Recent Papers

Scattering of high-energy $\pi$-mesons by protons

X-RAY PROJECTOR

NEW PATHS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE THEORY OF LIGHT

On the Relationship Between the Coefficient of Expansion and the Melting Temperature

) In the eighteenth century the full members of the Academy were called professors.

Economic Feasibility of Applying Standard Automatic Machine Setups in Small-Batch Production

This paper examines the economic rationale for using standard automatic-machine setups in small-batch production, where individualized process planning often discourages the use of high-productivity equipment. It develops cost comparisons between special setups and standardized setups using shared c…

Application of the Theory of Similarity and Dimensions to the Study (Modeling) of Impact Machines

This paper examines how the theory of similarity and dimensional analysis can be applied to the modeling and design of impact machines, a topic the author considers insufficiently developed in the existing literature. It reviews general principles of geometric, kinematic, material, and dynamic simil…

On the Calculation of Local Electric Networks

This paper presents a matrix-based method for calculating local electric networks by representing network sections as combinations of active multi-terminal subcircuits. Using radial local networks with intermediate loads and transformers as examples, it formulates generalized matrix equations that r…

Error Reduction in a DC Instrument Transformer with Electrical Steel Cores

This paper examines the current error of a direct current instrument transformer with electrical steel cores operating without rectification of the alternating current. It analyzes how the error changes sign with primary field strength using magnetization characteristics, showing that small field st…

On One Ring Scheme

This paper reexamines a published calculation for a ring connection of interacting oscillatory circuits, focusing on the applicability of chain matrix methods and on an error in the section matrix used in the earlier treatment. Using an extended matrix formulation for a circuit section, the authors …

Equations of a Symmetric Homogeneous Chain Circuit in the Presence of Feedbacks

This paper develops equations for homogeneous symmetric chain circuits whose sections include feedbacks, extending the standard transmission four-terminal network treatment that applies when feedback currents are absent. Using reciprocity and symmetry conditions, it derives matrix equations for a pa…

On a Method for Studying Transient Regimes in a Four-Terminal Network with Non-Simultaneous Switching of Terminals

This paper develops a matrix operational method for calculating transient regimes in linear multi-terminal electrical networks when terminals are switched at different times and in arbitrary order. The approach represents the network state through resistance, inductance, and capacitance matrices, in…

On the Issue of Space Charge in a Klystron

This paper examines how electron space charge affects bunching in straight-through klystrons, especially under the high current densities required for large power operation. Using the standard bunching parameter modified for space charge, it proposes a parameter that separates three regimes: negligi…

On the question of the actual sensitivity of a receiving device

This paper examines the actual sensitivity of radio receiving devices with cathode-ray brightness indication, focusing on how signal and noise pass through nonlinear receiver elements. Using the relative change in screen brightness as the detectability criterion, it relates mean brightness to the pr…

On the Limiting Properties of a Multistage Band-Pass Amplifier

This paper analyzes the limiting phase-frequency characteristics of multistage band-pass amplifiers composed of identical two-circuit filters, focusing on the cases of very weak coupling and optimal coupling. Using approximate expressions for the phase of a single stage and relating stage bandwidth …

Graphical Calculation of Cathode-Coupled Amplifiers

This paper presents a graphical method for calculating cathode-coupled tube amplifiers, addressing the limitations of linear analytical methods when large cathode and anode resistances place operating points on nonlinear characteristic regions. Treating the amplifier as a single coupled system, the …

Relationship Between the Dielectric Strength of Crystals and the Components of Crystal Lattice Energy

This paper examines how the dielectric strength of alkali halide crystals relates to additive components of crystal lattice energy, including electrostatic attraction, repulsive forces, van der Waals cohesion, and zero point vibrational energy. Using tabulated lattice energy components from Born and…

Determination of the Electric Strength of Dielectrics from the Condition of Minimum Electron Mobility

This paper proposes a model of dielectric breakdown in which electron mobility in a solid dielectric decreases at high electric fields because of enhanced interaction between current carriers and the crystal lattice. Starting from transition probabilities for electrons moving between neighboring equ…

Solubility Coefficient of Radon in Fish Oil and Certain Vegetable Oils

This study determines the Ostwald absorption coefficient for radon in fish oil and in cottonseed, soybean, and fir oils at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Using a vacuum transfer and circulation method, known small quantities of radon were equilibrated between air and degassed liquid, and…

