SovietRxiv · Open Access in English
Rediscovering the Soviet scientific archive, in English
25357 full-text translations 14926 English PDFs 22539 abstracts
Showing 50 of 25357 papers
This paper examines a circuit for transferring and accumulating large pulse energies from all phases of a three-phase surge generator into a single-phase inductive load. The proposed half-wave switching scheme uses fast ion-mechanical contact devices to connect the load successively to positive line…
This paper proposes a commutation circuit for disconnecting a single-phase shock generator from an inductive load at the second zero crossing of current. Using the characteristic asymmetry of shock-generator short-circuit current, the scheme carries the large first half-wave through a high-speed mec…
The paper analyzes energy exchange in excitation circuits for accelerator electromagnets using direct current biasing, a configuration that reduces magnetic and copper losses but requires appropriate sizing of reactors and compensating capacitor banks. Using an equivalent circuit for the biased acce…
This paper develops a calculation method for higher harmonics in the electromotive force waveform of a surge generator, focusing on the effects of stator and rotor slotting, including damper-winding slots on the rotor. The authors represent the double-sided slotted air-gap permeance as a product of …
This paper presents calculation formulas for currents and voltages in a circuit intended to accelerate electromagnetic energy storage in an inductive load supplied by a shock generator. The circuit includes an auxiliary capacitor bank connected in parallel with the load and high-speed switching devi…
This paper evaluates the technical and economic feasibility of improved synchronous reluctance motors for low and medium power industrial drives. Using a 4 kW SRO-41-4 motor with an improved rotor as the main example, it compares annual reduced costs, efficiency, power factor compensation requiremen…
This paper examines electromechanical transient processes in synchronous reluctance motors, focusing on rotor pull-in to synchronism and response to sudden load changes. Neglecting electromagnetic transients in the windings, it formulates nonlinear rotor-motion equations including asynchronous torqu…
This paper develops an approximate effective broken line model for calculating energy distribution functions of fast electrons transported from a plane source through an infinite medium. The method represents electron paths as successive segments determined by scattering criteria, uses multiple scat…
This paper surveys loci of points used in descriptive geometry and proposes a classification based on how the determining argument of the locus is fixed or variable. It lists standard loci associated with distances from points, lines, planes, circles, and angular conditions, then divides them into t…
This paper surveys theoretical work on axonometry, with particular attention to Soviet developments in the proof and extension of Pohlke’s theorem, the reconstruction of spatial objects from projections, and the conditions for correct axonometric images. It discusses contributions by Vlasov, Glagole…
This article surveys the historical development of axonometric images, with particular attention to Russian technical and engineering graphics before the revolutionary period. It examines early visual representations in maps, architectural and industrial drawings, eighteenth century mining manuscrip…
The paper addresses the need to mechanize the accurate construction and marking of ellipses for machine-building and instrument-making applications, where existing mechanisms may be unreliable, incomplete in operation, or inconvenient for drafting use. Using exact synthesis methods, the authors pres…
The article proposes a mechanically simple axonograph for constructing axonometric drawings from orthogonal projections, addressing the complexity and limited practical adoption of earlier devices. It derives the angular settings of four hinged rulers on two sliding horizontal guides for isometry, r…
This paper examines the use of the LS-2 Univerograph for mechanically constructing proper and cast shadows in axonometric drawings. It compares standard descriptive-geometry procedures with instrument-assisted constructions for a right prism, an arch, a hollow cylinder with an internal shadow, and a…
This paper presents the LS-2 universal drafting instrument, a redesigned mechanical device intended to simplify geometric drafting operations previously addressed by the author’s LS-1 instrument. It explains the theoretical basis and construction of the apparatus, including its frame, adjustable rod…
This paper presents a contactless thermal relay circuit intended for temperature measurement, stabilization, and regulation using thermistors and transistor stages. It analyzes how opposing temperature dependences of two thermistor-controlled collector currents produce a sensitive output current, an…
