SovietRxiv · Open Access in English
Rediscovering the Soviet scientific archive, in English
25456 full-text translations 14926 English PDFs 22540 abstracts
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This paper examines whether molecular concentration, defined from density and molecular weight, can serve as a lattice-related parameter for correlating the physicochemical properties of solid solutions and alloys. Using published data for alkali-halide crystals, oxide solid solutions, and metallic …
This paper examines molecular concentration, defined as the ratio of density to molecular weight, as a simple parameter for correlating the physicochemical properties of ionic crystals. Starting from Kapustinskii’s expression for lattice energy, the author reformulates lattice energy and characteris…
This paper examines whether the molecular concentration, defined from density and molecular weight, can serve as a parameter characterizing properties of eutectic alloys and related low melting solid solutions. Using published and tabulated data for binary and ternary systems, it compares molecular …
This paper examines how annealing affects potassium chloride and potassium bromide solid solution single crystals, focusing on heat of formation, pulsed dielectric strength, and microhardness. Drawing on earlier calorimetric data and new measurements after controlled heat treatment, it shows that an…
Single crystals of alkali halide solid solutions were examined by X-ray diffraction to test how their lattice constants depend on chemical composition and to assess the applicability of Vegard’s additivity law. Powdered specimens prepared from unannealed single crystals were photographed in a Debye …
This study examines how natural aging affects the impulse dielectric strength and microhardness of KCl, KBr solid solution single crystals with different component concentrations. Freshly grown crystals and specimens stored in a dry atmosphere at room temperature for periods from several months to t…
This paper examines how water of crystallization affects the structure and physicochemical properties of crystal hydrates relevant to insulating materials. Using structural models for hydrated sulfates and related layered or molecular hydrates, it calculates lattice energies from Kapustinskii’s equa…
This study examines how crystallization water affects the electrical and mechanical strength of crystalline hydrates, with emphasis on sulfate hydrates and lamellar hydrates such as talc and mica. Single crystals and pressed specimens were grown or prepared, characterized by crystal form, lattice en…
This paper surveys experimental relationships between the composition of ionic dielectrics and their physical, optical, electrical, and mechanical properties. It argues that lattice energy, ion polarizability, and ionic concentration serve as useful aggregate parameters for correlating trends in ref…
This paper examines the insufficiently studied electric field gradients in the leader channel of a long spark, motivated by the relevance of lightning physics to high-voltage transmission and lightning protection. The study used laboratory discharge experiments with probe electrodes, a Kerr cell, a …
This paper examines the use of photomultipliers for laboratory investigation of long spark discharges, motivated by the relation between long-gap sparks and lightning processes. It describes two applications: optical synchronization of an impulse-voltage generator with a high-potential oscillograph …
This study examines the channel-stage current of a long spark using a scaled equivalent-circuit model based on long-line equations and similarity criteria. A ladder network with inductance, capacitance, channel resistance, and sequentially switched thyratrons was constructed to represent a rod-plane…
This paper examines voltage distribution along dielectric surfaces under impulse voltages, a problem relevant to high-voltage insulation and impulse-voltage divider design. It develops an equivalent-circuit model for a cylindrical dielectric and derives expressions relating surface voltage distribut…
This paper analyzes the sources of error in a two-measurement method for determining voltage distribution along insulation surfaces. It decomposes the total error into contributions from the measuring instrument, connecting wires, and changes in specimen conductivity, derives formulas for each contr…
This paper proposes a method for equalizing voltage distribution along dielectric surfaces by placing conducting rings or strips on the inner surface of the insulating body. The authors explain the expected action through induced charges and surface equalizing currents, then test the arrangement on …
This paper examines methods for equalizing voltage distribution along the surface of solid dielectrics under impulse voltages, where distribution is shown to be more nonuniform than under direct current. It formulates practical requirements for equalizing devices and evaluates semiconducting coating…