Series Compensation with Simultaneous Limitation of Short-Circuit Currents

This paper examines longitudinal series compensation for long-distance high-voltage alternating-current power transmission, focusing on the difficulty that conventional static capacitor compensation increases short-circuit currents and removes compensation during faults. It proposes a scheme in whic…

Academician Didebelidze's thermoelement as a battery of closed thermoelements connected in series

The paper reexamines A. I. Didebulidze’s proposed galvanically coated thermoelement, which had been claimed to reproduce the thermoelectromotive force of a normal junction while offering constructional advantages. Through comparative experiments on constantan wires with copper coatings of varying th…

On a Method for Determining the Thermoelectromotive Force of Bulk Semiconductors at an Unknown Temperature Difference

This paper addresses the difficulty of measuring the thermoelectromotive force of bulk semiconductor and mineral specimens when the temperature difference between junctions cannot be fixed or accurately known. It develops a differential thermoelement circuit with a parallel conductor and derives for…

On the Choice of Capacitance of a Capacitor Supplying an Electromagnet

This article develops a calculation procedure for selecting the capacitance of a capacitor used in a pulse generator feeding a special electromagnet, subject to a prescribed magnetic flux drop. It first derives expressions for the magnetic flux and pole tip profile under an assumed radial induction …

On the Limiting Form of the Amplitude-Frequency Characteristic of a Multistage Band-Pass Amplifier

This paper analyzes the limiting amplitude-frequency response of a multistage band-pass amplifier composed of identical stages, each using a two-circuit band-pass filter with optimally coupled, equally damped circuits tuned to the same frequency. Deriving the response for a finite number of stages w…

On the issue of extinguishing the magnetic field of a synchronous generator using a voltage-dependent resistor

This paper examines suppression of the magnetic field in synchronous generators using a nonlinear varistor resistance, comparing it with the widely used Kharkov Electromechanical Plant circuit. It derives the ideal condition for fastest field decay, relates it to maintaining the rotor-ring voltage a…

On the Question of Long Cable Lines

This paper examines the feasibility of using long alternating current cable lines for electric power transmission over distances of about 1000 to 1700 km, in comparison with high voltage overhead lines. Using calculated parameters for 220 kV single core cables of large cross section, it argues that …

Energy Diagrams of a Lossless Long Line Switched to a Constant Voltage

The paper presents a graphical method for representing energy processes in a lossless long transmission line connected to a constant voltage source. It constructs energy diagrams for three practical cases: an open receiving end, a short-circuited line, and a line terminated by an active resistance, …

Theory of a Multiconductor Line with Spatial Symmetry

The paper develops an approximate theory for electromagnetic wave propagation in multiconductor lines that possess spatial symmetry but contain conductors of different materials, especially steel and copper wires with unequal self-impedances. Starting from the standard matrix equations for an unsymm…

Is It Permissible in Electric Network Calculations to Neglect Changes in Load Power during Voltage Deviations at Consumer Substations?

This paper examines the common simplifying assumption in electric network calculations that consumer load power remains constant despite voltage deviations. Using typical static load characteristics and numerical examples for high-voltage transmission lines and transformers, the authors estimate the…

Transformations of Nonlinear Circuits in the Steady-State Sinusoidal Regime

This paper develops a graph-analytical transformation method for calculating electrical circuits containing inertial nonlinear two-terminal elements in steady-state regimes that remain approximately sinusoidal. It represents each nonlinear element by experimentally obtainable rms volt-ampere and pha…

MEASUREMENT OF GAS VELOCITY AND PRESSURE IN A ROCKET FLAME USING A FABRY–PEROT INTERFEROMETER\*)

Calculation of the Switching-On Processes of Asynchronous Machines by the Method of Successive Intervals

This paper develops the method of successive intervals as an engineering procedure for calculating transient switching, disconnection, and short-circuit processes in asynchronous machines. Starting from voltage-balance equations with variable coefficients, it replaces the differential equations by f…

On the Calculation of the Field Rheostat of a Regulated Shunt and Separately Excited Motor

This paper develops a general calculation method for the field rheostat of adjustable-speed direct-current motors with shunt or separate excitation. Starting from the motor mechanical characteristic and an arbitrary load relation between static torque and speed, it derives percentage-based formulas …

Self-Reversing Electric Drive Systems

This paper examines self-reversing direct-current electric drive systems as an alternative to relay-contactor reversal schemes. It discusses several generator-motor configurations, including series, mixed, and shunt excitation arrangements, as well as a generator with an exciter, showing how oscilla…

Determination of the Secondary Current Magnitude of a DC Measuring Transformer with Electrical Steel Cores under Transient Conditions