This paper examines the design of a chopper modulator for small DC voltages using silicon triodes, aiming to reduce zero drift and maintain high input resistance without temperature stabilization or special transistor selection. The authors analyze sources of false signal and residual voltage, compa…
This paper proposes a simplified transistor synchronous detector intended mainly for amplitude demodulation with improved zero stability and reduced switching complexity. It analyzes zero drift in a conventional two-transistor detector and then presents a circuit using complementary transistor types…
This paper examines the design of simple high-sensitivity electronic voltage relays capable of operating with very small input signals while avoiding the complexity and slower response of modulator based systems. The authors analyze transistor relay operation with nonlinear collector loads, first us…
The paper describes the development of a low-frequency amplitude-phase harmonic analyzer intended for nondestructive study of relationships between signal spectra, electromagnetic properties, and hardness in ferromagnetic materials. It motivates the instrument by the limitations of mechanical hardne…
This paper examines low-frequency generator circuits based on avalanche transistors, using the negative-resistance behavior produced by avalanche breakdown in grounded-emitter and grounded-base configurations. It derives operating relations for sawtooth-voltage and sinusoidal-oscillation generators,…
This paper examines AC voltage measurement amplifiers for automatic control systems, focusing on the need for high stage gain, low phase distortion, and stable operation under temperature variation. It proposes replacing the conventional active load resistance in transistor stages with a nonlinear c…
This paper investigates electrically controlled circuit elements formed by pairing small incandescent lamps with low-resistance cadmium sulfide photoresistors, proposed as relatively linear elements for alternating-current circuits. The authors experimentally characterize combinations using MIN-1, M…
This paper describes a simplified swept-frequency oscillator for measuring the frequency characteristics of low-frequency four-terminal networks, using an RC oscillator with photoresistors in the positive-feedback path instead of a beat-frequency arrangement. The authors discuss the conditions for s…
This paper presents an electronic switching circuit intended for automatic substitution measurements of small capacitance and inductance increments in high-frequency oscillator circuits. The design replaces electromechanical commutation with a transistor flip-flop controlling point semiconductor dio…
A transistorized simulator is described for testing and adjusting optimizers of betatron gamma-radiation intensity without using the accelerator itself. The device reproduces the dependence of radiation intensity on the electron injection phase by deriving timed pulses from the line-voltage waveform…
This paper discusses circuit elements for a semiconductor extremal regulator intended to maximize betatron gamma-ray intensity by controlling the phase of electron injection. It motivates improvements over earlier optimizers, including variable-amplitude rectangular modulation, pulse-pair comparison…
The paper addresses the laborious measurement and calculation of vibration amplitude for pneumatic and electromagnetic hand-held impact machines, a key issue in reducing operator exposure to vibration. It derives a simplified algorithm for computing the average vibration amplitude over a set number …
This paper presents an electronic analog model for investigating vibrational processes in pneumatic hammers, based on previously derived differential equations for the coupled motion of the tool, striker, and housing. It describes the conversion of physical variables into machine voltages, gives rep…
The paper develops a computational scheme and mathematical description for electronic modeling of a pneumatic hammer. It represents the hammer as a three-mass nonlinear oscillatory system consisting of body, striker, and tool, with elastic impacts, viscous friction, material stiffness, pressing forc…
This paper examines the assumptions used in experimental and theoretical studies of vibration isolation and damping in hand-held pneumatic hammers. It reviews limitations of test-stand feed devices and simplified analytical models, especially their treatment of operator interaction, disturbing force…
This paper describes an electromagnetic time based method for measuring the static friction moment, or starting torque, of small instrument ball bearings under axial load. The proposed apparatus increases coil current approximately linearly until electromagnetic torque overcomes bearing friction, th…
This paper proposes an induction based device for measuring the starting torque of instrument ball bearings by applying a gradually increasing torque to a flywheel mounted on the bearing outer ring. The method uses a traveling magnetic field mechanism, driven by a linearly increasing voltage through…
