Recent Papers

PYOTR NIKOLAEVICH BELIKOV

ELECTRON ACCELERATION BY ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION (KERST’S BETATRON)

Microradio Waves\*

A Brief Sketch of the Life and Scientific Activity of Leonid Isaakovich Mandelstam\*

Speech delivered at a meeting dedicated to the memory of Academician L. I. Mandelstam, held at the House of Scientists in Moscow on December 22, 1944.

ELECTRO-OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS

OBITUARIES

Typographical Error

PYOTR PETROVICH LAZAREV

VISCOUS AND THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF HIGH-POLYMER SUBSTANCES\*)

In statistical thermodynamics it is shown that, proceeding from certain concepts of the structure of matter, all its principal thermodynamic properties can be derived. Equally, it proves possible, proceeding from a specified law of interaction between molecules and using statistical methods of calcu…

RESULTS OF A STUDY OF PROPELLER NOISE

This article acquaints the reader with the issues of propeller sound generation, the main properties of this sound, and methods for its calculation.

PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY OF LUMINESCENT LAMPS

The purpose of this review is to provide as complete a picture as possible of the properties of fluorescent lamps and, most importantly, to analyze all the principal physical processes that determine these properties. We will attempt to trace how the microcharacteristics of the individual elements o…

CREATIVE WORK OF THE STATE OPTICAL INSTITUTE

FROM THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE

J. A. Stratton, Electromagnetic Theory. Pp. XV + 615. McGraw-Hill Book Comp., New York and London, 1941.

Book review: J. A. Stratton. Electromagnetic Theory.

On the Choice of Design Parameters in Designing Spray Ponds

This paper develops a calculation procedure for selecting the principal design parameters of spray ponds used for cooling condenser water. It models droplet cooling chiefly as evaporation toward the wet-bulb temperature, combines heat-transfer relations for falling spherical drops with limits impose…

Utilization of the Heat of Circulating Water at Power Plants for Electricity Generation

This paper examines the seasonal mismatch between standard condenser design assumptions and the low river-water temperatures prevailing for much of the year in the USSR, arguing that the resulting thermal potential is often wasted or can even impair turbine economy. It proposes applying a Claude and…

Determining Incomplete Combustion in Oil Engines by Exhaust Gas Analysis

This paper develops a method for estimating incomplete combustion and associated heat losses in oil engines from exhaust gas analysis and fuel elemental composition. It derives material balance relations that account for carbon remaining as soot, carbon oxidized only to carbon monoxide, and possible…

On a New Methodology for Studying the Operation of Boiler Plants

This paper critiques established heat-engineering test methods for boiler installations, arguing that measurements of carryover, detailed flue-gas composition, gas volume, and heat loss to the surroundings are often too uncertain to support reliable heat-balance calculations. It proposes alternative…

Thermal Engineering Principles for Comparing Heat and Power Plants

This paper develops a thermotechnical basis for comparing alternative heat and power installations serving the same district heat and electrical loads. It treats isolated units as the most general and stringent case, compares separate supply, back-pressure turbines, and extraction-condensing turbine…

Efficiency and extraction pressures of a regenerative cycle

The paper develops a thermodynamic calculation method for the efficiency of regenerative steam cycles and for selecting favorable steam extraction pressures. Starting from a general expression based on mean thermodynamic temperature, it extends efficiency formulas from ideal adiabatic expansion with…

Mean thermodynamic temperature

This paper develops the concept of mean thermodynamic temperature, defined as the temperature of an equivalent isothermal process with the same heat effect, and uses it as a tool for analyzing heat-engine cycles. It derives expressions for this temperature in general form and for constant heat capac…

On Forced Excitation of Electromagnetic Clutches

This paper examines how to reduce transient times in drives using electromagnetic friction clutches, especially in frequent starting and reversing operations where excitation delay and clutch engagement time dominate the cycle. It reviews conventional forced-excitation methods based on added resista…

Current Dependence on Time During Braking of Standard-Design Squirrel-Cage Motors

This paper derives analytical expressions for the time dependence of rotor current during braking of standard-design squirrel-cage induction motors. Using the motor equation of motion, Kloss torque relations, and substitutions linking slip and rotor current, it treats plugging and dynamic braking fo…

Current-Time Dependence During Starting of Standard-Design Squirrel-Cage Motors

This paper derives analytical expressions for the time dependence of rotor current during the starting of standard squirrel-cage induction motors. Starting from the motor acceleration equation and using the relation between slip, torque, and rotor current, it treats three cases: no-load starting, st…

Starting a squirrel-cage motor of standard design

This paper derives analytical expressions for the run-up time of a standard squirrel-cage induction motor during starting. Using the shaft torque balance and Kloss’s torque formula, it treats three cases: unloaded acceleration, acceleration with constant load torque, and acceleration with load torqu…

Braking of Short-Circuited Motors of Standard Design

This paper analyzes electrical braking methods for standard short-circuited asynchronous motors, focusing on stopping time and speed decay under coasting, plugging, and dynamic braking. It derives equations of motion and closed-form expressions for braking duration for unloaded motors and for loads …

Construction of Characteristics of the Asynchronous Operation Mode of Synchronous Compensators

