OF TOMSK OBLAST

P. A. UDODOV, N. M. RASSKAZOV, A. D. NAZAROV, V. G. BYKOV

(Presented by the scientific seminar of the Department of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology and the Problem Geological Laboratory of TPI)

In connection with the rapid growth of the population, the vigorous development of industry, and the exploitation of oil and gas fields in Tomsk Oblast, which is characterized by a severe climate, the question of creating a sanatorium-and-resort base in the oblast is becoming urgent; this is noted, in particular, in the resolution of the Tomsk Oblast Executive Committee of 20.XII.1968. All the necessary conditions exist for solving this question: beautiful places, forest, rivers, and a variety of types of mineral waters. In almost any populated locality it is possible to discover and use several types of therapeutic waters. This makes it possible to apply them for treatment both with interruption from work and without interruption from production.

Within the territory of the oblast, sulfide, iodine-bromine, bromine, siliceous, ferruginous, radon, and mineral waters “without specific components and properties” have been discovered and studied (distinguished according to the classification of Ivanov and Nevraev), as well as waters and muds of peat deposits. The distribution of mineral waters confined to the Jurassic and Cretaceous deposits of Tomsk Oblast is shown on the map (Fig. 1), compiled jointly with the Novosibirsk Geological Administration and the Tomsk Institute of Balneology.

Sulfide waters have been discovered in deposits of the Tara Formation near the village of Chazhemto (Fig. 1). The content of total hydrogen sulfide is 13.2 mg/l. The waters are sodium-chloride waters with a mineralization of 5.0 g/l, thermal (temperature at the wellhead 64°C). The gas composition is methane. The well has been flowing (since 1958) at a rate of 500 m³/day. By their origin the waters are connected with a destroyed hydrocarbon accumulation. Similar waters are used for treating the musculoskeletal system and certain skin diseases. The convenient natural setting, proximity to large populated localities, the possibility of discovering other types of mineral waters in this area (Fig. 1), and the presence in the same region of peat waters and muds raise the question of the earliest possible use of these waters. In addition, the creation of an artificial reservoir would facilitate the accumulation of valuable hydrogen-sulfide muds. Other types of mineral waters have regional distribution.

It is characteristic that with depth and from the margin toward the center of the West Siberian artesian basin, an increase is observed in the content of sodium and calcium chlorides, iodine, bromine, and silicic acid, as well as an increase in mineralization (up to brine), and the temperature and methane saturation of the waters rise.

Fig. 1. Map of mineral waters of Cretaceous and Jurassic deposits of Tomsk Oblast.
Compiled by: A. A. Rozin, P. A. Udodov, N. M. Rasskazov, A. D. Nazarov, V. G. Bykov, E. S. Korobeynikova, N. G. Gracheva, L. A. Osintseva.

Scale 1:2,500,000.
km: 0, 25, 50, 75, 100.

Visible map labels include: Pokurskaya, Sovetskaya, Nizhnevartovskaya, Parabelskaya, Nazinskaya, Tymskaya, Severo-Vasyuganskaya, Narymskaya, Myldzhinskaya, Vasyugan, Kolpashevskaya, Rakovskaya, Luginetskaya, Moiseevskaya, Bologorevskaya, Pudin­skaya, Trubachevskaya, Tukhmanskaya, Chazhemskaya, Malikinskaya, Tomsk, Asinskaya, Martynovskaya.

Legend symbols numbered: 1–15.

In the map of the occurrence of waters from 4–5 parallel bands extending in a cut upward from below: Pokurskaya (Cr₁–₂ pk), Kialinskaya (Cr₁–₂ kls), Tarskaya (Cr₁ tr), Tyumenskaya (J₁–₂ tm). The mean depths of occurrence and their water abundance are: Pokurskaya—600–900 m, 50–120 m³/day; Tarskaya—1700–2000 m, 50–120 m³/day; Tyumenskaya—2200–2800 m, 10–50 m³/day.

A. The main composition of the water and mineralization.

1 — sodium chloride, 10–36 g/l; 2 — sodium chloride, 10–36 g/l; 3 — hydrocarbonate–sodium, 1–3 g/l; 4 — hydrocarbonate–sodium, 1–3 g/l; 5 — sodium chloride–hydrocarbonate, less than 1 g/l; 6 — boundary of distribution of weak brines (36–80 g/l) in the deposits of the Tyumen Formation (J₁–₂ tm).

B. Mineral waters containing biologically active components, mg/l:

7 — iodine and bromine (J > 5; Br > 25); 8 — bromine (Br > 25); 9 — contour of distribution of siliceous waters by content of H₂SiO₃ ≥ 50; 10 — contour of distribution of sulfate waters in the Tarskaya Formation; 11 — mineral waters not containing biologically active components.

C. Basic gas composition of mineral waters

12 — contour of distribution of waters with methane and nitrogen–methane composition of dissolved gases by methane content (CH₄ ≥ 50%).

Note. 1. The gas composition of the waters of the Povekh, Metanovaya, and Lich in the area of Teguldet is azomethane. 2. In the remaining area, the subsurface waters with nitrogen and methane–nitrogen composition of dissolved gas are widespread.

D. Temperature of subsurface waters:

13 — contour of distribution of waters with \(t\) 40°C and above in the Pokurskaya Formation. According to other information, higher water temperatures are widespread, with temperatures above 40°C.

