SovietRxiv · Open Access in English
Rediscovering the Soviet scientific archive, in English
25456 full-text translations 14926 English PDFs 22540 abstracts
Showing 50 of 25456 papers
This paper examines the selection of locations for mine hoisting shafts when deposits are opened by level crosscuts, emphasizing factors omitted from earlier haulage based methods. After reviewing the Shevyakov, Sobolevsky, Panov, Tseitlin, and Lokshin approaches, it extends graphical and calculatio…
This paper examines whether correlations previously found between crystal lattice energy and the properties of rock salt type alkali halides also apply to other ionic crystals. Using Kapustinskii’s lattice energy expression and comparative data for oxides, halides, and related compounds with cesium …
This paper examines how the electrical strength of liquid dielectrics relates to physicochemical properties that characterize molecular and intermolecular stability. Using published high field breakdown data for a homologous series of saturated liquid hydrocarbons, the authors compare electrical str…
This paper examines the cation exchange properties of humic brown coal as a low cost material for industrial water softening, with attention to mechanical, hydraulic, and exchange performance. Using Irshinsk brown coal, the authors measure bulk density, swelling, mechanical strength, filtration head…
This study examines chromium oxide and chromium oxide, tin dioxide catalysts as possible non-platinum and non-vanadium contact masses for oxidizing sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide in sulfuric acid production. Thirteen coprecipitated and pressed catalysts with tin dioxide contents from 0 to 100 per…
This study investigates the surface energy of single crystals in the potassium chloride and sodium chloride solid solution system, using drilling and mutual grinding methods based on Kuznetsov’s approach. Single crystals containing up to 12 mol percent of the second component were grown by the Kyrop…
This study examines how preliminary ultraviolet irradiation affects the topochemical reaction of solid metal acetates with gaseous hydrogen sulfide. Using anhydrous acetates of several metals, irradiated under controlled conditions and then reacted with dried hydrogen sulfide while reaction rates we…
The study examines how zinc and cadmium nitrates affect the solubility, solubility product, and activity coefficient of silver bromate in ternary aqueous systems at 25°C. Solubility measurements were made gravimetrically over nitrate concentrations from 0.001 to 1 mol/l, and the results were compare…
This paper develops a laboratory method for producing granular ammonium nitrate resembling industrial spray-cooled material, intended for studies of caking and additive effects without plant-scale trials. The authors derive equations for droplet formation from melt, calculate falling velocity, time,…
This study examines chromium oxide, tin dioxide, and mechanically mixed chromium-tin oxide catalysts for the oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide under conditions relevant to contact sulfuric acid production. Catalysts spanning 0 to 100 wt.% tin dioxide were tested dynamically under near-i…
This study examines high-temperature plastic deformation in fired products made from three Western Siberian red brick clays, with attention to the effects of mineral composition, fine fractions, exchange capacity, sodium carbonate, and calcium carbonate. Ring specimens were fired under load in a tub…
This study examines how preparation temperature and wet aging time affect the structural strength of plastic bodies made from red brick clays and the mechanical strength of fired products. Using cone plastometer measurements on two clays and comparative extrusion, drying, and firing tests, it evalua…
The paper addresses the difficulty of measuring density and relative viscosity in unstable aqueous suspensions used as heavy media for coal beneficiation, where rapid settling and abrasive solids make conventional viscometers unreliable or impractical. It critiques outflow and capillary based method…
This paper reports the synthesis of new antipyrine derivatives formed by condensation with oxygen-containing aromatic compounds. Antipyrine was reacted with benzoic acid, sulfosalicylic acid, salicylaldehyde, and para-hydroxybenzaldehyde under fusion, aqueous, or acid-catalyzed conditions, and the r…
This study examines how various additives affect both the rate and direction of toluene bromination under comparable conditions. Bromine consumption was followed iodometrically for 19 catalysts, and reaction products were analyzed chemically to estimate the proportions of nuclear bromination product…
This paper examines the use of phosphorus trichloride as an in situ reagent for acylating aromatic amines with aromatic carboxylic acids, avoiding prior preparation of acid chlorides. Experimental preparations of benzanilide and the anilides of isomeric nitrobenzoic and chlorobenzoic acids are repor…
