SovietRxiv · Open Access in English
Rediscovering the Soviet scientific archive, in English
25357 full-text translations 14926 English PDFs 22539 abstracts
Showing 50 of 25357 papers
The study examines the formal kinetics of radical polymerization of 9-(2-hydroxyethyl)carbazole methacrylate in benzene solution using azobisisobutyric acid dinitrile as initiator. Polymerizations were carried out in sealed ampoules under varied monomer and initiator concentrations and temperatures,…
The study examines the kinetics and medium effects in the base-catalyzed reaction of propylene oxide with 3-nitrocarbazole, focusing on how solvent basicity and solvation influence ionization and the rate-limiting step. Using kinetic measurements at controlled temperature in alcohols and in methanol…
This study examines the ionization of 3-nitrocarbazole as a model carbazole derivative in basic organic media, focusing on how solvent protophilicity and composition affect acidity and anion formation. Ionization constants, acidity functions, and thermodynamic parameters were determined photometrica…
This paper develops a titrimetric procedure for determining the epoxide number in 9-propenoxides of carbazoles and in mixtures containing related carbazole derivatives. The authors evaluate hydrochloric acid addition in acetone followed by back titration with sodium hydroxide, varying boiling time, …
This study examines the donor strength of carbazole and selected carbazole derivatives through their complex formation with picric acid in 1,2-dichloroethane at 20°C. Spectrophotometric measurements at 508 and 536 nm were used to determine complex composition by the Asmus method and stability consta…
This study examines the rearrangement of 9-acetylcarbazole to acetylcarbazole isomers under Lewis-acid conditions, with emphasis on improving the yield of practically useful 3-acetylcarbazole. The authors varied solvent, aluminum chloride amount, temperature, reaction time, hydrogen chloride saturat…
This study examines the ionic polymerization of 3-nitro-9-vinylcarbazole, a monomer previously reported not to polymerize under radical initiators. Polymerization was carried out at 25°C in benzene and dichloroethane using stannic chloride, with product yield and characteristic viscosity measured as…
The study examines the kinetics of acetylation of 9-methylcarbazole with acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid, perchloric acid, and magnesium perchlorate. Because the reaction mixture contained resinous products, 3,6-diacetyl-9-methylcarbazole, and other carbonyl-containing byproducts, …
This study examines the acetylation of carbazole with acetyl chloride in nitromethane in the presence of aluminum chloride, focusing on how reagent ratio, catalyst amount, temperature, and reaction time affect product composition. Chromatographic analysis of reaction mixtures showed that, at equimol…
This study examines the wet aggregation behavior of an alkali-containing glass batch with about 21 percent soluble alkaline salts. Maximum molecular and capillary moisture capacities were measured for the batch and its components, and these values were used to calculate granulating ability and worki…
This study examines how relative air humidity affects the strength and moisture content of granulated glass batch, a material proposed to reduce segregation, dusting, and handling problems associated with loose fine-grained batches. Laboratory granules of an alkali-containing batch were produced at …
This study examines cadmium electrodeposition from polyethylenepolyamine electrolytes as a potential alternative to cyanide cadmium plating baths. Using polarization measurements, coulometric current efficiency determination, gravimetric thickness measurements, porosity testing, metallography, and H…
This study examines how adsorption of the surface-active substance beta-naphthol affects the amalgam-polarographic determination of cadmium. Using a mercury film electrode in 0.1 N sulfuric acid, the authors measured cadmium anodic peak areas and heights at varying beta-naphthol concentrations and e…
This study examines the electrodeposition of tin bismuth alloy coatings from an acidic gelatin electrolyte, with attention to how cathodic current density and temperature affect deposition rate, coating structure, current efficiency, and alloy composition. Experiments showed that increasing current …
This study examines the composition of two peat resin samples, one obtained from pyrolysis of peat ore materials and one from peat semicoking, using gas liquid chromatography, adsorption chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, and ultraviolet spectroscopy. Light fractions of neutral oils and phenols …
This paper examines relationships among physicochemical properties of crude oils in order to reduce the number of laborious measurements needed for practical assessment of oils as fuel and petrochemical feedstocks. Using standardized data for 350 oil samples from fields across the Soviet Union, the …