E. Other signs

14 — boundaries of the distribution of waters by the degree of resemblance of their composition to known analogues: 15 — Paleozoic framing; 16 — top of the named erosional surface or borehole; stratigraphic index of water-bearing horizon below; water temperature in reservoir conditions; at numerator right—principal ionic composition of subsurface waters; at denominator—water mineralization in g/l; at numerator left—iodine, bromine, silica content; at denominator—content (mg/l) of iodine, bromine, silica.

Note: types of waters are identified by predominant ions (≥10 mg-eq. %, total ions = 100%) and are read from higher content to lower.

Iodine-bromine and bromine waters are distributed to a greater extent in the western part of the oblast and are confined to the most enclosed parts of the formations. The iodine content reaches 25 mg/l, and bromine 200 mg/l. The composition of the waters is chloride-sodium, chloride-sodium-calcium, with mineralization of 10–80 g/l; the temperature under reservoir conditions is 20–100°C and higher. The gas composition is methane.

Siliceous waters in the deposits of the Kiyalin, Tara, and Tyumen formations are distributed over almost the entire oblast, excluding the areas adjoining the southern and eastern margins. In the deposits of the Pokur formation this type of water is distributed in the area of the Kananak River and in the southwestern part of the oblast. The content of silicic acid reaches 500 mg/l. The composition of the waters is chloride-sodium, chloride-sodium-calcium, with mineralization of 1–80 g/l; the temperature under reservoir conditions is 20–100°C. The composition of dissolved gases is methane, nitrogen-methane, and methane-nitrogen.

Waters with mineralization of more than 1 g/l that do not contain balneologically active components are combined into the group of mineral waters “without specific components and properties.” They are distributed in the upper and the sections closest to the margins of the sequence.

The water yield of the formations varies through the section. The most water-abundant are the deposits of the Pokur formation; well yields are 50–400 m³/day, sometimes reaching 3000 m³/day. The least water-abundant are the deposits of the Tyumen formation; well yields are 10–50 m³/day, reaching as much as 100 m³/day.

Fresh ferruginous waters, enriched with organic compounds, are confined to sediments of Quaternary, Paleogene, and Upper Cretaceous age in the Tomsk, Bakchar, and Kolpashevo districts. In chemical composition the waters are bicarbonate-calcium-magnesium, with mineralization of 0.1–0.7 g/l; they are weakly acidic, with total iron content up to 60 mg/l (P. A. Udodov et al., 1965), more often 10–30 mg/l.

Among heavy metals in the waters the following are widespread (µg/l): manganese—up to 1200, barium—up to 720, strontium—up to 500, zinc—up to 44, and a number of other elements. The temperature of the groundwater is 4.0–8.0°C (measurements were made in summer). Waters of Quaternary deposits have a free water table and occur at depths of 8–20 m. Well yields range from 0.02 to 2.5 l/sec with drawdowns of 2.0–4.0 m. Waters confined to Paleogene and Upper Cretaceous deposits are artesian in character. Piezometric levels often lie above the ground surface (up to +4.0 m). Yields range from 0.03 to 0.15 l/sec, with drawdowns of 15–50 m.

Ferruginous waters of high and medium mineralization are distributed in Jurassic and Cretaceous deposits in the western and central parts of the oblast. In chemical composition the waters are chloride-sodium, with mineralization of 5–40 g/l; they are weakly alkaline, with total iron content of 20–150 mg/l. The temperature of the waters under reservoir conditions is 20–100°C. The gas composition is methane. The presence in the waters of a high chlorine content and a small content of bicarbonates makes it possible to assume the presence of a significant amount of iron in the form of chlorides readily assimilable by the organism. The regularities of the distribution of iron in the waters have as yet been studied only poorly. Data are available only for certain districts of the oblast. In 1968 a high iron content (up to 100 mg/l) was noted in waters of the Tyumen formation on the North Kolpashevo area. An elevated iron content (20–40 mg/l) was also noted in waters of the Tara and Kiyalin formations.

In combination with the indicated types of mineral waters, peat waters and muds, with which Tomsk Oblast is rich, may be widely used. From peats, with the aid of steam extracts obtained according to the method of the Filatov Odessa Institute of Eye Diseases, it is possible to isolate,

the preparation “torfot.” Its balneological efficacy, as shown by testing in the clinics of the Medical Institute, is 69–71% for floodplain lowland deposits and 45–50% for upland watershed deposits.

The question of the organic composition of waters in oil- and gas-bearing regions has not been studied. It is possible that waters with a high content of organic substances may be encountered, having considerable balneological value. And with an elevated content of iodine and bromine in them, their value increases significantly.

Thus, the question of utilizing the mineral waters of Tomsk Oblast is an urgent matter. At present, within a short time, hydropathic establishments can be created in the areas of Kolpashevo and the oil field at the Sovetskoe deposit. Here, sulfide waters and thermal iodine-bromine waters, respectively, have already been brought to the surface. Thermal waters may also be used to heat peat muds.

REFERENCES

1. V. V. Ivanov, G. A. Nevraev. Classification of Groundwaters. Izd. “Nedra,” Moscow, 1964.

2. V. V. Grebenyuk, N. P. Zapivalov, T. A. Zvyagina et al. Geology and oil-and-gas potential of the Ob–Irtysh interfluve. Materials on the Geology of the West Siberian Lowland. Issue 4. Tomsk University Press, 1965.

3. P. A. Udodov, V. M. Matusevich, N. V. Grigoryev. Hydrogeochemical studies under conditions of petroliferous geological structures of the Tom–Ya interfluve. Tomsk University Press, 1965.