The paper proposes using an induction mechanism with a traveling magnetic field as a compensating torque source for measuring the dynamic friction torque of instrument ball bearings by the compensation method. It describes a device based on a tangential induction mechanism from a reactive energy met…
This paper proposes a time based method for measuring the dynamic friction torque of instrument ball bearings with a vertical bearing axis under axial load. The method relates the bearing friction torque to the time required for the outer ring and attached flywheel to rotate through a fixed angle un…
This paper examines measurement of the starting torque of instrument ball bearings in devices where shafts undergo small angular displacements under axial load. It develops a general method in which a gradually increasing torque is applied to the bearing’s moving part and the onset of acceleration i…
The paper discusses the need for more productive and comprehensive methods for measuring the friction torque of instrument ball bearings under mass production conditions, where existing mechanical and semiautomatic devices generally measure only limited parameters. It argues that electrical compensa…
This paper examines measuring circuits for eddy-current monitoring of thin wire diameters, where low transducer filling factors make inductance changes small and require high-frequency, high-stability methods. It argues that generator-based frequency measurement is preferable to amplitude, bridge, o…
This paper analyzes the principal sources of error in measuring the diameter of thin copper wires by the eddy current method. It distinguishes comparatively small circuit errors, which can be reduced through stable generator circuits, thermal compensation, voltage stabilization, and reference or swi…
This paper develops a theory for a single-winding through-type eddy-current sensor intended for contactless monitoring of the diameter of fine and ultrafine copper wire. Motivated by the need for micron-level diameter control in wire drawing and die inspection, it derives analytical expressions for …
This paper describes the FIPEKM-1 intrinsically safe parameter shaper developed to allow standard electrical-contact pressure gauges to be used for signaling in explosive hydrogen atmospheres. The authors motivate the device as an alternative to specially explosion-protected gauges, outline the perm…
The paper describes a generator for advancing current pulses intended to supply digital ferrodiode and ferrotransistor circuits, addressing the size, power consumption, and reliability limitations of existing pulse generators. It proposes a circuit using controlled semiconductor diode thyristors as …
This paper examines self-excitation in an electromechanical generator, motor system when constant static load torque with the character of dry friction is included in the equations of motion. Using nonlinear oscillation theory, phase-plane analysis, energy balance, and Andronov point mappings, it co…
This paper describes a magnetic pulse-width converter for transforming direct or slowly varying weak signals into the duration of bipolar voltage pulses. The proposed four-core bridge circuit uses rectangular excitation, bias windings, and control windings so that input current shifts the cores’ ope…
This paper examines the transient heating of a moving wire during continuous electric annealing, where annealing quality depends on the final outlet temperature rather than the average temperature over the heated section. Because an analytical solution for the nonlinear temperature distribution is i…
The paper analyzes absolute stability in pulse-width modulated automatic control systems, motivated by switching voltage stabilizers with pulse-width regulation. It derives discrete-transform equations for a closed-loop pulse-width system by representing the continuous part as parallel linear pulse …
The paper develops a theoretical basis for eddy current testing of ferromagnetic materials, emphasizing that simple substitution of a relative permeability into Maxwell’s equations does not adequately represent hysteresis, magnetic viscosity, and other magnetization reversal effects. It argues for t…
The paper addresses the choice of module dimensions in complex radio-electronic devices, where microminiaturization encourages highly integrated units but may reduce maintainability and increase replacement costs. It develops a simplified cost model for a discrete electronic device divided into iden…
This paper addresses the problem of minimizing the average time required to locate faulty units in complex block-structured radio-electronic and similar systems when prior failure probabilities for individual blocks are unavailable. It proposes a self-tuning automatic fault-monitoring method that ac…
This article surveys the principles, design problems, and practical prospects of teaching machines, with particular attention to adaptive instruction. Using Pask’s perforator trainer as a model, the authors describe machine teaching as a feedback process in which student responses guide the frequenc…