This study examines the thermal decomposition of the lignin and cellulose complex isolated from lowland and raised bog peats after removal of bitumens and soluble humic fractions. Using thermal analysis, the authors compare decomposition rates, gas formation dynamics, pyrolysis product yields, and k…
This study examines the thermal decomposition of humic acids extracted from lowland sedge peat and raised bog sphagnum peat in order to clarify their role in peat pyrolysis. Using combined derivatographic and chromatographic analysis under linear heating in nitrogen, the authors measured mass loss a…
This note addresses a step in the proof of nilpotency for Engel Lie rings, focusing on the construction and behavior of elements of order two in Lie rings satisfying the \(n\)-th Engel condition in characteristic zero or prime characteristic greater than \(n\). It recalls Kostrikin’s descent method …
This paper studies degenerate complexes of circles in three-dimensional Euclidean space, specifically {2,3}-complexes whose circle planes form a two-parameter family, and asks when such complexes can be decomposed into cyclic systems. Using Cartan exterior forms and canonical moving frames, it deriv…
This paper studies nonholonomic congruences of circles in three-dimensional Euclidean space, focusing on complexes whose circle planes form a three-parameter family and on the case in which cyclic points are double foci. Using Cartan’s moving frame method and Pfaffian systems, it formulates the diff…
The paper derives elementary identities connecting shifted partial hypergeometric series by applying known finite continued fraction transformations for quotients of such series. It treats the Gauss hypergeometric function, the confluent hypergeometric function, the divergent hypergeometric series o…
This paper identifies special parameter cases in which the Gaussian hypergeometric function can be represented by elementary functions. It proves a theorem covering terminating cases, cases reducible through standard transformations and recurrence relations, and cases where two specified linear comb…
This paper presents a method for accelerating, or strengthening, the convergence of a continued fraction associated with a complex function defined by a power series with coefficients of the form \(p^{k^2}\). It constructs a continued fraction for an auxiliary function \(\varphi(w)\), analyzes its a…
The paper examines the computation of multiple integrals connected with the Riemann zeta function and the more general Lerch-type function by expanding them into power series. Using gamma-integral representations, it derives series whose coefficients involve iterated logarithmic expressions and show…
The paper addresses the nonequilibrium flashing of boiling water during nozzle outflow, where rapid pressure reduction produces vapor bubbles whose growth is limited by heat transfer from superheated liquid. It proposes an idealized spherical cell model containing a growing vapor bubble and uses a f…
This paper examines how to choose central control systems for already operating district heat supply networks, where pipeline diameters and hydraulic conditions are fixed and design recommendations for new networks may not apply. It proposes an energy comparison method that minimizes seasonal depend…
This paper examines the prospective use of nuclear reactors for centralized heat supply and district boiler plants, motivated by the large consumption of organic fuel for low- and medium-temperature municipal and industrial heat. It compares several reactor types for base-load heat production at cap…
This paper develops a calculation procedure for steam condensation in a single-pass horizontal tube bundle, focusing on the average heat-flux density and the required cooling surface. Using assumptions from earlier heat-transfer work, it derives an explicit dependence for heat flux that incorporates…
This paper investigates the use of a stationary pressure booster for measuring velocity head when flow through a channel can occur in either direction, as in multichannel systems with changing operating conditions. Experiments in an aerodynamic stand measured pressure differences at the throat, diff…
This paper examines how to improve heat and working medium recovery from continuous blowdown in steam generator thermal schemes. It compares conventional continuous-blowdown expanders with an adiabatic flashing turbine, using a PT-50-130/13 turbine scheme and calculating power increments from regene…
This paper formulates a general thermodynamic procedure for calculating internally irreversible expansion and compression processes by comparing them with corresponding reversible processes on temperature entropy and enthalpy entropy diagrams. It derives relations linking work loss or additional wor…