This paper describes an experimental setup for pulsed breakdown testing of solid dielectrics, motivated by the need to measure breakdown voltage and voltage application time without errors introduced by repeated pulses, sphere-gap calibration, circuit parasitics, or specimen loading. It presents pul…
The paper investigates how the dielectric strength of several crystal hydrates depends on voltage exposure time and crystallographic direction, with attention to whether water of crystallization affects breakdown in strong electric fields. Experiments on Rochelle salt, Onot talc, river ice, pressed …
This paper examines the use of electrical discharges in dielectric and semiconducting media as a possible alternative or supplement to conventional blasting. It argues from the analogy between explosive detonation and rapid dielectric breakdown, emphasizing the high energy density, short duration, v…
This paper examines whether the breakdown of solid dielectrics under short electric pulses can be interpreted as mechanical fracture rather than solely as electronic, thermal, or electrochemical breakdown. It compares known relations between electrical strength, lattice energy, dielectric constant, …
This review examines pulsed breakdown of solid dielectrics as a means of determining electric strength while reducing the influence of space charge, heating, and cumulative damage. It summarizes experimental results for alkali halide crystals, water-containing crystals, amorphous dielectrics, porcel…
This paper examines the self-oscillatory behavior of a simple generator and motor system with various combinations of series, compound, and independent excitation. Starting from circuit and mechanical motion equations, it formulates nonlinear differential equations for the general system under state…
The paper analyzes the self-excitation process of direct current generators with series and parallel excitation, treating both as governed by the same first-order nonlinear differential equation when the field circuit is in series with the armature current. Using Lyapunov’s first approximation and p…
This paper examines how generator parameters should be represented when calculating the commutation angle of high-power converter installations supplied by finite power systems. Treating anode overlap as a repeated two-phase short circuit beyond the converter transformer, it analyzes the time variat…
This paper addresses dynamic stability calculations for electric power systems that include high-power inverter installations, focusing on how inverter behavior during symmetrical short circuits affects synchronous-machine oscillations. It develops an engineering method that represents the surroundi…
This paper examines resonance and overvoltage conditions during steady-state short circuits in power transmission lines tuned for half-wave operation. Using four-terminal network equations and symmetrical components, it analyzes three-phase and unsymmetrical faults for systems tuned by terminal devi…
This paper examines the use of terminal devices to tune extra-long alternating-current transmission lines to a regime slightly greater than a half-wavelength, with the aim of improving static stability while reducing the rating of compensating equipment. It analyzes the possibility of using station …
This paper addresses load-flow calculation in complex closed power networks when consumer load powers vary with voltage rather than remaining constant. It argues that the nodal-voltage method is the most convenient framework for incorporating static load characteristics, derives nonlinear nodal equa…
The paper addresses false tripping of longitudinal differential protection for hydrogenerators caused by faults in the secondary circuits of current transformers, particularly at generator loads near 50 to 60 percent of rated current. It proposes adding a blocking current relay in the neutral conduc…
This paper examines false operation of longitudinal differential protection for synchronous generators, especially during external short circuits caused by large unbalance currents associated with residual flux in current-transformer cores. It analyzes protection schemes using current transformers b…
This paper examines whether current transformers biased by secondary current can be used in differential relay protection, despite earlier concerns that biasing would worsen errors under overcurrent conditions. Using an analytical transformer model and laboratory tests, it evaluates equivalent secon…
The paper examines whether current transformers used in simplified longitudinal differential protection of generators can operate for long periods with an open secondary winding, despite concerns about core heating and high secondary voltage. It reports heating tests on spiral and laminated cores, a…
This paper examines the use of current transformers with small steel cores in generator differential protection, focusing on limitations of a circulating-current scheme previously proposed for exploiting high-induction operation. Through circuit analysis and experimental tests, it argues that this s…
