Recent Papers

POLARIZATION OF RADIATION PRODUCED DURING POSITRON–ELECTRON PAIR ANNIHILATION

EXPERIMENTS WITH MONOCHROMATIC SLOW NEUTRONS

THE MODERN THEORY OF MAGNETISM

Fine structure of the continuous X-ray spectrum

ELECTRICAL THEORY OF ADHESION (STICKING) OF FILMS TO SOLID SURFACES AND ITS EXPERIMENTAL JUSTIFICATION

INTERFERENCE, DIFFRACTION, SPECTRAL DECOMPOSITION IN OPTICS AND RADIO

This article is didactic in nature. The desire to write an article of this kind for the anniversary issue of Physics-Uspekhi may, I hope, be justified by the fact that many readers of Physics-Uspekhi teach physics and often use the reviews published in it in their teaching.

FISSION OF ELEMENTS FROM Pt TO Bi INDUCED BY FAST NEUTRONS[^1]

Current State of the Issue of Ionospheric Research. II. Microphysics of the Ionosphere

PHYSICS OF THE ROCKET

This article concerns only rocket engines of the “pure” reactive type, which develop thrust without using the surrounding atmosphere. This excludes such devices as the “turborocket” engine used in rocket-turbine aircraft of the P-80 type. We shall also not address the aerodynamics of bodies moving a…

Theory of High-Speed Vacuum Pumps

MEASURING THE AMOUNT OF OXYGEN ON THE SUN

P. A. M. Dirac. The Principles of Quantum Mechanics, 3d edition, Oxford, 1947.

Fauna and Stratigraphy of the Devonian Deposits of the Gorny Altai

On the Use of Alkali Humates in Boiler Water Treatment

This paper examines sodium humate derived from brown humic coal as a substitute for oak extract in internal boiler water treatment, especially for locomotive boilers lacking prior water softening. It compares the chemical rationale and laboratory behavior of alkaline humates and tannates, emphasizin…

On the Production of Earth Mineral Pigments from Raw Materials of Tomsk Region

This paper examines the feasibility of producing earth mineral pigments from local raw materials in Tomsk Oblast, where demand for inexpensive paints was high and transport from other regions was considered uneconomical. It reports chemical analyses and processing tests on ocherous clays and bog iro…

Coke from the Peat of the Taganskoye Bog

This paper evaluates the suitability of peat from the Taganskoye bog near Tomsk for producing briquettes and coke as a potential local substitute for imported metallurgical fuels. Laboratory samples of cut peat were wet molded into briquettes, dried, analyzed, and coked in a muffle furnace under slo…

Investigation of the Bitumens of Brown Coals from the Yarskoye Deposit in Tomsk Oblast

This study evaluates the bitumen and montan wax potential of brown coals from the Yarskoye deposit in Tomsk Oblast. Six coal samples, including one oxidized and five fresh seam samples, were analyzed by technical and elemental methods, extracted with an alcohol-benzene solvent in a Soxhlet apparatus…

Experience in Low-Temperature Carbonization of Brown Coal from the Yarskoye Deposit in Tomsk Oblast

This paper evaluates brown coal from the Yarskoye deposit near Tomsk as both a local fuel and a raw material for low-temperature carbonization. Eight samples, including freshly mined and weathered coal, were analyzed for moisture, ash, drying behavior, and semi-coking product yields using laboratory…

Electrical Conductivity of the Aniline–Antimony Trichloride System

This study examines whether electrical conductivity measurements reveal compound formation in the aniline and antimony trichloride system, a system for which earlier thermal analysis and viscosity data gave differing indications. Purified components were measured by the Kohlrausch method at 65, 95, …

Experimental Study of Methods for Improving the Durability of Cutting Tools

This study experimentally evaluates several proposed methods for increasing the life of high-speed steel cutting tools, with emphasis on chemical and electrolytic etching, drill geometry modifications, land relieving, and double sharpening. Tests on lathe cutters and drills made from RF-1 and EI-184…

MODERN THEORY OF MAGNETISM\*)

Electrical conductivity and viscosity of the acetic acid-nitric acid system

This study examines the acetic acid and nitric acid system in relation to reported compound formation between the two acids. Specific electrical conductivity, viscosity, and density were measured for mixtures at 0 and 25 degrees Celsius, and molecular and viscosity corrected conductivities were calc…

