SovietRxiv · Open Access in English
Rediscovering the Soviet scientific archive, in English
25456 full-text translations 14926 English PDFs 22540 abstracts
Showing 50 of 25456 papers
This paper examines current transformers with intentional air gaps for relay protection applications, especially differential busbar protection. It argues that, when core induction is limited to about 8000 to 10000 gauss, the air gap makes transformer error more stable and reduces the effects of res…
This paper proposes an indirect method for estimating the maximum temperature rise of powerful electric machines without requiring a costly full load direct current converter test setup. The method derives a proportional relation between steady state maximum temperature rise and machine losses, allo…
This paper proposes a method for controlling the speed of asynchronous slip-ring motors by inserting grid-controlled thyratrons into the rotor circuit and varying their grid potential. The argument is based on the thyratron ignition characteristic: increasing positive grid voltage lowers the require…
The paper describes an active automatic control apparatus for maintaining rubber sheet thickness during calendering to within approximately 0.02 mm. After analyzing sources of thickness variation in a three-roll calender, including compound preparation, roll temperature, worn roll surfaces, feeding …
This paper studies plane curves generated by a fixed segment whose one endpoint remains on the x-axis while the segment remains tangent to a given central curve. Focusing first on an ellipse with center on the y-axis, it derives parametric equations for the resulting conchoidal curves, specifies sig…
This paper reexamines the reduction of static torque and flywheel moment to the motor shaft in electric drives using connecting rod crank mechanisms, where these quantities vary with crank angle and affect transient calculations and motor sizing. Using force relations, instantaneous centers of rotat…
The paper addresses the difficulty of using DC machine magnetization characteristics in analytical studies of transient electric drive processes, where a functional relation between electromotive force and excitation current is needed. It proposes representing the magnetization curve by an exponenti…
The paper addresses the rapid determination of efficiency for shunt DC motors using the no-load test. Starting from the standard loss balance, it separates approximately constant mechanical, iron, and field losses from armature copper losses, then algebraically transforms the usual efficiency expres…
This study examines the suitability of timed sun baths at the Lake Shira resort by evaluating effective temperature, a composite measure reflecting air temperature, humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation effects on bodily heat balance. Using observations from the resort solarium between June 24 a…
This paper reports actinometric observations conducted at the Shira resort in June and July 1941 to characterize direct solar radiation relevant to heliotherapeutic use. Using a thermopile mounted in a theodolite tube, checked against an Ångström compensation pyrheliometer, the observers recorded me…
This article surveys the principles, circuitry, and applications of pulsed X-ray radiography for recording rapidly moving objects and transient processes in media opaque to visible light. It describes the use of short high-voltage pulses applied synchronously to X-ray tubes, including heated-cathode…
This paper examines deformation in the surface layer of contacting bodies under normal and tangential loading, with particular attention to static friction, contact compliance, and the transition from micromotion to sliding. Drawing on friction experiments with metals, glass, and celluloid, it argue…
This paper investigates friction at microscopically small velocities, focusing on the transition from rest to visible sliding under dry contact. Using a specially built apparatus and comparisons with earlier experiments, it distinguishes static friction, elastic displacement, plastic friction, and s…
This paper develops a theoretical treatment of belt transmission based on Euler’s law for tension distribution, the distinction between working and reserve wrap angles, and the staged operation of a closed belt contour. It derives equations for belt deformation, contour length, pulley center displac…
This paper examines conflicting interpretations of the coefficient of friction in belt drives and argues that many reported variations arise from incorrect experimental and theoretical assumptions. Through a critique of earlier literature and a mechanical analysis of belt drive operation, it disting…
This paper derives the equation of motion for a crank and rod mechanism when the reduced moment of inertia of the moving masses is a function of crank angle rather than a constant. Using Lagrange’s equation, the differential form of the kinetic energy theorem, and comparison with d’Alembert’s princi…