This study examines how the structure of oxy derivatives of anthraquinone affects electromotive force during dyeing of aluminum-mordanted fabric and subsequent treatment in a fixing bath. Using potentiometric measurements, the authors compared alpha- and beta-oxyanthraquinone, alizarin, quinizarin, …
This paper examines the mechanism of lake formation in alizarin dyeing, focusing on the interactions among oxyanthraquinone dyes, aluminum mordants, and calcium salts. Using potentiometric measurements of the electromotive force arising during dyeing and fixing, the authors compare alizarin, quiniza…
This paper investigates derivatives of 4(5)-hydroxymethylimidazole, an intermediate in histamine synthesis, with emphasis on simple ethers and an acetic ester for which little prior information was available. Because direct alcoholate formation from hydroxymethylimidazole was impractical, the author…
This paper examines complex formation between nitriles and organic compounds, a topic the authors describe as little studied beyond inorganic coordination systems. Thirteen binary systems containing benzonitrile or isovaleronitrile with acids, phenols, alcohols, ketones, nitro compounds, pyridine, b…
This paper proposes a vapor phase method for detecting and synthesizing unstable organic complex compounds, using the difference between the vapor pressure of a volatile component in the pure state and in a complex. The authors apply the method chiefly to quinone complexes with phenols, describing a…
This paper argues that complex formation is a general factor influencing the direction and rate of organic reactions, extending Butlerov’s principle of mutual atomic influence beyond ordinary valence compounds. Drawing on examples from catalysis, halogenation, Friedel-Crafts reactions, esterificatio…
This article surveys the theory of the mutual influence of atoms in molecules as an integral development of Butlerov’s theory of chemical structure. It traces the historical formulation of the concept by Butlerov, Markovnikov, Zaitsev, and later organic chemists, then relates empirical rules of subs…
This study examines the relationship between dielectric strength and microhardness in single crystals of alkali halide solid solutions, focusing on NaCl, NaBr, KCl, KBr, and KI based systems. Electrical strength under pulsed uniform fields was compared with microhardness measured by diamond pyramid …
This note examines the relation between the visible F absorption band of activated alkali halide crystals and the crystal lattice energy. Drawing on known links between F-band maxima, lattice constants, and lattice-dependent crystal properties, the author compares the energy position of the F-band m…
This paper examines proposed relationships among the electrical strength, mechanical stability, thermal stability, and lattice energy of crystalline dielectrics. Using comparative data for alkali halide crystals and rock-salt-type oxides, it argues that electrical strength, Mohs hardness, and meltin…
This paper examines the relationship between dielectric losses, electric strength, and lattice bonding in alkali halide crystals. Using experimental comparisons for pure crystals, mixed potassium bromide and potassium iodide crystals, and temperature dependent measurements, it relates the dielectric…
This paper argues that the physical and electrical properties of ionic dielectrics should be studied in relation to their chemical composition, crystal structure, and lattice energy, rather than explained chiefly through impurities and defects. Focusing on alkali halide crystals with the rock-salt l…
This paper examines methods for extracting ultrafast electron beams from a 15 MeV betatron for potential use in medical electron therapy, where direct electron irradiation may reduce treatment time and spare surrounding tissue. It describes three extraction approaches tested at the Tomsk Polytechnic…
This paper examines how optical absorption in ionic crystals relates to crystal lattice energy for compounds of first- and second-group metals, especially rock-salt-type alkali halides and second-group metal oxides. By comparing experimental absorption data across infrared, visible, and ultraviolet …
This paper analyzes how the inherent asymmetry of an oscillatory circuit’s resonance curve affects the amplitude-frequency response and passband of a multistage resonant amplifier composed of identical tuned circuits. Using the exact expression for generalized detuning, it derives formulas for the 0…
This note examines claims that plastic deformation increases the dielectric strength of alkali halide single crystals, especially NaCl and KCl, in light of recent breakdown experiments and observations under polarized light. It reviews reported differences between annealed and unannealed specimens, …
This paper examines how power-circuit inductance changes self-oscillations in an electromechanical system consisting of a separately excited generator feeding a separately excited motor. Building on an earlier zero-inductance model with discontinuous current jumps, it qualitatively analyzes the gove…