Complex Compounds of Phloroglucinquinoline with Salts of Various Metals

This paper describes the preparation of phloroglucinoquinoline and its coordination compounds with several metal salts, motivated by earlier studies of related phenol-containing complexes. The authors synthesize phloroglucinoquinoline from quinoline and phloroglucinol, then prepare complexes by comb…

Complex Compounds of Ethylquinolinium Bromide with Salts of Certain Metals

This paper investigates the formation of complex compounds between ethylquinolinium bromide and halide salts of selected metals, a class described as comparatively little studied beyond hydrohalide complexes of quinoline derivatives. The author prepares the compounds by mixing hot aqueous solutions …

Slag Resistance of Products Made from Alumina-Enriched Clays

This study examines the slag resistance of alumina-enriched clay refractories in comparison with fireclay, fused mullite, and fused corundum under attack by basic slags. It combines phase-diagram based estimates of solubility and slag viscosity changes in the alumina-silica-calcia system with dissol…

On Approximate Fire Modeling of Stationary Gas Combustion Processes

This paper examines the use of similarity theory for approximate fire modeling of steady-state gas combustion processes, arguing that combustion modeling cannot be reduced to hydrodynamic similarity or turbulent mixing alone. It formulates a system of governing equations for physicochemical combusti…

Factors Affecting the Efficiency of Heating Stoves

This paper reports an experimental heat-engineering investigation of a high-heat-capacity channel-and-chamber heating stove with lower heating and partial recirculation of combustion products. Using controlled firings with hard coal, the study measured internal and external temperatures, gas composi…

Small-sized tank furnace for melting electroblock glass fired with water gas

This article describes the design basis and operating performance of a very small continuous tank furnace for melting electric-bulb glass, built in Western Siberia and fired with water producer gas. It presents calculations for fuel choice, air preheating, burner mixing, flame development, furnace c…

Physical and Chemical Conditions for the Formation and Development of a Stable Process of Surface Flameless Combustion of Gases

This paper examines the physical and chemical conditions under which ordinary gas flame combustion can be transformed into stable surface flameless combustion, and how instability can return it to torch combustion or explosion-like behavior. Combining theoretical analysis with laboratory experiments…

Isothermal Throttling Effect of Gases

The paper examines the isothermal throttling effect of gases as an alternative to Joule-Thomson measurements for deriving thermodynamic diagrams and properties such as enthalpy and heat capacity. It reviews earlier throttling apparatuses and their limitations, especially heat losses and the need for…

Regeneration of Glass Mercury Rectifiers

This paper describes a practical method for regenerating spent glass mercury rectifiers when replacement units were unavailable, with particular reference to rectifiers used in Kuzbass mine electric haulage. It identifies common failures, including loss of electrical contact, vacuum leaks, gas desor…

Cold Brittleness of Steel

This paper examines the cold brittleness of steel, especially ferrite and carbon steels, in relation to low temperature impact fracture, crystal structure, alloying, grain size, surface condition, and deformation rate. After reviewing recent Soviet and international work, it evaluates competing expl…

Study of the Effect of Pressing on the Activity of a Methanol Zinc-Chromium Catalyst

This study examines how mechanical pressing affects the activity of an industrial zinc-chromium catalyst for methanol decomposition. Catalyst powders were pressed at pressures from 100 to 10000 atm, dried, crushed to a standard fraction, and tested dynamically at atmospheric pressure over space velo…

Rate of Oxidation of Some Amines and Ammonium Compounds by Potassium Permanganate

This study examines how the structure and ionic form of amines and ammonium compounds affect their oxidation by potassium permanganate, with particular attention to the role of hydrogen bonded to nitrogen. Oxidation rates were measured at 18°C in aqueous neutral, acidic, and alkaline media by determ…

Rate of Oxidation of Saturated Alcohols by Potassium Permanganate

This study examines how potassium permanganate oxidizes saturated monohydric and selected polyhydric alcohols in sulfuric acid solution, extending earlier comparisons of neutral and alkaline media. Relative reaction rates were determined at 18 degrees C by titrating remaining active oxygen over time…

Electrical Conductivity and Electromotive Force of Nitrobenzene Solutions of Nitro Compounds

