SovietRxiv · Open Access in English
Rediscovering the Soviet scientific archive, in English
25357 full-text translations 14926 English PDFs 22539 abstracts
Showing 50 of 680 papers in Earth & Space
This paper analyzes observations of cyanogen halos in Halley’s comet 1910 II to estimate the initial velocities of halo-forming molecules and the acceleration produced by solar radiation pressure. Using published measurements of halo diameters and center displacements, together with a simplified hal…
This paper examines short-period train-type oscillations of the natural electric field in the sea, using stationary Black Sea observations from 1959 to 1961 together with expeditionary records from other seas. The study compares marine and coastal telluric measurements, characterizes amplitudes and …
This paper proposes that during hydrostatically unbounded gravitational contraction of massive stellar cores, thermal energies near the gravitational radius can enable multiple production of nucleon and antinucleon pairs by neutral pion processes. Using detailed equilibrium and an ideal nondegenerat…
This paper reports rocket-borne measurements of solar X-ray radiation at wavelengths shorter than 10 Å during the total solar eclipse of February 15, 1961. Using two photon counters with different spectral sensitivities to distinguish X-rays from possible corpuscular fluxes, the authors derived an a…
This paper examines the formation and expected solar fluxes of the resonance lines He II 304 Å and He I 584 Å in active and quiet regions of the solar atmosphere. Using previously developed atmospheric models with height-dependent electron temperature, electron density, and helium ionization balance…
This paper treats a special analytical solution of the coagulation equation motivated by the aggregation of solid bodies during planet formation. Assuming a coagulation coefficient proportional to the sum of the colliding masses, the author applies a Laplace transform and derives an exact solution f…
This paper reports April 1961 radar observations of Venus conducted at about 700 MHz using pulsed circularly polarized transmissions and magnetic tape recording of the received signals, followed by wide-band and narrow-band spectral analysis. The reflected signal was resolved into a narrow-band comp…
Daytime sky brightness in the upper atmosphere is examined as a means of identifying aerosol scattering above the molecular atmosphere. Using rocket-borne photoelectric photometer measurements at different altitudes and wavelengths, the study derives aerosol optical thickness and scattering coeffici…
The paper develops an analytic method for solving Shuleikin’s winter monsoon temperature anomaly equation over seas with complex coastlines by treating added homogeneous solutions as controlled deformations of an initial boundary contour. The method is illustrated for an approximating contour of the…
This paper examines the physical conditions under which hail forms in convective clouds and evaluates cloud modification methods intended to prevent damaging hailfall. Drawing on prior observational and experimental studies, it formulates criteria involving cloud-top temperature, updraft velocity, m…
This note addresses the long-standing stability problem in celestial mechanics, focusing on small denominators, resonances, and the limitations of classical perturbation series for planetary motion. For the planar three-body problem with two small planetary masses and small eccentricities, it proves…
The paper examines how a magnetic field affects the growth of acoustic wave amplitudes in a medium whose density decreases, a process that in gas dynamics can lead to cumulative acceleration and shock formation. Using linear magnetohydrodynamics, it analyzes small vertical oscillations in an isother…
This study reports measurements of gamma field intensity above the Barents Sea in 1959 to 1960, addressing how marine gamma radiation varies where the water surface largely screens terrestrial radioactive sources. Using an ASGM-25 airborne geophysical station mounted on a research vessel and calibra…
This paper examines the volume dependence of the Grüneisen parameter for sodium chloride at high pressures, using experimental Hugoniot data together with an independently specified potential pressure. The authors derive the parameter from the shock adiabat by adopting a Born-Mayer form for the crys…
This paper develops a theoretical description of terrestrial atmospherics produced by the return stroke of lightning and propagated in the spherical Earth, ionosphere waveguide. Representing the discharge as a vertical Hertz dipole with a prescribed current moment, the author expresses the received …