This paper proposes rapid automatic short-circuiting of individual phases as a means to extinguish arcing ground faults in high-voltage networks where conventional automatic reclosing may be too slow or difficult to apply. The authors describe schemes in which undervoltage-controlled short-circuiter…
This paper examines how to choose the installed capacity of a wind power plant operating in parallel with an electrical system and supplying nearby local loads. Using probability-theoretic treatment of wind output and load as random variables, together with transmission-line loss equations for activ…
The paper critiques prevailing wind energy calculation methods as theoretically weak and cumbersome, especially for estimating wind power station output under varying wind conditions. It proposes a probability-theoretic framework in which wind speed and turbine power are treated as random variables,…
This paper examines self-oscillations in a nonlinear generator, motor automatic control system with an electric-machine amplifier, positive current feedback, negative voltage feedback, a setting winding, and load torque represented by a constant current. The analysis reduces the system equations und…
This paper examines periodic and self-oscillatory regimes in a generator, motor system with an electric machine amplifier and positive current feedback, motivated by stability problems in nonlinear automatic electric drives. By simplifying the system equations and reducing the motion to a second-ord…
This paper develops a theory of an asynchronous brushless frequency converter intended for increased-frequency power supply, particularly where brush contacts are unreliable or impermissible. It describes the converter structure and operating principle, derives conditions on pole-pair combinations a…
This study investigates impulse-voltage breakdown of comparatively thick river-ice layers, addressing the limited availability of volt-time data for solid dielectrics thicker than a few millimeters. Ice specimens 0.5, 1, and 1.5 cm thick were tested in transformer oil under uniform and nonuniform el…
The paper proposes a method for determining the energy of short electrical pulses using the relationship between a Laplace transform and the reading of a simple electrodynamic meter circuit. It shows that, for exponentially varying pulse voltages and for double exponential impulse waveforms common i…
This study examines thermal breakdown in natural rock salt, focusing on prebreakdown electrical characteristics and the energy released before failure at elevated temperatures. An oscillographic method was developed to record volt-ampere-time characteristics under a uniform field, steadily increasin…
This paper examines why the electric strength of alkali halide ionic crystals increases with longer voltage exposure compared with short pulse testing. After reviewing competing explanations of space charge effects, the authors argue that in these crystals the relevant space charge is formed by ioni…
This paper reports experiments on extracting a 10 MeV electron beam from a betatron without placing an extraction device inside the vacuum chamber. The method displaces the equilibrium orbit by pulsed magnetic windings until electrons are released from focusing forces and leave through a foil-covere…
This paper investigates the behavior of an electron beam in a betatron vacuum chamber during forced displacement of the equilibrium orbit by pulsed currents in external windings. It describes several winding arrangements, the associated pulse circuit, and diagnostic methods using movable tungsten ta…
This paper examines the temperature dependence of discharge formation during electrical breakdown in alkali halide ionic crystals, focusing on NaCl, KCl, KBr, and KI. On the assumption that statistical discharge lag is practically absent, the author uses previously obtained time dependences of elect…
This paper examines deformation and defect formation in alkali halide crystals grown from the melt by the Czochralski method, motivated by observed wavy cleavage surfaces in NaCl, KCl, KBr, and KI specimens. It develops approximate heat conduction calculations for cylindrical crystals to estimate ax…
This paper examines how the voltage applied to the plates of a betatron deflecting capacitor affects electron injection and extraction, comparing constant, pulsed, and peak-transformer supply methods. Experiments measuring X-ray intensity show that a constant high voltage seriously disturbs capture …
This paper reports preliminary measurements needed to design an electrostatic electron extraction system for a 15 MeV betatron. Electron beam dimensions, position, and orbit expansion behavior were studied inside the accelerator chamber using polished KCl and NaCl crystal probes, whose radiation-ind…
The paper investigates volt-second characteristics and discharge development in solid homogeneous dielectrics, using breakdown measurements on alkali halide single crystals, Rochelle salt, ice, talc, porcelain, organic glass, and related materials. Because breakdown voltages showed substantial speci…