This paper examines technical and economic measures for improving the power factor of industrial electrical installations, with emphasis on reducing reactive power flow in enterprise networks. It reviews natural power factor improvements, static capacitor placement, replacement by synchronous motors…
The paper examines how the degree of compensation of long power-transmission lines should be defined when series capacitors and shunt reactors are inserted into lines with distributed parameters. It argues that common definitions based only on the ratio of compensating reactance or conductance to th…
This paper examines how the natural operating mode of long compensated power transmission lines differs from the corresponding mode in uncompensated lines. Using calculated compensated-line circuits and experimental confirmation, it analyzes voltage and current distributions, vector phase shifts, su…
This paper addresses the determination of characteristic impedance and wavelength in lossless compensated power transmission lines, where distributed line parameters are combined with lumped compensating devices. It critiques existing approaches that either ignore the placement of compensating devic…
This paper examines the theoretical description of synchronous reluctance machines and argues that treating them simply as salient-pole synchronous machines with an open rotor excitation winding gives an inaccurate physical interpretation. Using vector diagrams and power equations, it distinguishes …
This paper analyzes the technical and economic parameters of high-voltage pulse generators constructed in the USSR and abroad, focusing on installations using spark-gap switching to obtain short high-voltage impulses. Drawing on published data for major generators, it defines and compares electrical…
This paper examines how commutation overlap affects the rms current in valves and transformer windings of high-power multiphase converter circuits, where transformer leakage reactance can make the usual neglect of overlap questionable. Using Larionov’s converter circuit, the author derives current w…
This paper addresses inconsistent definitions and formulas for electromagnetic power in the teaching and analysis of electrical machines, especially across synchronous and asynchronous machines. Using vector diagrams and energy relations, it distinguishes between the power converted into or from the…
This paper addresses the determination of the inductance modulation depth in an inductive parametric oscillator, a quantity needed for selecting excitation circuit parameters and assessing stable operation. Assuming a harmonic variation of inductance, it defines the modulation coefficient through th…
This paper experimentally investigates self-oscillations in a generator motor electromechanical system in which an electric machine amplifier with a transverse field serves as the generator. Building on earlier analysis of systems with a series-excited generator, the authors interpret the observed o…
This paper analyzes self-oscillations in the exciter of a generator motor electric drive with a separately excited generator field. Using a nonlinear magnetization characteristic, the authors first study an idealized two-degree system in which only the generator field inductance is retained, derivin…
This paper analyzes self-oscillations in an electromechanical system consisting of a separately excited generator feeding an independently excited motor, with attention to the effect of power-circuit inductance on the current and speed dynamics. To obtain a tractable first approximation, it assumes …
This paper proposes a self-controlled ionic transducer for converting direct current into alternating current without a separate grid-supply source. It analyzes the conditions under which a thyratron circuit can self-excite and produce sinusoidal voltages of variable frequency, including requirement…
This paper examines the suitability of different current transformer designs for relay protection, especially differential protection under transient short-circuit conditions. It argues that conventional transformers can develop large errors during faults because of core saturation, residual magneti…
This paper examines how residual magnetism in current transformer cores affects differential protection during external short circuits. It analyzes transient magnetization under different initial residual induction conditions, using approximate hysteresis and magnetizing impedance relations, and com…
This paper examines the frost resistance and heat resistance of insulating compounds used for potting, impregnation, and coating in electrical insulation. It classifies compounds by composition and thermal behavior, then applies known relationships for amorphous and high-molecular materials, especia…
This paper reviews experimental evidence on how electron mobility in semiconductors and dielectrics depends on electric field strength, with attention to deviations from Ohm’s law in strong fields. Drawing on studies of photoconductivity and high-field transport in mica, quartz, alkali-halide crysta…