This paper examines how intrinsic magnetic fields may affect the mechanical equilibrium and observed shapes of planetary nebulae. Using the virial theorem, it estimates that for typical nebular parameters a mean magnetic field greater than about 10^-6 gauss could be sufficient to contribute to expan…
The paper estimates relative intensities, or decrements, of selected N III recombination lines in planetary nebula spectra, addressing the limited atomic data available for heavy element recombination spectra. It formulates and solves stationarity equations for several N III terms at electron temper…
This paper reports experimental methodological deep seismic sounding studies in southeastern Turkmenia aimed at improving the use of deep postcritical reflected waves for investigating the Earth’s crust. Using continuous correlation tracing, directional reception, grouped receivers and sources, and …
This paper presents new cotidal charts for the diurnal tidal constituents K1 and O1 in the Australo-Asian seas, a region where large and spatially variable tides had previously been generalized only with limited methods and data. Using harmonic constants from 650 coastal and island stations, the aut…
This paper examines whether detonation of gaseous explosive mixtures under water can serve as a source of elastic waves for marine seismic exploration, potentially reducing the high shock pressures associated with condensed explosives. The authors describe field experiments in the Sea of Azov using …
This paper develops a theoretical model of shower rain formation in a cloud with a constant ascending air flow, treating droplet growth by condensation and gravitational coagulation while allowing supersaturation to vary with height. The authors derive equations for water content, droplet concentrat…
The paper presents investigations of the lower ionosphere at altitudes of about 50 to 90 km, a region difficult to study with conventional pulse sounding and radio interference methods because of low electron concentrations. The authors combine analysis of long and superlong radio wave propagation w…
This paper examines the structure of the Earth’s crust beneath the Greater Caucasus using Bouguer gravity anomalies with corrections for relief, geoid deviation, and intervening masses, interpreted along 12 transverse profiles. The authors combine gravimetric interpretation with seismic, geological,…
This paper addresses the integration of steady sea-current equations in multiply connected domains, where boundary components introduce unknown constants in the total-transport stream function. For Ekman currents in a homogeneous sea, the author reformulates the problem as an elliptic equation for t…
The paper formulates long and superlong radio-wave propagation around the Earth and the lower ionosphere as an information-theoretic boundary-value and inverse problem, relating observed normal-wave parameters and reflection coefficients to essential parameters of the medium. Using an approximate me…
This paper reports satellite measurements of enhanced radiation at an altitude of about 320 km over the South Atlantic, where the geomagnetic field is unusually weak. Using gas discharge and scintillation counters aboard the second Soviet spacecraft satellite, the authors compare detector readings a…
This paper examines the use of gamma ray energy spectra measured in the near surface atmosphere for in situ radioisotope analysis of rocks and soils. Using scintillation gamma spectrometry at ground level and from aircraft, the authors derive concentrations of potassium-40, thorium decay products, a…
This paper examines deviations from normal geothermal gradients in oil- and gas-bearing regions, arguing that lithological, tectonic, hydrogeological, and relief factors are insufficient to explain many observed thermal anomalies. Using thermal logging data from exploratory and reference wells in th…
This paper formulates a boundary value solution for radio wave propagation around a spherical Earth modeled as three layers: a conducting Earth, an ideal atmosphere, and an ionospheric plasma in a vertical geomagnetic field. Using Maxwell’s equations and a normal wave expansion, it derives coupled r…
This paper examines whether Shuleikin’s deep-water law for the increase of wind-wave length can be applied to shallow seas and lakes when forecasting wave development. Using the theorem of angular momentum, the author derives expressions for the averaged angular momentum and energy balance of wind w…
This paper examines secular variations of magnetic declination over oceans and continents using long historical records from European observatories and compiled declination data for the Atlantic and Indian Oceans along selected latitudes. By constructing longitude-dependent curves of mean values, co…
