SovietRxiv · Open Access in English
Rediscovering the Soviet scientific archive, in English
25357 full-text translations 14926 English PDFs 22539 abstracts
Showing 50 of 25357 papers
This paper examines high-voltage pulse circuits for injector systems in high-current betatrons, where increasing injection voltage and accelerator gap aperture can raise the number of captured and accelerated electrons. It discusses requirements on pulse amplitude, current, and waveform for electron…
This paper describes an electrostatic method for extracting an intense electron beam from the accelerating chamber of a high-current 25 MeV betatron, motivated by the need to obtain longer extracted-beam pulses than those produced by pulsed single-turn extraction. The authors analyze orbit expansion…
The paper analyzes a betatron biasing circuit designed to produce nearly rectangular radiation pulses of increased duration for counting-method registration. The proposed circuit uses a premagnetized saturable choke in the bias-winding discharge circuit, and its behavior is treated by a matching met…
This paper examines stabilization of the magnetic field in pulsed betatron electromagnets supplied by quasi-triangular current pulses. It analyzes an energy-regulation approach in which the switching instant is tied to a prescribed maximum field, deriving how changes in input energy affect losses in…
This paper develops and tests a method for measuring the accelerated electron charge in a betatron using an electrostatic signal electrode during beam dumping onto the target. Applying the Shockley-Ramo theorem, the authors derive an expression relating the induced current in the electrode circuit t…
The paper examines the formation and correction of high-voltage injection pulses for a 25 MeV high-current betatron using a modulator with a combined storage unit. It describes a circuit that combines a capacitive storage element with a correcting artificial line connected in parallel with the load,…
This paper describes the development of a high-voltage injection system for a compact high-current betatron intended to introduce at least 10¹³ electrons per pulse while preserving beam capture conditions. The authors derive and apply design relations for the pulse generator, combined storage unit, …
This paper develops an approximate method for estimating electron current losses in a betatron inflector during high-voltage injection, where space-charge expansion can cause part of the beam to strike the inflector plates. It introduces the inflector current-passage coefficient, defined as the rati…
This paper presents a thyristor based unipolar power supply circuit for a betatron electromagnet designed to generate quasi triangular current pulses and recover magnetic field energy into the storage capacitor. The authors describe the circuit operation, including forced commutation from controlled…
This paper examines betatron design methodology for achieving a specified bremsstrahlung dose without relying primarily on higher final electron energy, which increases accelerator size, shielding, cost, and may reduce irradiation quality for some applications. It develops a calculation based on the…
The paper derives general formulas for estimating the minimum required voltage on betatron injection inflectors, motivated by the need to reduce high-voltage demands without increasing beam losses. It analyzes flat, cylindrical, and reverse-curvature cylindrical inflectors by balancing electric, mag…
This paper examines the feasibility of exciting the electromagnet of a compact PMB-6 betatron from autonomous gasoline-electric power units of limited capacity. Experimental studies compare direct supply from an AB-4 generator with supply through a rectifier, inverter, and stabilizing frequency-conv…
This paper analyzes betatrons whose time-varying control magnetic field has azimuthal spatial variation rather than azimuthal uniformity, with attention to focusing, orbit stability, injection, and magnet design. Using a fundamental-harmonic representation of the field, the authors derive approximat…
This paper describes the development of a compact bremsstrahlung monitor intended for installation inside the emitter of a portable PMB-6 betatron, where conventional scintillation monitors and electrometer-tube ionization systems are limited by size, drift, calibration demands, and temperature effe…
The paper addresses the problem of synchronizing electron injection in a pulsed betatron powered by unipolar current pulses, where conventional zero-field peak-transformer schemes are disturbed by induced signals and oscillatory transients. It analyzes the dependence of the required injection delay …
The paper describes a semiconductor-based instrument for measuring relative and absolute characteristics of alternating and pulsed magnetic fields, intended especially for magnetic diagnostics of betatrons during accelerator start-up and operation. It uses an induction measurement method with movabl…