This paper analyzes recoil and housing oscillations in electric demolition hammers using a crank and connecting rod mechanism driven by a motor within the housing. It develops a dynamic treatment of the striker, piston, crankshaft, and housing, deriving forces, moments, inertia effects, and reduced …
This paper provides a theoretical justification for the existence of a general six-link spatial hinged mechanism whose links move in pairwise symmetry with respect to a common axis, addressing a case left unproved in earlier model-based work by A. V. Verkhovsky. The argument analyzes the constraints…
This paper presents a run-down method for experimentally determining the reduced moment of inertia of moving machine masses when direct calculation or disassembly is impractical. Starting from the run-down equation with friction represented by viscous and dry components, it shows that, under unchang…
The article addresses the difficulty of deriving mean indicated pressure and related working-process parameters from developed indicator diagrams of high-speed internal-combustion engines. It describes a mechanical device, termed a diagramometer, that uses a guide, tracing pin, crank mechanism, and …
This paper analyzes errors in determining the moment of inertia of bodies of revolution by the bifilar suspension method when the suspension wires cannot be treated as ideal flexible threads. It models the wires as tensioned elastic rods with bending stiffness and derives correction factors for the …
This paper develops a method for extracting damping characteristics from vibrograms of free damped oscillations in mechanical systems. Assuming a one degree of freedom oscillator with linear stiffness and damping composed of Coulomb friction plus velocity proportional resistance, it derives recurren…
This paper investigates friction between the chip and tool in metal cutting, treating it as a central factor in cutting forces, chip deformation, temperature generation, and tool wear. The authors develop a method for calculating friction forces and coefficients from measured cutting-force component…
This paper investigates the physical regularities and interrelations governing free and constrained cutting of iron-carbon alloys, addressing contradictions in earlier explanations of chip formation, cutting forces, chip shrinkage, built-up edge behavior, and machined surface finish. Based on about …
This paper examines whether crystallographic anisotropy persists at high temperatures during contact melting in a ternary eutectic system. Using zinc single crystals contacted with a polycrystalline lead, cadmium binary eutectic, the authors compared melting behavior on the basal plane and on a plan…
This paper examines contact melting in systems whose components form eutectics, with particular attention to whether explanations developed for binary eutectics can be extended to ternary and quaternary cases. Using metal powders of lead, tin, bismuth, and cadmium, and controlled heating in an ultra…
This paper investigates how axis curvature and wall attachment affect the throw range of a burning water gas jet, a problem relevant to flame behavior in bath-type industrial furnaces. It reviews existing hydrodynamic and turbulent-jet formulas for nonisothermal free jets, then compares them with ex…
This paper investigates the insufficiently studied physicomechanical behavior of bituminous coals from Kuzbass mines, with comparative material from the Cheremkhovo deposits. After reviewing earlier data on coal strength, elasticity, friction, thermal properties, and hardness, the author reports exp…
This paper develops calculation formulas for a finite flexible cable initially stretched horizontally between fixed supports and then deflected by a concentrated force applied at an arbitrary point. Using geometric relations and small angle approximations, it derives expressions for elongation, iden…
This paper examines how the measured hardness of steel changes under different stressed and deformed states, addressing conflicting earlier results on tension, bending, compression, and torsion. Using Rockwell hardness measurements on steel specimens subjected to tensile, compressive, and torsional …
This paper investigates cold and low-preheat arc welding of cast iron, focusing on the prevention of chilled zones and cementite formation in the weld and transition region. Using synthetic and gray cast irons of controlled composition, the study compares steel and cast-iron electrodes with varied s…
This paper investigates the poor surface finish obtained when relieving 9KhS steel disk and gear milling cutters, a problem that led to factory rejects. The authors test multiple heat treatment regimes, workpiece hardness ranges, lubricants, and cutting edge conditions, evaluating machinability main…
This study examines dispersion hardening in iron-base alloys intended for possible use as cast cutting tools, focusing on Fe-Co-W compositions and one Fe-Co-Mo alloy selected from phase-diagram considerations. The alloys were induction melted under slag, cast into metal molds or chill molds, and eva…