The paper defends the claimed fundamental law of adiabatic phase formation against reviews that denied its novelty and theoretical basis. It argues that, during isoentropic pressure reduction of saturated water, saturated steam, or wet steam, adiabatic vaporization and condensation occur simultaneou…
This paper examines technological progress in thermal power engineering, arguing that forecasts based mainly on increasing steam parameters and thermodynamic efficiency have led to technically and economically flawed decisions for large unit thermal power plants. It contrasts the earlier development…
This paper investigates an electrochemical method for continuous determination of carbonate hardness in water, proposed as an alternative to acidimetric titration for use in automatic control of industrial water treatment. The method is based on depositing calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, and…
This paper describes an experimental setup developed to test theoretical models of electromagnetic vibrators. The apparatus combines a calibrated audio generator, high-power amplifier, replaceable-coil electromagnet, adjustable elastic suspension, hydraulic damping, strain-gauge force and displaceme…
This paper develops an approximate calculation method for single-cycle electromagnetic vibrators with a half-wave rectifier, intended for cases where the mechanical elastic system is detuned substantially from resonance. Under linearized magnetic and elastic assumptions, the coupled electromechanica…
A simplified direct energy method is developed for calculating the steady-state angular velocity variation of one-degree-of-freedom mechanisms under position-dependent forces, with a prescribed mean speed. Starting from the kinetic energy balance, the authors derive first and corrected approximation…
This paper develops a dynamic work method for calculating the steady-state motion of mechanisms when the reduced torque depends on both the position and angular velocity of the reduced link. Starting from the periodicity condition and the kinetic energy equation, it derives approximate formulas for …
The paper addresses calculation of the motion of one-degree-of-freedom mechanisms when the force moment reduced to an equivalent link depends on both its angular position and angular velocity, a situation common in modern machine, instrument, hydraulic, pneumatic, and electromechanical systems. It p…
This paper examines the conceptual limits of measurement accuracy and the terminology used to describe measurement error. It argues that measurement cannot approach a true value without bound, because irreducible errors arise from human participation, instruments, external conditions, finite standar…
This paper examines the selection of geometric dimensions for cylindrical lead collimators used in gamma spectrometry of intense extended sources, where collimation must both improve spectral quality and define a measured source volume. The authors combine standard geometric efficiency consideration…
The paper examines how the accuracy of chemical analytical instruments should be assessed from calibration results, emphasizing that such instruments involve both measurement of an analytical property and inference of substance concentration. It argues that applying uniform metrological requirements…
This paper examines sources of disagreement in reported accuracies for visual colorimetric determination of trace oxygen in nitrogen using Mugdana-type instruments and ammoniacal cuprous absorbing solutions. The authors derive an error expression based on the absorbing solution volume and a “colorim…
The paper describes a method for measuring very small, nonuniform salt deposits formed on metal foil during thermochemical determination of water hardness. Because deposits corresponding to low hardness levels are estimated to be only 0.01 to 1 micrometers thick, conventional thin-film thickness met…
A thermochemical method is proposed for determining total water hardness in feedwater where conventional photocolorimetric methods may be affected by uncontrolled impurities. The method relates hardness to the amount of scale deposited on electrically heated metal foil immersed in the sample, and in…
This paper examines how convective heat transfer should be accounted for in sublimation processes under medium vacuum, particularly when the main energy input is radiant. Drawing on experimental evidence showing that convection may be negligible at lower pressures but significant in viscous and mole…
This study examines how growth from a melt or from aqueous solution affects defect formation, electrical conductivity, and radiation-induced F-centers in NaCl and KCl single crystals containing lead impurities. The authors compare Czochralski-grown and solution-grown crystals using direct-current co…
This paper proposes a method for estimating the average working surface of a drop of ammonium amalgam foam during electrochemical accumulation analysis, a quantity not previously determined experimentally. The method relates the electrolysis current, derived from the anodic peak area, to impurity co…