This study examines nitrobenzene solutions of nitroso and nitro compounds to compare electrical conductivity with the electromotive force produced during reaction with metallic sodium. Using conductivity measurements over 0 to 60 degrees and EMF measurements under ordinary conditions, the authors ev…

Effect of Impurities on the Electromotive Force and Electrical Conductivity of Nitrobenzene

This study examines how trace phenolic impurities affect the electromotive force and electrical conductivity of nitrobenzene during reaction with metallic sodium. Using purified nitrobenzene solutions of phenol, nitrophenol isomers, nitrosophenol, dinitrophenols, and picric acid, the authors compare…

A New Electrochemical Method for Studying Organic Compounds and Their Mixtures

This paper presents a simplified electrochemical method for studying the activity of functional groups in organic compounds and mixtures by measuring the current or voltage produced when the substance reacts with a metal electrode, usually sodium, against a second electrode such as platinum. The aut…

Reduction of an Oscillating System

The paper addresses the simplification of multimass torsional vibration models for power installations with internal-combustion engines. It argues that common reductions preserving only the natural frequency are insufficient for forced and resonant vibration analysis, because they do not preserve ki…

SOME NEW ASPECTS OF THERMODYNAMICS\*

On the Calculation of Flywheels for Multicylinder Internal Combustion Engines (On the Question of Torsional Vibrations of Shafts)

This paper addresses the selection of flywheel moment and shaft stiffness in multicylinder internal combustion engines when torsional vibration, rather than only rotational nonuniformity or stored kinetic energy, determines acceptable design. It develops a graphical and analytic procedure, based on …

On the Theory of Dynamic Damping of Vibrations of Internal Combustion Engine Shafts

This paper examines how nonuniform rotation of internal combustion engine shafts affects torsional vibration calculations, especially the apparent dynamic damping of resonant vibrations. It distinguishes external nonuniformity of shaft speed from internal nonuniformity due to periodically varying re…

Surfacing of cutting tools with high-speed steel using a carbon electrode

This paper investigates a method for hardfacing cutting tools with high-speed steel by using a carbon electric arc, with the aim of economizing scarce tungsten-bearing steel and utilizing high-speed-steel waste. It develops and evaluates a Benardos-type process that can use rods, chips, worn-tool re…

Influence of the Cutting Regime on Elements of the Microgeometry of the Surface Profile

This paper examines how finish turning conditions affect surface profile microgeometry beyond the commonly used maximum roughness height, focusing on mean irregularity height, mean depression height, and bearing surface. Using more than 400 profilograms from turning steel 5120 with fixed cutter geom…

Study of the Structure of Water Gas Flame

This study examines the chemical structure of a two-cone water-gas flame and the preferential burnout of its main combustible components, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and methane. Using separated flame-cone sampling and combustion in heated capillary tubes, including porcelain and platinum tubes to co…

On the Question of Melting Electrical Alloys

This paper examines the low melting points of eutectic alloys through Frenkel’s theory of real crystals, emphasizing lattice defects, diffusion, surface creep, and the structural relation between solids and liquids. The authors argue that eutectic melting is not primarily a property of a preexisting…

Production of Metal Ingots Free from Defects Caused by Shrinkage

This paper examines shrinkage cavities and shrinkage porosity in metal ingots formed during conventional mold solidification, especially defects associated with cooling from all sides. It proposes a casting method in which heat is removed primarily through the bottom while the mold walls remain at l…

Calculation of Horizontal Imbalance in Water Heat Networks

The paper develops a calculation method for horizontal imbalance in radial water heat networks, understood as changes in flow distribution caused by switching operations, consumer disconnections, emergency schemes, or similar operational changes. It introduces the concepts of reduced resistance, red…

Some Possibilities for Increasing the Output of Thermal Installations

The paper examines ways to raise the output and economic efficiency of steam power installations by adding gas turbine or direct acting gas compressor elements, with attention to schemes that avoid some fuel limitations of Velox boilers. It develops simplified thermodynamic balances for compressor t…

On the Construction of a Universal Thermal Diagram of an Ideal Gas

The paper proposes a universal thermal diagram for ideal gases based on the relations between enthalpy, entropy, temperature, and heat capacity, using coordinated scales for enthalpy versus temperature and entropy versus logarithmic temperature. It shows how suitable scale choices make corresponding…