The paper describes a mechanical device for positioning magnetic-field sensors in the restricted inter-pole gap of the compact PMB-6S betatron, where detailed measurements are needed to form and evaluate azimuthally varying control fields. It sets out positioning requirements in radius, azimuth, and…
This paper examines the relationship between excess temperatures at different points in the winding of a PMB-6 betatron, a thermally loaded element modeled as a finite hollow cylinder with internal heat generation and convective boundary conditions. Using an analytical heat-conduction solution based…
This paper estimates electrical losses in the electromagnet of a PMB-6 betatron under pulsed excitation at increased frequency, where leakage fluxes and additional heating complicate conventional calculations. The authors use embedded copper-constantan thermocouples and thermal measurements to deter…
This paper examines the formation of two-layer oxide scale during oxidation of a Ni, 10 percent Cr alloy, focusing on the origin and growth of the porous inner layer beneath a dense outer NiO layer. Building on and modifying earlier mechanisms for double-scale formation, it argues that inner-scale g…
This study examines the use of a powdered coal alkali reagent, UShR, as an organic structure forming additive for pelletizing Sokolovka Sarbai magnetite concentrate, in comparison with conventional bentonite additions. Laboratory mixing, vibroforming, adsorption, conductivity, and electroosmosis mea…
This study addresses the separate determination of carbazole and a range of substituted carbazole derivatives in mixtures arising during chemical transformations. Thin-layer chromatography with an internal standard is examined using silica gel and aluminum oxide layers, selected mobile phases, iodin…
The study examines the addition of hydrogen chloride to 9-propenoxidecarbazole, a reaction that could in principle yield normal or abnormal chlorohydrin isomers. The product obtained in acetone with concentrated hydrochloric acid was characterized by elemental analysis, hydroxyl number, infrared spe…
This study examines ring-opening additions to carbazole 9-propenoxide by hydrogen chloride, alcohols, and phenols under acidic or alkaline conditions. The products were prepared under monitored reaction conditions and characterized by melting points, elemental and hydroxyl analyses, thin-layer chrom…
This paper examines methods for limiting crystal growth in forsterite ceramics produced from talc and magnesium oxide, with the aim of improving properties associated with fine crystalline structure. Experimental batches based on two talcs were prepared with magnesium oxide and 1 percent additions o…
This paper examines mutual elemental interactions in stripping polarography for binary systems that form electronic-type compounds, where ideal-solution approximations are inadequate. Using amalgam and film stripping polarography on mercury and solid electrodes, the authors measured changes in anodi…
This paper examines the use of amalgam and anodic-cathodic polarographic methods for determining trace impurities in water-soluble salts and ferroelectric crystals of complex composition, including cesium dihydrogen arsenate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and lithium iodate. The authors investigat…
This paper examines how experimental design and optimization methods can be used to estimate and improve the limiting resolving power of square-wave polarography with accumulation when anodic peaks of different elements overlap. Using the thallium and lead system in ammonium fluoride electrolyte, th…
This paper examines the bonding mechanism of particles in wet granulation of polydisperse magnetite materials, focusing on the role of pore suspensions containing bentonite, slime fractions, and filtrate. Adhesive interaction was evaluated by measuring the pull-off force between polished magnetite p…
This study examines the water physical properties and wet granulation behavior of finely dispersed oxide adsorbents and related carbonates and hydroxides, motivated by the difficulty of using highly dispersed oxide powders directly in gas purification. The authors determine maximum molecular, capill…
This study examines the drying of small plastic-molded ceramic bodies, treated as capillary-porous colloidal materials whose quality is strongly affected by moisture removal during the initial shrinkage period. Experiments on bauxite tablets compared radiation drying with and without an absorbent po…
This paper examines the use of fine chrome electrocorundum sludge, a classification byproduct with little practical application, for producing shaped tumbling media. Drawing on physicochemical mechanics of dispersed systems, the authors develop a process using Chasov-Yar clay as an inorganic plastic…
This paper examines how strong nonideal interactions between electroactive metals and mercury affect anodic stripping polarography with accumulation for alkali and alkaline earth metal amalgams. Using an activity coefficient approach from solution thermodynamics, the authors derive a modified expres…