This paper examines how transient processes in a direct-current primary circuit affect the secondary current of a DC measuring transformer with electrical-steel saturation-reactor cores. Starting from the secondary-circuit voltage equation, it derives relationships between instantaneous secondary cu…

Determination of the Secondary Current of a DC Measuring Current Transformer with Electrical Steel Cores in Steady-State Operation

On the Calculation of an Electrical Circuit with One Nonlinear Element in Steady-State Sinusoidal Operation

This note addresses the calculation of an electrical circuit containing a single inertialess nonlinear element under assumed steady-state sinusoidal conditions. In contrast to a prior graphical method based on treating the circuit as a linear four-terminal network with a nonlinear load and using cir…

On the Definition of Various Types of Power in Electric Circuits

The paper develops a generalized definition of power for multi-terminal electric circuits under sinusoidal and periodic nonsinusoidal conditions. Using multidimensional vector representations of voltage and current systems, it defines apparent power as the maximum active power for specified effectiv…

On the Application of Electric Circuit Analysis Methods to Solving Bending Problems of Planar Bar Systems

This paper develops an electrical analogy for static bending problems in planar rod systems such as continuous beams and frames. It derives a three-terminal active direct-current equivalent circuit for a bending rod, with rotations represented by voltages, bending moments by currents, and load and d…

On the Issue of Protecting Generators from Overcurrents

This paper examines the reliability of generator overcurrent protection with undervoltage blocking when used as backup protection for station feeders, especially reactored low-power feeders. Using analytical expressions for residual bus voltage and generator winding currents during three-phase and t…

Calculation of Positive- and Negative-Sequence Current Filters

This paper addresses the practical calculation of positive and negative sequence current filters for relay protection circuits, with attention to element matching and the stability of tuning during short circuit conditions. It derives the required relationships among active and reactive filter imped…

Behavior of Current Transformers with an Air Gap During Short Circuits in the Primary Circuit

This paper analyzes the transient behavior of current transformers with an air gap when a short circuit occurs in the primary circuit. Using an equivalent circuit with linearized parameters, it derives operational expressions for magnetizing and secondary currents, separating forced periodic and fre…

Calculation of Current Transformers with an Air Gap

This paper addresses the calculation of current transformers with an air gap for relay protection applications, where transient short-circuit currents and residual magnetism can cause excessive errors in conventional transformers. It develops formulas for selecting the air gap to reduce residual ind…

Calculation of Earth Fault Protection Implemented Using Cable Current Transformers with Bias Magnetization

This paper addresses the calculation of earth fault protection for generators, motors, and feeders using cable current transformers with alternating current bias magnetization. It proposes a practical design and calculation procedure based on experimental magnetization data taken from a trial transf…

Calculation of Fast-Saturating Current Transformers (FSCT) for Differential Protection Systems

The paper presents a calculation procedure for fast-saturating current transformers used in differential protection, focusing on how their transformation ratio and pickup behavior depend on the aperiodic component of fault or unbalance current. It argues that proper selection of core induction, no-l…

On the method of successive intervals

This paper surveys and advocates the method of sequential intervals as a practical numerical technique for solving differential equations arising in electrical engineering. After situating the method in relation to Euler’s finite difference approach, successive approximations, and the work of Ostrog…

General Issues in the Development of Electric Drives for Modern Metal-Cutting Machine Tools

This paper examines the changing requirements for electric drives in postwar metal-cutting machine tools, especially under the growth of heavy, automatic, and high-speed equipment. It argues that higher cutting speeds, reduced auxiliary time, simplified kinematics, and centralized control require br…

Power Supply of Agricultural Areas from High-Voltage Networks

This paper examines strategies for supplying electricity to Soviet agricultural districts, especially enlarged collective farms and resource-poor steppe regions, through high-voltage networks. It argues that district and base power stations, including hydroelectric stations where possible, offer adv…

Limestones of the Kamenskoye Deposit as a Valuable Raw Material for the Lime and Cement Industry of Tomsk

This paper evaluates the Kamenskoye limestone deposit near Tomsk as a source of raw material for lime and cement production. It combines geological and petrographic description with chemical analyses, lime burning and slaking tests, and laboratory preparation of cement clinker from local limestones …

Effect of Ca Chloride Additive on the Quality of Building Brick

This study examines the use of calcium chloride as an antifreeze additive in plastic-formed building brick, comparing its freezing-point depression benefits with its effects during drying and firing. Drawing on physicochemical considerations, laboratory treatment of clays, and plant trials at brick …