This paper reports a further oceanographic test of the hypothesis that telluric currents in seawater contribute substantially to the latitudinal component of the geomagnetic field and thereby to magnetic declination. The authors describe a deep-water instrument assembly combining a magnetic compass,…
The paper estimates the velocity, mass, and energy of the Tunguska body by comparing meteor-physics trajectory calculations with inferred blast destruction energy of about 10^23 ergs. It argues that the initial mass likely lay near 10^6 to 10^7 tons, with a probable final velocity near 30 km/s and f…
This paper reports preliminary measurements of solar X-radiation at wavelengths shorter than 10 angstrom using instruments flown on geophysical rockets in 1959 and on the second and third Soviet spacecraft in 1960. Geiger photon counters with mica or beryllium windows, control counters, magnetic shi…
This paper examines the vertical wind-speed profile in the near-water atmospheric layer over Lake Ladoga, based on summer 1959 measurements from contact anemometers mounted at several heights on Khankhipasi Island. The observations were grouped by wind direction, speed, and thermal stratification, u…
This paper reports preliminary measurements of charged-particle and photon radiation obtained during the flight of the third Soviet cosmic rocket from 4 to 18 October 1959. Using scintillation and gas-discharge counters with different shielding, the authors estimate radiation doses in the outer radi…
This paper reports laboratory measurements of the polarization of light scattered in turbid media, motivated by the problem of interpreting underwater daylight polarization in the sea. Using a large tank illuminated by a vertical solar beam, a rotating photometer and Polaroid analyzer were used to d…
This paper examines long-range hydrodynamic forecasting of pressure fields in the middle and upper troposphere over the Northern Hemisphere using a linearized two-level atmospheric model for the 700 and 300 millibar isobaric surfaces. The method expands initial absolute topography fields in spherica…
This paper develops a simple model for cometary halos as thin spherical layers produced by a short, isotropic ejection of particles from a point source under an approximately constant solar repulsive acceleration. It derives expressions for the projected particle density, locates the maximum apparen…
The paper examines mechanisms by which hydrogen Lyman-alpha quanta in nebulae and interstellar hydrogen can be converted into two-photon radiation. After reviewing two previously discussed processes, it proposes a third mechanism in which Doppler shifts from thermal atomic motions allow absorption d…
This paper develops a simplified two-level numerical scheme for applying the complete thermo-hydrodynamic equations to short-range weather forecasting. Starting from equations of motion, continuity, and heat inflow at standard pressure levels, the author derives prognostic equations for mean and she…
This paper formulates a stationary three-dimensional model for the motion of a cold air layer over complex terrain under adiabatic, inviscid assumptions, with the overlying warm air treated as a prescribed quasi-geostrophic flow. The authors derive simplified depth-dependent equations for the cold l…
This study analyzes the spatial distribution of interstellar polarization in a selected field of Cygnus using electropolarimetric observations and published polarization data for 196 stars, together with estimates of absorption and distance for hot stars. The author refines the identification of sev…
This paper reports centimeter wavelength observations with the Pulkovo radio telescope that identified a Galactic radio source at 9.4 cm and compared its position and flux with entries in existing radio catalogs. From the measured angular size, fluxes at several wavelengths, and absence of correspon…
This paper reassesses ionization and recombination in the Earth’s ionosphere in light of rocket and satellite measurements of ion composition and solar ultraviolet radiation. It argues that charge exchange converts atomic ions into molecular ions, whose dissociative recombination dominates ion neutr…
The paper studies the radial distribution of charged particle density in meteor trails, a quantity needed for interpreting radio wave reflection, when diffusion and recombination both affect trail evolution. It formulates a cylindrical diffusion equation with quadratic recombination and a moving sou…
The paper examines small-scale turbulent fluctuations of electron density in the lower ionosphere, where observed radio-wave scattering indicates anisotropic inhomogeneities elongated along the Earth’s magnetic field. It argues that locally isotropic neutral-gas turbulence can produce such anisotrop…