This paper develops a method for constructing asynchronous current and torque characteristics of synchronous compensators that have lost excitation, motivated by the needs of relay protection against falling out of synchronism. Using Park’s two-reaction theory and operational equations, it derives s…

Corona on a Line with a Grounded Phase

This paper analyzes corona inception and losses on three-phase transmission lines operated with one phase grounded, where conductor potentials, charges, and field configuration differ from those of a symmetrical line. Using Peek’s corona criterion together with capacitance and charge relations for a…

Electrical Breakdown of Polarized Solid Dielectrics

This paper examines whether polarization and associated space charges alter the electrical breakdown strength of solid dielectrics. Using rock salt and calcite specimens, including X-rayed rock salt with electronic volume charge, the study compares pulse breakdown voltages for unpolarized samples an…

IMPULSE STRENGTH OF DIELECTRICS UNDER SIMULTANEOUS STATIC VOLTAGE EXPOSURE

This paper investigates how the impulse breakdown strength of insulating materials changes when a static voltage is applied simultaneously, a condition relevant to machines, apparatus, and transmission lines exposed to operating voltage and traveling overvoltage waves. Experiments using combined dir…

Operation of VM-35N under Low-Temperature Conditions

This article reports experimental tests of the VM-35N high-oil-volume circuit breaker with PS-20 drive under low-temperature outdoor conditions. The authors measured heating under nominal current, oil viscosity and density, effects of several drive lubricants, traverse motion times and speeds during…

On the Issue of Relay Protection of Synchronous Condensers

This article examines relay protection for synchronous condensers, arguing that schemes copied from generators and motors fail to account for condenser starting equipment and possible loss of synchronism. It proposes extending longitudinal differential protection to include the autotransformer start…

Undervoltage Relay Protection of Synchronous Condensers

This paper addresses the selection of pickup settings for undervoltage relay protection of synchronous condensers, a setting often chosen empirically as a percentage of nominal network voltage. It argues that the setting should be based on the limiting voltage for stable operation during faults, der…

Calculation of the Influence of Power Swings in Systems on the Operation of Relay Protection

The paper addresses erroneous relay protection operation during power swings, when system quantities may resemble short-circuit conditions. It develops a calculation method based on superposition and circular diagrams for currents and voltages as functions of the angular separation of generator elec…

On the Design and Commissioning of Transformer Differential Protection

This article addresses the design and commissioning of transformer differential protection, focusing on the approximate determination and reduction of relay unbalance current, which governs pickup-current selection. It derives expressions for unbalance current for several transformer and current-tra…

Calculation of Protection of Generators and Transformers Against Ground Faults

This paper develops a revised analytical method for calculating relay protection of generators and transformers against ground faults, arguing that graphical analytical procedures are unnecessarily laborious at the design stage when theoretical relay characteristics are used. It derives design equat…

Protection of Generators Against Interturn Short Circuits

The paper proposes a protection method for detecting interturn short circuits and related asymmetrical stator winding faults in generators operating in parallel on generator-voltage buses with grounded neutral points. It derives the zero-sequence current that arises between generator neutrals during…

One-hundred-percent protection against frame faults

This paper examines whether third-harmonic currents can be used to improve generator frame-fault protection for generators operating in parallel on generator-voltage busbars. It analyzes an AEG-type protection scheme with an insulated neutral and active earth-fault current, proposes series capacitan…

Electrical calculation of asymmetric power transmission lines (with a grounded phase)

This paper develops a method for the electrical calculation of asymmetrical three-phase transmission lines with one grounded phase, including cases where the grounded phase has a conductor and where the earth alone carries that phase current. Using symmetrical components and impedance relations base…

Compensation of Phase Asymmetry in a Three-Phase Circuit

This article develops a method for compensating phase asymmetry in three-phase circuits without a neutral conductor by representing the circuit as a six-terminal network with ternary matrix coefficients. It derives conditions for using additional series resistances or interphase admittances, connect…

Trinomial Expressions as Applied to the Calculation and Investigation of Unbalanced Three-Phase Circuits

The paper develops a trinomial formulation of symmetrical components for calculating unbalanced three-phase circuits without a neutral conductor, where zero-sequence currents are absent. It derives impedance and admittance component relations, gives procedures for combining series and branched secti…

Some Experimental Regularities of Electrical Breakdown in Solid Dielectrics

This paper reviews and extends experimental evidence on electrical breakdown in solid dielectrics, especially ionic crystals, with attention to impurities, solid solutions, mechanical deformation, pressure, defects, and temperature. Comparing published theories with measurements on rock salt, alkali…

Major Issues in Water Consumption by Urban Populations

Foreign Bibliography on Physics\*

FRESNEL DIFFRACTION AT LARGE DISTANCES

A New Measurement of the Speed of Light

On the Superfluidity of Liquid Helium-II[^1]

Report at the General Meeting of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in Moscow on September 27, 1943.

V. I. Lenin and Modern Physics[^1]

Report at the General Meeting of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR on February 14, 1944, in Moscow.

Development of Modern Theoretical Concepts of the Nature of Plastic Deformation

BETATRON[^1]