This paper examines additional purification methods for reagent-grade carbazole produced from coal-tar anthracene fractions, whose impurity levels and composition vary by batch, mainly owing to anthracene and phenanthrene. The authors compare acetone recrystallization, treatment with maleic anhydrid…
This paper examines how the solubility of a deposited metal, or of an intermetallic compound formed in mercury, constrains the choice of preliminary electrolysis conditions and electrode geometry in the APA method. Using equations from the parametric theory of the method, the authors derive relation…
The paper proposes direct numerical solution of Fick’s second law for anodic stripping polarography, avoiding the intermediate derivation of explicit current equations or integral equations. Using a completely irreversible dissolution process at a mercury-film electrode with linearly varying potenti…
This paper examines how a subsequent chemical complexation reaction in solution affects the potential of the reversible anodic peak in anodic stripping voltammetry at a stationary mercury drop electrode. Using interpolated results from a previous numerical evaluation, the authors relate the peak pot…
This paper addresses how the nonideal shape of a stationary mercury drop electrode, distorted by its support, can be incorporated into the theory of anodic current calculations in the APN method. Because direct treatment of nonstationary diffusion to a truncated spherical segment is mathematically d…
This paper addresses the determination of chromium and iron impurities in granular chromium electrocorundum and their removal by hydrochloric acid beneficiation. Samples were boiled with hydrochloric acid of varying concentration and treatment time, the acid extract was analyzed iodometrically after…
A dynamic dilatometric method was applied to study thermal densification kinetics of compacted corundum powder during stepwise firing to 1650°C. A special high-temperature dilatometric installation was constructed to record shrinkage continuously, and specimens of activated electrocorundum containin…
The paper develops a theoretical basis for assessing the pelletizability of wet dispersed materials in drum and pan granulation processes. It argues that pelletizability should be characterized through the relationship between water-physical properties, expressed by characteristic moisture capacitie…
This paper develops a statistical approach to estimating the limiting resolving power of the APN polarographic method, contrasting it with deterministic treatments that do not fully account for random fluctuations in anodic currents. The authors formulate resolving power as a signal detection proble…
This study examines the possible side reaction between vinyl acetate and acetic acid under conditions used for synthesizing oligomers of 9-vinylcarbazole from carbazole and vinyl acetate. Experiments were carried out in acetone without carbazole, using mercury acetate and sulfuric acid catalysts, an…
This study examines how the porous structure of styrene and divinylbenzene copolymers affects the kinetics of sulfonation with sulfuric acid. Experimental kinetic data for gel and porous copolymers prepared with different pore-forming agents were fitted to an exponential dependence, and rate constan…
This paper proposes a nonparametric method for smoothing experimental results and constructing regression relationships for chemical and technological systems when the assumptions of least squares regression are difficult to satisfy. The approach represents the regression surface through an estimate…
This study examines the mechanism and kinetics of arsenic discharge and ionization processes in hydrochloric acid media on solid electrodes. Using graphite, platinum, and gold indicator electrodes, the authors determine transfer coefficients from cathodic and anodic peak potentials, assess the numbe…
This study examines the use of a nonuniform electric field to intensify convective heat transfer and its accompanying effect on hydraulic resistance in laminar air flow through a vertical tube-in-tube heat exchanger. Experiments varied Reynolds number, applied voltage, electrode number, electrode le…
This paper analyzes how temperature affects the principal characteristics of anodic peaks in amalgam polarography with accumulation, including peak height, peak coefficient, half-peak width, and peak potential. Drawing on previous theoretical and experimental studies, it presents simple relations us…
This study examines factors affecting the pour point of Western Siberian crude oils, focusing on heat treatment, paraffin content, naphthenic acids, and mechanical stirring. Using samples from several oil fields, the authors measured pour points after controlled heating and cooling, compositional mo…
This paper examines the relationship between oil specific gravity and the yield of light fractions distilling up to 200 and 300°C. Using data from oils studied under a unified program, the authors apply correlation and regression analysis, with statistical calculations performed on a MIR-1 computer …