This paper examines spheroidizing annealing of ShKh-15 bearing steel rings, focusing on how forging temperature, post-forging cooling, and initial carbide morphology affect machinability and final hardness. Drawing on prior studies and plant and laboratory metallographic experiments, it compares ord…
This paper examines why conventional softening isothermal annealing does not sufficiently reduce the hardness of cast high-speed steel tools, attributing the difficulty mainly to the skeletal structure of primary ledeburitic carbides. Using cast cutter inserts of several high-speed steel composition…
This paper describes an automatic submerged-arc method for surfacing turning-cutter blades with high-speed steel using a metallic electrode and granular flux. The authors report experiments on tool-steel holders surfaced with RF-1 electrode steel under EMK-31 flux, including adjustment of electrode …
This paper examines cast cobalt high-speed steels as a means of simplifying cutting-tool manufacture and reducing material losses compared with forged high-speed-steel tools. Experimental heats with varying cobalt and carbon related compositions were produced, tempered under several regimes, and tes…
This paper examines cast molybdenum high-speed steels as potential substitutes for tungsten high-speed steels in cutting tools, focusing on compositions suitable for tools produced directly by casting and finished by sharpening and tempering. Experimental melts with varied tungsten, molybdenum, carb…
This study examines how carbon content and casting method affect the structure, hardness, magnetic behavior, and red hardness of cast high-speed steels compositionally similar to EI-262. Experimental heats containing 0.58 to 1.81 percent carbon were cast into rotating metal chill molds and dry sand …
This study examines cast high-speed steels of RF-1 type composition with carbon contents from 0.5 to 1.3 percent, comparing specimens cast in metal chill molds and dry sand molds. Using metallographic observation, hardness measurements, magnetometric analysis during tempering, red-hardness testing, …
This paper examines the factors governing the selection of rational ventilation schemes for coal mines in the Kuzbass, where thick, inclined, gas-bearing, dusty, and often self-igniting seams create interdependent ventilation, safety, and mining problems. It argues from mine practice and technical a…
This paper proposes a graphical method for evaluating mine ventilation schemes in Kuzbass coal mines, especially where seams are gas-bearing and prone to spontaneous combustion. The method converts calculated mine depression data into diagrams showing the distribution of pressure losses along workin…
This paper examines the technical reconstruction of the surface technological complex of Kuzbass coal mines, focusing on loading, storage, preparation, and railway dispatch systems. Drawing on operational experience in Kuzbass and comparisons with foreign practice, it argues that Soviet conditions r…
This paper compares the principal loading and storage arrangements used at Kuzbass coal mines, including open bunkerization systems, trestle semi-bunker installations, and separate or interconnected bunker and storage-yard schemes. Using typical Kuzbass equipment, construction cost data, and assumpt…
This paper proposes practical approximate methods for solving cubic equations, motivated by the labor involved in standard procedures such as Cardano’s formula, Newton’s method, Graeffe’s method, and false position. It classifies incomplete cubic equations into reducible groups, derives initial appr…
This paper develops a unified geometrical theory for checking and using angle-measuring instruments whose principal axes must satisfy mutual perpendicularity conditions. It derives general formulas, based on paired readings in initial and reversed positions and extended by planar and spherical geome…
This paper develops a method of oblique parallel, axonometric projection for representing mining workings where ordinary horizontal orthogonal plans give insufficient spatial clarity, especially in thick and steeply dipping deposits. It derives general formulas for distortion scales and projected ax…
This paper develops the method of numerical marks for the simplest forms of parallel projection, especially oblique dimetric and isometric projections on a horizontal plane. It explains how points, lines, and planes are represented, how distortion along the vertical axis is handled, and how standard…
This paper examines how dependent condition equations, erroneously introduced as consequences of other conditions, can be detected during adjustment by the method of condition observations. Using algebraic analysis of normal equations and examples from geodetic quadrilateral adjustment, it shows tha…
This paper develops a practical error analysis for transferring elevations to underground workings through a vertical mine shaft using a wire. It decomposes the total error into contributions from wire temperature, thermal expansion coefficients, elastic elongation, pulley friction, longitudinal osc…
